INTERN AS TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER

An Internship report submitted to the

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
NAME: NAREDLA MANIKUMAR REDDY
H.T NO: 18761A0127

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALI
REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUand ISO 9001-2015 certified)
L.B.REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA Dist.
2021-22

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 LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU and ISO 9001-2015 certified)
L.B.REDDY NAGAR, MYLAVARAM, KRISHNA Dist.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that the internship report entitled “INTERN AS TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEER” that is being submitted for the partial fulfilment of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY degree in CIVIL ENGINEERING to JNTU Kakinada, is a bonafide work
done by NAREDLA MANIKUMAR REDDY ,H.NO:18761A0127during the academic
year 2021-2022 and it has been found worthy of acceptance according to the requirement of
the University.

(Dr. V.RAMAKRISHNA)
Head of Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks to the support given by the college management in completing our
internship.
We express our acknowledgements to the Principal Dr. K.APPARAO, Vice-Principal
Dr. K. Harinadha Reddy and HOD Dr.V.Ramakrishna for the support and inspiration to
carry out this internship.
We acknowledge with thanks the help and support extended by the Teaching and Non-
Teaching staff of by the Civil Engineering Department and our batch mates in completing our
internship.

NAREDLA MANIKUMAR
REDDY
18761A0127

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 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this project titled “INTERN AS
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER” is submitted towards completion of main-project in
B.Tech (CIVIL ENGINEERING) at LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING (LBRCE), Mylavaram. It is an authentic record of my original work
pursued under the guidance of K.HARISH, ASST PROFESSOR, CIVIL DEPARTMENT,
LBRCE.I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project for the award of any other
degree.

NAREDLA MANIKUMAR
REDDY
18761A0127

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 Abstract

The issue of sustainable mobility is rapidly increasing in the growing cities or in urban area.

Therefore, transport engineering which is an application of technology which provide safe

and efficient or rapid movements of public as well as vehicles. Report also based upon the
transportation engineering such that how can the public transport be given the priority in the
urban areas using transport engineering.

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Acknowledgements

Contents

Abstract 5

1 Introduction 7

2 Highway engineering 9
2.1
Geometric design 10
2.2
Task 10
2.3
3 Different type of Road Markings 12
3.1
4 Railway Engineering 16
4.1
Task 16
4.2

5 Airport Engineering 18
5.1
Site Selection 18
5.2
Task 20
5.3
6 Harbour Engineering 21
6.1
7 INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE 22

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 8 Conclusion 23

9 References 23

CHAPTER
NO:1
1: INTRODUCTION:
Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the
application of technology and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design, operation and management of
facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide
for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods transport.

The planning aspects of transportation engineering relate to elements of urban planning, and involve
technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually
involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (number
of purposeful trips), trip distribution (destination choice, where the traveller is going), mode choice
(mode that is being taken), and route assignment (the streets or routes that are being used). More
sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveller decisions, including auto ownership,
trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or
business location (known as land use forecasting). Passenger trips are the focus of transportation
engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any transportation system.

Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and

operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water,
and even space transportation. The design aspects of transportation engineering include the sizing of
transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the
materials and thickness used in pavement designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment)
of the roadway (or track).

Before any planning occurs, an engineer must take what is known as an inventory of the area or, if it
is appropriate, the previous system in place. This inventory or database must include information on
population, land use, economic activity, transportation facilities and services, travel patterns and
volumes, laws and ordinances, regional financial resources, and community values and expectations.
These inventories help the engineer create business models to complete accurate forecasts of the
future conditions of the system.

Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road
or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies involve
intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveller information systems (such as variable
message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure

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integration. Human factors are an aspect of transportation engineering, particularly concerning
driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.

ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEER:

The role involved in the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient
transportation systems. These systems include roadways, railways, waterways, and intermodal
operations.

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION:
The importance of a transportation of a country is comparable to the veins in the human body. Just a
vein helps to the health of human, similarly the transportation keeps the health of a nation in good
condition by keeping the people and materials moving from one place to another place. Following
are the importance of transportation.

 They play an important role in the economic, social and commercial development of the
country.
 They help in cultural development of the country.
 They help in political development of the country.
 It plays a vital role in development of rural areas of the country.
 They improve the employment opportunities.
 Improves the contact between two countries.
 Improves the living standard of the country.
 It helps to improve science and technology.
 It helps in industrial development throughout the country.
 Enhances the import and export of the country.

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 CHAPTER NO:2
2.1: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING:

WEEK ONE REVIEW:

Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves
the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to
ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. Highway engineering became
prominent towards the latter half of the 20th century after World War II. Standards of highway
engineering are continuously being improved. Highway engineers must take into account future
traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design,
highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement
maintenance.

he beginning of road construction could be dated to the time of the Romans. With the advancement
of technology from carriages pulled by two horses to vehicles with power equivalent to 100 horses,
road development had to follow suit. The construction of modern highways did not begin until the
late 19th to early 20th century.

The first research dedicated to highway engineering was initiated in the United Kingdom with the
introduction of the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in 1930. In the US, highway engineering
became an important discipline with the passing of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which
aimed to connect 90% of cities with a population of 50,000 or more. With constant stress from
vehicles which grew larger as time passed, improvements to pavements were needed. With
technology out of date, in 1958 the construction of the first motorway in Great Britain (the Preston
bypass) played a major role in the development of new pavement technology.

