Biomedic 1

STRUCTUR , FUNCTION AND

METABOLISM OF
CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

Syahrijuita
Biochemistry of Deparment
Medical Faculty of Hasanuddin University
2014
 TOPIC
• CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
• STRUCTUR AND FUNCTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES,
DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES
• STRUCTUR AND FUNCTION OTHER SUGAR
( GLYCOSIDES AND AMINO SUGARS)
• METABOLISM OF KARBOHIDRATES
• CLASSIFICATION AND STUCTUR OF LIPIDS
• FATTY ACID( SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED),TRIASILGLISEROL,LIPOPROTEIN,
EICOSANOID, STEROID AND CHOLESTEROL
• METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
 INTRODUCTION
• Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone
derivatives of polyhydric alcohols
• They have important structural and
metabolic roles
• Glucose is the most important
carbohydrate
• Glucosa is the major metabolic fuel of
mammals and a universal fuel of the fetus
 INTRODUCTION
• Glucosa is the precursor for synthesis of all the
other carbohydrates in the body:
- glycogen  storage
- ribose and deoxyribose  nucleic acid
- galactose  lactose in milk
- comination with lipid  glycolipids
-with protein glycoprotein,proteoglycans
• Diseases associated: DM,galactosemia,glycogen
storage diseases, lactose intolerance
Classification of Carbohydrates
1.Monosaccharides : cannot be hydrolyzed
into simpler carbohydrates
exp : trioses,tetroses,pentoses,heptoses
 as aldoses or ketoses
2. Disaccharides : condensation products of
two monosaccharide units
exp: maltose and sucrose
 Classification
3. Oligosaccharides : condensation products
of three to ten monosaccharides
 most aren’t digested by human
enzymes
4. Polysaccharides: condensation products
of more than ten monosaccharide units
exp : starches,dextrins, inulin,cellulosa
and glycogen
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosakarida
STRUCTURE OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosakarida - Pentosa
Monosakarida - Heksosa
Disakarida
Disakarida
Polysaccharides
 Polysaccharides
• Starch: a homopolymer of glucose forming
an alfa glucosidic chain  glucosan or
glucan
- Most in cereals,potatoes, legumes and
other vegetables
- Two main constituents are amylose and
amylopectin
• Glycogen : the stroge polysaccharide in
animals =animal starch
 Polysaccharides
• Inulin:a polysaccharide of fructose (fructosan
- it’s used to determine the glomerular filtration
rate
- It’snot hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes
• Dextrins:intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch
• Cellulose: the chief constituent of plant cell walls
• Chitin:a structural polysaccharide in the
exoskleton of crustaceans and insects
 Polisaccharides
• Glycosaminoglycans: complex
carbodrates containing aminosugars and
uronic acids
• Exp: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate
and heparin
• Glycoprotein: proteins containing
branched or unbranched oligosaccharide
chains. Occurs in cell membranes.
 METABOLISM OF CARBOHIDRATE

• GLIKOLISIS (EMBDEN MEYERHOF)

• HEKSOSA MONO PHOSFAT SHUNT
(PENTOSA PHOSFAT)
• GLIKOGENOLISIS
• GLIKOGENESIS
• GLUKONEOGENESIS
ENERGY FROM GLYCOLYSIS
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
HEXOSA MONOPHOSPHAT SHUNT
GLIKOGENESIS & GLIKOGENOLISIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS
The main pathway metabolism of carbohidrates
 INTRODUCTION
• LIPIDS: are a heterogeneous group of
compounds,are related more by the
physical by their chemical properties
• Including: fats, oils,steroidswaxes, and
related compounds
• They are relatively insoluble in water but
soluble in nonpolar solvents exp: ether
and chloroform
 Introduction
• The function of lipids are:
- electrical insulator  non polar lipids in
myelinated nerves
- transpoeting lipids  lipoprotein
- structural of cell  phospholipis, cholesterol
• Associated : obesitas,
DM,atherosclerosis,polyunsaturated fatty
acid in nutrition and health
 Cassification
1. Simple lipids : esters of fatty acids ( FA)
with various alcohols
a. Fats : FA + glycerol
b. Waxes: FA + weight monohydric
alcohols
2. Complex lipids : esters of fatty acids
containing groups in addition to an
alcohol and a FA
 Classification
a.Phospholipids: FA + alcohol +a phosforic acid
- Glycerophospholipids : FA + Glycerol + a
phosphoric acid
- Sphingophospholipids : FA + sphingosine
+ a phosphoric acid
b. Glycosphingolipids : FA + sphingosine +
carbohydrate
c. Other complex lipids : sulfolipids, aminolipids
and lipoprotein
 Classification
3. Precursor and Derivat lipids : These
include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other
alcohol,ketone bodies, hidrocarbon, lipid
soluble vitamins and hormones
• Because they are uncharged, acylglycerol,
cholesterol and cholesteryl esters are
termed NEUTRAL LIPIDS
 Fatty Acids
• Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids
• As esters in natural fats and oils -> body
• Unesterified form as free FA  pasma
• The chain of FA may be sturated ( containing no
double bonds) or Unsaturated ( containing one
or more double bonds
• Carbon atoms are numbered from carboxyl
carbon ( carbon No.1)
• No2,3,3 and 4 known as alfa,beta,gamma and
omega
 Trans or cis double bonds
• The carbon chains of Saturated FA form a
zigzag pattern ( low temperatur)
• At higher temperatur, some bonds rotate 
chain shortening
• At unsaturated FA occurs geometric isomerism
 depending on orientation of atoms or groups
around the axes of double bonds
• If the acyl chain are on the same side of the
bond CIS but if opposite  TRANS
 CIS AND TRANS FA
• Exp: oleic acid (cis) isomerism with elaidic
acids ( trans )
• Trans FA  hydrogenatoin or hardening
of natural oils  margarine or action of
microorganisms in the rumen
• Trans FA consumption is detrimental to
and increased risk of diseases ( CVD and
DM )
•
 UNSATURATED FA
• Subdivided as follows:
1. Monounsaturated : one double bond 
monoenoic
2. Polyunsaturated : two or more double
bonds  polyenoic
3. Eicosanoids :derivat from eicosa ( 20
carbon) polyenoic FA exp: prostanoids
( prostaglandin, prostacyclins and
tromboxanes), leukotrienes,lipoxins.
• Triacylglycerols are main storage forms of fatty
acid
• Phospholipids are the main lipid constituent of
membranes
• Phosphatidylcholines ( lecithins) occur in cell
membrans
Phosphatidylinositol is a precursor of second
messengers
• Cardiolipin is a major lipid of mitochondrial
membranes
• Choleterol is a significant constituent of all cells
of body and particularly in nervous tissue
• Ergosterol is a precursor of vitamin D
 The main pathway metabolisme
of Lipids

FAT CATABOLISM
• BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS: FATTY ACID  ACETYL-COA
• OXIDATION OF KETONE BODIES: BETA HYDROXYBUTYRATE
ACETYL-COA CO2

• FAT ANABOLISM
• FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS: ACETYL-COA  FATTY ACIDS
• TRIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHESIS: ACETYL-COA  FATTY ACIDS 

TRIACYLGLYCEROL
• KETONE BODY FORMATION: ACETYL-COA ACETOACETATE, BETA

HYDROXYBUTYRATE
• CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTERYL ESTER SYNTHESIS: ACEYL-
COA
The main pathway metabolisme of lipids
Metabolisme Lipid
THE BETA OXIDATION PATHWAY OF LIPIDS
THE KETOGENESIS PATHWAY
LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM
CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS
SUMMARY OF METABOLISM
Thank You