Topic: Lipids 12-Pro

Group A November 12, 2018

WHAT ARE LIPIDS? 2. Steroids

• a diverse group of naturally occurring organic
compounds made up of C, H, and O
• may include other elements such as N and P
• soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
• not a polymer (has no monomer)
• examples are fats, oils, hormones & phospholipids
FUNCTION
• source of high energy value that is stored in
adipose tissues (body fat)
• act as an insulating material in the
subcutaneous tissues found under the skin
• helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins
• useful reactions w/ other compounds
• 4 hydroarbon ring structure
• differ based on their side chains
• examples: cholesterol, cortisol, testosterone,
estrogen
Cholesterol & its derivatives
• provides stability in cell membranes
• building block of hormones and bile acids
• exists in its free form or as an ester with a fatty
acid covalently attached to the hydroxyl group
ESTROGEN TESTOSTERONE

STRUCTURE
• generally made up of hydrocarbon chains
• common functional groups: ester and alcohol
groups; others include amines and ketones
• from ovaries • from testicles
• alcohol group • ketone & hydroxyl
TYPES AND USES
• secondary female • secondary male
characteristics characteristics

3. Phospholipids
• main component of cell membranes
• structure has 4 subunits: a glycerol unit, 2 fatty
acids, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen group
• phydrophilic head and phydrophobic tail

1. Triglycerides
• most plentiful lipid in the body
• an ester created from glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• fatty acids consist of a hydrocarbon chain and
a terminal carboxyl group (−COOH) at one end
• glycerol is a three carbon molecule with
hydroxyl groups (-OH) bound to each carbon REACTIONS
atom 1. Condensation
• bound together by dehydration synthesis • reaction of glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
• produces a triglyceride and 3 water molecules
Types of Fatty Acids • hydroxyl group + carboxyl group = ester

Saturated (Fats) Unsaturated (Oils) 2. Saponification

• solids • liquids • triglycerides react with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• derived from animals • extracted from plants or potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• linear chains of CH2 • kinked chain • produces glycerol and a fatty acid salt
• linked by C-C single • one or more C-C • NaOH = hard soap; KOH = soft soap
bonds double bonds
• myristic acid and • less hydrogen bonds 3. Hydrogenation
lauric acid allows it to flow • addition of a hydrogen atom which can
• influence metabolism • Omega-3 fats lower either connect or destroy bonds
and insulin release blood pressure • connects bonds in unsaturated fats to convert it
from liquid to solid trans fats