ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

•Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Can bond to itself
• Has four bonds
• Can be single, double, or triple bonds
• Written as formula, structural formula, or space-filling model
 Root # of Carbons
Meth- 1

SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Eth- 2
Prop- 3
But- 4

•Hydrocarbons Pent-
Hex-
5
6
• Contain carbon and hydrogen Hept- 7

• As more carbons are bonded, boiling point increases Oct- 8

• Saturated hydrocarbons
• Only single-bonded carbon atoms
• Has as many hydrogens as possible
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Double or triple bonded carbon atoms
• Isomers
• Same chemical formula but different structural formula
• Different chemical and physical properties
SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
•Carbon Rings
• Prefix cyclo- is used
• Can have single, double, or triple bonds
• Benzene
• C6H6
• Alternating single and double bonds
• Can fuse rings together
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SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS
•Substituted hydrocarbon
• Hydrogen is replaced by another element

•Substituting Oxygen Groups

• Alcohols
• Contains -OH
• Ends in -ol
• Organic acids
• Has a carboxyl group, -COOH
• Ends in -ic acid
• Esters
• Alcohol and organic acid combine
• Contain -COOC-
• Ends in -oate
SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS
•Substituting Other Elements
• Amines
• Contains -NH2
• Ends in -ine
• Mercaptans
• Contains -SH
• Ends in -iol
• Halocarbons
• Contains a halogen
• Prefix tells how many
• Aromatic Compounds
• Contain benzene ring
• Have distinctive odors
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PETROLEUM – A SOURCE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
•Processing Crude Oil
• Fractional Distillation
• Small molecules boil off first at the top of the tower
• Large molecules are at the bottom

•Uses for Petroleum Compounds

• Fewer than 5 carbons
• Used for natural gas
• 5 to 10 carbons
• Gasoline and solvents
• 12 to 18 carbons
• Kerosene and jet fuel
• Greater than 20
• Oil and asphalt
PETROLEUM – A SOURCE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
•Polymers
• Long chains of repeating monomers
• Monomer – single unit
• Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene
• Polyesters, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane
• Depolymerization
• Breaks apart polymers into monomers
• Can then be reformed into a new polymer
• Synthetic
• Created in a lab, not naturally occurring
POLYMERS & COMPOSITES
•Common Synthetic Polymers
• Polyethylene (HDPE & LDPE) – bottles, bags
• Polypropylene – clothing, adhesives
• Polystyrene – food containers, foam packing
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – bottles, CDs, pipes

•Natural Polymers
• Proteins, cellulose, nucleic acids, starches, lipids

•Properties of Plastics
• Lightweight, strong, waterproof, cheap
POLYMERS & COMPOSITES
•Synthetic Fibers
• Nylon – outdoor clothing, rope
• Polyurethane – foam, shoe parts
• Polyester – fabric, rope
• Aramids – fireproof & bulletproof

•Adhesives & Their Uses

• Contact Cement – bonds instantly
• Structural Adhesives – used in construction
• Silicone Adhesives – seals, caulk
• Orthodontics – attach braces after exposure to UV light

•Surface Coatings & Elastic Polymers

• Polyurethane – coating to protect wood
• Paints – acrylic paint washes off but not when dry
• Synthetic Rubber – tires, shoes, elastic
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BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS
•Biological polymers
• Proteins
• Chains of amino acids
• Contain amine and carboxylic acid groups
• Form muscles, blood, and other tissues
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Starches – repeating sugar units
• Provide quick energy
BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS
•Biological polymers
• Lipids
• Different proportions of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
• Fats and oils
• Store energy
• Nucleic Acids
• DNA and RNA
• Nucleotides – nitrogen base, sugar,
phosphate group
• Store genetic code
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