Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Diego N. Castil
Blyte A. Tagudin
May 2021
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Manila is unmanageable, and the country loses USD 2.4 million per year.
The traffic congestion in Metro Manila has been affecting the travel
as the Airport shuttle, busses, jeepneys, and taxis. All modes must go
with the traffic congestion within the airport area, causing hassle and
Manila International Airport (NMIA) will be a step into the future for
the airport. The group proposes using the APM as the primary mode of
transportation in NMIA.
that come with them, such as Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) and low-
for the New Manila International Airport (NMIA) that would aid the
NMIA?
2. How will the proposed APM in NMIA be beneficial for the travel
Hypothesis
NMIA will not benefit the travel efficiency of passengers and tourists
the mode of transportation that would be most beneficial for the users.
2,500 hectares of land (Rey, 2020). The main objective of proposing the
Passengers. The Automated People Mover (APM) will be the primary mode
of transport for passengers within the airport. They will exert less
known for its capacity, which is three times bigger than Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA). It would also be beneficial for passengers
that have connecting flights as the time needed for the passengers to
Pilot and Cabin Crew. The research will also benefit the pilots and
staff since they are the ones who constantly travel to different places.
the ones who would make the most out of the APM railway system.
Airport Personnel. The research will also benefit the staff inside the
The workers need to maintain the order in the airport, which means they
benefit the NMIA; it would be advantageous for the passengers and staff
airports. To further expand the national economy, air travel not only
research topic may benefit from this research. The findings in this
study would serve as a guide and reference on how the APM would be
The researchers will consult engineers about the line route made
for the calculations. The line route will be based on the master floor
plan proposed by the San Miguel Aerocity Corporation of the New Manila
within the airport. The distance will be based on the line route made
the LRT as a basis for the price for the Automated People Mover to be
The study delimits itself from the interior and exterior design of
the APM vehicle along with which type of APM system configurations.
The study will not tackle the topography of the site of the New
the site.
The variables that are not mentioned above are not part of the
study.
Definition of Terms
in a specific period.
attraction or repulsion.
• New Manila International Airport (NMIA) - a proposed development
developments since 1964, that resulted in the present APM, which now
who would use this APM would have the comfort of traveling from one
would also be the best solution for traveling from one terminal to
another inside the airport because it is specially used for short rides
2018).
terminals, concourses, and gates faster in this way. This would result
destination time. The quicker the time passengers have to travel, the
possible.
multi-car trains. APM systems have high service efficiency and can
transfer between 2,000 and 25,000 passengers per hour per direction.
two main parts: the operating and fixed facilities. The operating system
consists of the proprietary subsystem facilities required for the
operation of the APM system. The facilities are the houses, offices,
facilities. In an APM system, there are six main components, with their
or in a tunnel.
and communications.
6. Maintenance and storage facility - where all vehicle
According to Elliot & Norton (2010), Airport APM systems have many
Description of an Airport
where aircraft regularly take off and land, with buildings for
airport safely and efficiently. The way that they operate, however,
than 10,000.
boarding's each calendar year. The primary airports are divided into
primary that is less than 0.05%; Small hub that has at least 0.05%, but
less than 0.25%; Medium hub that has at least 0.25%, but less than 1%
and lastly; Large hub that has 1% or more. According to the Federal
landed annual weight of more than 100 million pounds. There are reliever
Administration (FAA).
General aviation airports are the remaining airports that don't qualify
for the other types of airports. According to the FAA, there are more
airports, the FAA has stated that they are also used for remote
aviation activities.
Types of Airports
two-way radio communication with the ATC and acknowledge and comply
with their orders. If the pilots cannot comply with the orders given or
pilot can deviate from an air traffic order but must inform the ATC of
is identified by law as a location where planes can land and take off.
necessary to operate the airport safely and efficiently. The way they
airports are listed below, along with the facilities they use, the
airports.
in scheduled service.
enplanements.
government or by individuals.
airports:
traffic.
Philippines from countries which had cases of the new COVID-19 variants
and have the travel restrictions. On January 23, 2021, every that came
from a country with travel restrictions shall take the RT-PCR upon
arrival in the country and must have an option to take a second opinion
billion and traveler interest by 47% this year, contrasted to 2019, the
Airlines, and PAL Express- prior looked for government help, including
second quarter. We've seen the region's first airline casualty. There
will be more casualties if the government does not step in urgently to
ensure airlines have sufficient cash flow to tide them over this period.
in the travel and tourism value chain. 11.2 million jobs in Asia-
the main airport of Manila. With a proposal for four runways, the
area and an industrial zone with a seaport will be built around the
surrounding area.
for San Miguel Beer, proposed the Bulacan airport project (Says, 2021).
signing House Bill 7507 into law on time, it grants a franchise to San
the power to handle the new airport for 50 years and, once profits are
generated, will remit revenues to the government. The previous firm may
San Miguel Aerocity Inc. will eventually turn over the national
government facility.
SMC for the construction of the P738 billion airport. The project's
actual construction can only begin when President Rodrigo Duterte has
already signed into law the franchise bill, which has already been
taxiways, and three passenger terminals that will serve around 100
million passengers per year. To help power the new airport, the
their borders, and the programs that are given in connection with their
include runways, taxiways, aprons and strips used for aircraft landing
and freight. Lighting and radio navigation aids are provided for the
Passenger and freight terminals and the access system, which includes
area and cargo area are the most important functional areas of the
gateway of Metro Manila and the Philippines to other parts of the world.
The airport is found between Pasay and Paranaque, and the terminals of
the airport are spread around the area. There is a total of four
that are not handled by Terminal 1, and Terminal 4 serves all domestic
flights.
According to Mnl-airport.com (n.d.), there are many forms of
another. The airport shuttles operate 24/7 and are available at the
they must clear immigration and customs. This service is free of charge.
The airport has nine different bus routes that depart from various
from 8:00 to 22:00 (Terminal 1 & 2) and 24 hours a day (Terminal 3). A
one-way ticket fee costs PHP 300. All four terminals in the airport
have access to jeepneys, and they are slower, less comfortable but the
cheapest option. The jeepneys are also available 24 hours a day, and
each fare costs PHP 8 and an additional PHP 1 for every kilometer after
especially for those who carry their luggage. Manila Light Rail Transit
Baclaran station of the LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine
National Railway (PNR) are the stations that are closest to the airport.
The ticket fee varies with the distance but is it always within PHP 15-
for people who are going to the airport. But it is not the fastest
because it would depend on the traffic present during that day and time.
The airport provides two main types of taxis: coupon taxi (blue) and
yellow cab. The coupon taxi has a fixed price for each destination, and
this could range from PHP 440 –1250. The other version is the yellow
taxi, this is the regular metered taxi, and the fare price would depend
on the distance and the traffic during the trip. The fare would start
to USD 2.4 billion per year, and Filipinos spend nine years of their
convenient for the people and to also act as an equalizer for all people
in the society regardless of the gender, social status, and the like.
in the Skytrax’s list of the World's 100 Best Airports. The Ninoy Aquino
reduce the foot traffic within the airport and transport passengers
from one terminal to another with ease. The passenger capacity of the
airport would increase because people would not need to stay in airport
better service and quality for the passengers, reduce the foot traffic
in the airport, the traffic for the surrounding areas, and hopefully,
depend on developing other sectors of the economy and are linked to the
to scrutinize and assess the direct and indirect impact of the transport
has become the most influential single initiator of take-offs that have
Such means of transport are usually used both for rapid transportation
within major cities and for long-distance travel. The Philippine rail
National Railways (PNR) and one rapid transit system operated by the
Metro Rail Transit Company and the Light Rail Transit System. Through
PNR, founded during the Spanish colonial era, was only created in 1984.
rapid growth for years now. Heavy traffic, noise, and all the
undesirable outcomes involved are issues that Metro Manila must deal
people. The less time it takes for a person to travel from one rail
line to another (or another form of transport), the better for that
APM systems are the ideal transportation mode inside the New Manila
that the passengers would not have the hassle of going from one terminal
to another. With the aid of an APM, there would be less time from going
around the Airport and will save the passengers much energy from walking
Aside from time and energy, passengers that will ride an Automated
People Mover will also save money. Since the APM systems will only be
People Mover System that was built to help relive downtown traffic,
an airport.
History of Automated People Mover
and success of this system, the second Automated People Mover system
used only in the United States in the first two decades. The first
Automated People Movers were introduced in Asia and Europe in the 90s.
The first APM opened in Asia at Singapore Changi Airport in 1990, and
Europe followed one year later with the launch of an APM system at
first APM within the world was probably built in the 1500s at the
trip') was built. On a 67 percent slope, the system was 625ft long.
APM systems we have today. It consists of two cars with a cable linking
them. For propulsion, it utilizes onboard water tanks and gravity. Until
its weight reaches that of the lower car, the tank in the car at the
upper station is filled with water, then the brakes are released, and
at Airports
at airports. The report’s main target is the planning and the decision-
the APM is feasible within the airport. All possible facilities are in
at Airport
the supplier and the franchisee as they would have to prove the worth
of their investors' money on the APM systems. Aside from that, it can
also help assess the performance measurement first to ensure the safety
of the passengers and the people who will use it in the New Manila
International Airport.
the traditional railway systems that are present today because they
come with smart technology and optimal design solutions that ensure
maximum passenger space in the system. In the past decade, urban transit
networks have evolved rapidly, creating the need for fast, reliable and
cost-effective solutions for transportation. An automated passenger
people mover creates less noise. In the urban transit system, noise
drive the growth of the industry. In order to meet the demand for
solutions is expected.
because they rely on the rope, which suggests that they are not as
right from the start, later extensions are difficult to implement. They
and headway rates, and in the planning process, the feasibility needs
of energy consumption.
Congestion
traveler terminals.
According to Bondada & Haury (2002), The first APM was built in
the curb-to -gate and enable the terminal support facilities. These
airports around the world, which could increase terminal capacity both
Product (GNP), which is the total value over a period of all final goods
both its operations and its own as an enabler to other markets (OEF,
are more than just crucial components of the global transport system,
industry is now linking the globe, adding immense value to the worldwide
economy, and encouraging the global economic activity of $3.5 trillion
between the years 2001 and 2015, the total worldwide number of
national tourism. The different regions of the world have different GDP
growth over the years. North America has the lowest with only 0.5x (GDP
Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East received a 2.0x (GDP
per region, the airport sector has remained stable (KFW, 2016).
According to the IATA (2017), there are multiple ways for a country
contribution to GDP, and a 3.4% GDP increase. The air transport industry
around the world. According to CNN (2020), with the airport almost twice
the size of NAIA covering over 2,500 hectares of land, the NMIA could
support 400,000 jobs just with the construction alone. Grace Poe also
stated this would benefit OFW's that are unable to work abroad due to
the pandemic.
economic growth.
and it is the go-to airport for any global interaction in the country.
flights and passengers who have arrived in the Philippines been steadily
approximately 61,000. Along with other social sectors, this number has
significantly dropped during 2020 where it was only approximately 19,000
domestic sector also experienced this type of change, during 2012, the
and this stayed consistent until 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic the
22,000.
It has been signed last December 20, 2020, the Republic Act 11506,
which granted San Miguel Aerocity permission to construct the New Manila
connection to other countries. There are two main types of air travel:
this sector.
consider all the laws and indigenous tribes that will be affected by
landscape.
popular and the go-to airport here in the Philippines, granting the
around the airport's vicinity are the main reasons for coming up with
International Airport.
With the gathered information for the description of an automated
people mover system from the related studies, the Efficiency of these
and theme parks. Taxis, shuttles, busses, and jeepneys can provide good
that would be the future solution. The APM system in NMIA could be the
in NAIA and prove that the aviation industry can achieve its maximum
potential.
$10.4 billion contribution to GDP, and a 3.4% GDP increase. The aviation
industry of the Philippines has been affected by the Covid-19 like most
of the world. Intending to try and compensate for the loss in income
for the year 2020, the New Manila International Airport is an excellent
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will focus on how the researchers will conduct the
kind of research design, the flowchart of the study, and the methods
methodology in detail.
answering the research problems by means of what, how, when, and where.
research design for the study. The research aims to introduce a new
The researchers used the initially proposed designs and the master
websites as the basis for the line route of the APM that was made by
researchers.
reference to compute for the cost per distance of the different modes
of transportation.
Illustrator
digital presentation would be the master floor plan of the New Manila
International Airport.
further on their views and thoughts about the APM railways system's
Collect the Data from the Internet for the Travel Cost of Different
could not do first-hand physical research and gather the data for public
transportation because of health and safety protocols. The researchers
will maximize the use of the internet and use the researched data from
reliable sources. The following are the formulas in computing for the
1. 3.18(X) = Y
travel a set distance within the airport. The value 3.18 is the constant
constant distance. Y represents the final answers when the cost of the
distance (3.18).
2. 60(53) = 3180
The researchers could not obtain a scale for the official master
floor plan of the New Manila International Airport released by the San
floor plan, the researchers consulted engineers and asked for workable
solutions around the problem. The engineers suggested that we use the
researchers then consulted pilots to ask for the type of airplanes that
are used in the master plan. The pilots stated that the planes in the
master plan are airbus 321 and have a wingspan of 60 meters hence the
53 airplanes can fit on the route of the railway, hence the number 53
in the formula. The researchers then multiplied the two values with
each other and were able to get the final distance with 3180 M or 3.18
KM.
that show the percentage of responses from the survey conducted. The
further. The researchers will also analyze the data based on the
data and results gathered by the researchers. The researchers will also
interpret each question and relate the collected data to the study.
Problem 4.1.1: The APM railway system will provide a more pleasant
Figure 4.1.1 APM will provide a More Pleasant and Safer Travel
that the APM will provide a more pleasant and safer travel experience,
agreed, and the weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be
and safer travel experience to the users because they believe it will
be less hassle when traveling around the airport. The respondents also
ride for the people who wish to go around the airport. Transportation
that connects to and within the airport will give the users convenience
in a way that there will be no road traffic, and it will be safer for
weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be inferred that the
travel from different infrastructures within the airport with ease and
comfort, making it reliable since it can save time and be a safer option
for the users. The APM railway system has a system wherein proper
interval is made, the arrival and departure of the APM vehicle are
since if not, it will cause disturbance for the whole day. The APM
APM System
between utilizing and not utilizing an APM, and 27% agreed, while 6%
terminals. With the help of the APM, the users would have a more
comfortable at the same time; hence, it would also affect the overall
like to walk and explore the airport by foot rather than taking an APM.
Problem 4.1.4: The APM system will significantly reduce the time travel
Figure 4.1.4: APM System Will Reduce Time Travel from Terminal to
Terminal
comparison, 83% strongly agreed that the APM would significantly reduce
it would lessen the time travel of the passengers from the terminal to
the terminal because the APM has a particular route. With the heavy
such as taxis, SUVs, or buses will not obstruct the way of the APM.
They also believed that riding an APM will be faster than just walking
Figure 4.1.5: The APM has the Potential to Lessen Airport Problems
agreed, 27% agreed, and 3% Disagreed with the statement that the APM
system will lessen airport problems and increase airport passenger
its users because it can offer specific routes, schedules, and more
uniform. These are the factors that can increase the reliability of the
APM due to the proper interval, which will determine the appropriate
arrival and departure of an APM vehicle. They also believe that with
the proper coordination with the airport, they can know the volume of
Airport. However, a respondent thinks that the APM railway system will
Problem 4.1.6: If given a chance to be built, what are the other possible
Airport?
airport.
respondents that the APM railway system would create a pleasant, more
positive experience for the users and that the APM system will attract
more tourists visiting the country, resulting in high revenues from the
tourist sector.
The other statements suggested that the advantages of the APM are
International Airport?
wherein a huge budget should allow for the construction. Statement two
the APM railway system being spacious, another problem is the lack of
high advance technology, the delay during the APM railway system's
schedule. However, with the right plans and approval of the APM railway
system, it can overcome the benefits of having the APM railway system
in the airport.
Problem 4.2: How will the proposed APM railway system in NMIA be
Problem 4.2.1: The APM system will benefit pilots and flight attendants
Attendants.
APM railway system would benefit pilots and flight attendants with their
weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be interpreted that
Almost all the respondents agreed that the APM system would benefit
lot less stressful for the flight attendants and pilots because they
are the ones who require a short amount of time to travel around the
airport. The respondents also mentioned that having an APM inside the
Problem 4.2.2: The airport personnel and ground crew will benefit when
utilizing an APM system with their respective duty in the airport, such
that the APM would benefit the airport personnel with their respective
strongly agree.
According to the respondents, the APM will help and made it more
convenient for the airport personnel. The APM will transfer the airport
personnel from one place to another will less exert effort. And it is
also seen in the results that more respondents agreed; therefore, the
APM will be more convenient for airport personnel. The respondents did
the question.
Problem 4.2.3: The APM system will help alleviate unwanted walking of
passengers.
and 3% disagreed with the assertion that the APM will help lessen
unwanted walking. The weighted mean for this statement is 4.6, which
walking around the airport because it will help save time to transfer
believes that the APM will not encourage some passengers to use it
to lessen unwanted walking around the airport because Filipinos tend
Problem 4.2.4: The APM railway system will attract more passengers and
tourists from around the world. Thus, increasing the national economy
of the Philippines.
World
comparison, 21% disagreed that the APM will attract more passengers and
agree.
Most of the respondents believes that the APM will add feature and
value to the NMIA. Aside from that, an overall pleasant and positive
who disagreed suggested that the APM is not a tourist attraction. Also,
respondents disagreed because many factors can affect a country's
economy and having an APM railway system may not be one of them.
Problem 4.2.5: The APM railway system can expedite passenger flow and
while 32% agreed that the APM could enhance passenger flow and reduce
traffic in and around the airport. The weighted mean for this statement
agree.
reduce the passenger flow and bottleneck in and around the airport. As
while 37% agree. The weighted mean in this statement is 3.9, which can
be interpreted that the respondents agree that the APM will transport
transportation.
The responses can conclude that the APM will transport more people
design for the APM railways system in the New Manila International
Airport?
number of respondents who had the same response with seven respondents
regarding the other benefits of the APM railway system inside NMIA. The
respondents believe that the APM will make fast transportation for many
transport system.
Aside from that, the respondents also believed that the APM would
APM inside the NMIA are the APM being family friendly as it can transport
people carrying babies with strollers or PWDs, the APM can reduce the
carrying of heavy luggage, the NMIA coping up with the top airports,
and the APM will help to eliminate land traffic congestion around the
airport.
airport. The lowest price is with the shuttle at 5.47 pesos per
kilometer. The jeep follows it at 6.36 pesos per kilometer. It is then
Next is the taxi, priced at 41.34 pesos per kilometer. The highest price
per kilometer.
are open for the public, such as shuttles and jeepneys, are the cheapest
option for people to use. The next option would be private cars which
options would be the taxis and LRT. With this information, a trend can
experience can meet the traveling people. The users are simply paying
for the comfort, speed, and experience when they are traveling from
this chapter along with the recommendations that can help future
Summary of Findings
This part contains the summarized results of the data that was
all.
2. The primary benefits of the proposed APM railway system inside
that were agreed upon by the respondents are: the APM railway
system will reduce the traffic in and around the airport, the
the airport. The respondents also believed that the APM will
ground crew.
can be simplified that the taxis and LRT are the most expensive.
Taxis and LRT are the most efficient mode of transportation used
Conclusion
This segment will also dictate on whether the null hypothesis of the
step forward for the aviation industry in the country. With the
inclusion of an APM railway system within the airport that will serve
as the main mode of transportation for the people who wish to get from
main road where cars will come about, the APM railway system is also an
investment for the airport that will succeed in the long run. It is the
most expensive mode of transportation that the airport can offer to the
users. Nevertheless, it will offer the best experience for the people
and tourist in the airport. The researchers were able to determine the
Recommendations
was not included in the paper. These may help in enhancing the research
study further:
transportation.
3. Consider the interior of the New Manila International Airport
will also eliminate the deviant answers and will provide better
professions.
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