Highway planning involves the estimation of current and future traffic volumes on a road network.
The Highway planning is also a basic need for the Highway development. Highway engineers
strive to predict and analyse all possible civil impacts of highway systems. Some considerations are
the adverse effects on the environment, such as noise pollution, air pollution, water pollution, and
other ecological impacts.

Highway systems generate the highest price in human injury and death, as nearly 50 million
persons are injured in traffic accidents every year, not including the 1.2 million deaths. Road traffic
injury is the single leading cause of unintentional death in the first five decades of human life.
Management of safety is a systematic process that strives to reduce the occurrence and severity of
traffic accidents. The man/machine interaction with road traffic systems is unstable and poses a
challenge to highway safety management. The key for increasing the safety of highway systems is
to design, build, and maintain them to be far more tolerant of the average range of this
man/machine interaction with highways. Technological advancements in highway engineering

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have improved the design, construction, and maintenance methods used over the years. These
advancements have allowed for newer highway safety innovations.

By ensuring that all situations and opportunities are identified, considered, and implemented as
appropriate, they can be evaluated in every phase of highway planning, design, construction,
maintenance, and operation to increase the safety of our highway systems.

2.2: GEOMETRIC DESIGN:

Highway and transportation engineers must meet many safety, service, and performance standards
when designing highways for certain site topography. Highway geometric design primarily refers
to the visible elements of the highways. Highway engineers who design the geometry of highways
must also consider environmental and social effects of the design on the surrounding infrastructure.

There are certain considerations that must be properly addressed in the design process to
successfully fit a highway to a site's topography and maintain its safety. Some of these design
considerations are

 Design speed
 Design traffic volume
 Number of lanes
 Level of service (LOS)
 Sight distance
 Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
 Cross section
 Lane width
 Structure gauge, Horizontal and vertical clearance

The operational performance of a highway can be seen through drivers' reactions to the design
considerations and their interaction.

2.3: TASK 1
Collection of various types of sign boards used on roads

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 CHAPTER NO :3
WEEK TWO
3.1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROAD MARKINGS:
 Longitudinal Markings
 Transverse Markings
 Hazard Marking
 Block Marking
 Arrow Marking
 Directional Marking
 Facility Marking

1.Longitudinal marking:
The main purpose of longitudinal marking is to guide and navigate the driver for forwarding
movements and to prohibit overtaking manoeuvring at certain at hazardous locations to avoid

sideswipe and head-on collision accidents.

2. Transverse marking:
The transverse markings are provided
across the carriageway for the purpose of
traffic control with broken lines,
single/double continuous lines such as
stop marking and give-way marking.
These transverse markings are always
accompanied with corresponding signs.

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 3. Hazard Marking:
The hazard markings facilitate the major actions of
the vehicles such as traffic merging/diverging,
prohibiting to cross-over, and deflecting the traffic
ahead of hazardous situations. These markings are
generally done with chevron and diagonal marking,
hatch marking and prohibitor marking.

4. Block Marking:

The markings made on the road which are in blocks such as zebra crossing for pedestrians, triangular
and checked marking for speed breakers. The quality of block marking with adequate visibility is of
utmost importance.

The application of thermoplastic paint for block marking is generally different from longitudinal
marking. The hazard marking shall always be accompanied by an appropriate sign. The classification
of block marking is listed

5. Arrow Marking:

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 The arrows painted on the carriageway are meant to give direction for the driver to take
mandatorily turns. The application of thermoplastic paint for block marking is generally different
from longitudinal marking. The hazard marking shall always be accompanied by an appropriate
sign. The classification of arrow marking is listed.

6. Directional Marking:

The word message which is directional in nature is classified under directional marking. The
classification of directional marking is listed

7. Facility Marking:

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The markings which are intended to facilitate the parking for the vehicles are termed as facility
marking. The classification of facility marking is listed 

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 CHAPTER NO:4
WEEK THREE:

4.1: RAILWAY ENGINEERING:

Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction
and operation of all types of rail transport systems. It encompasses a wide range of engineering
disciplines, including civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical
engineering, industrial engineering and
production engineering. A great many
other engineering sub-disciplines are also
called upon.
With the advent of the railways in the early
nineteenth century, a need arose for a
specialized group of engineers capable of
dealing with the unique problems
associated with railway engineering. As
the railways expanded and became a major
economic force, a great many engineers
became involved in the field, probably the
most notable in Britain being Richard
Trevithick, George Stephenson and
Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Today, railway
systems engineering continues to be a
vibrant field of engineering.
4.2: TASK 3
VARIOUS SIGN BOARDS ON RAILWAYS:

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 CHAPTER NO:5
WEEK FOUFR

5.1: AIRPORT ENGINEERING:

A terminal facility used for aircraft take-off

and landing, and including facilities for
handling passengers and cargo and for
servicing aircraft. Facilities at airports are
generally described as either airside, which
commences at the secured boundary
between terminal and apron and extends to
the runway and to facilities beyond, such as
navigational or remote air-traffic-control
emplacements; or landside, which includes
the terminal, cargo-processing, and land-
vehicle approach facilities.
Airport design provides for convenient passenger access, efficient aircraft operations, and
conveyance of cargo and support materials. Airports provide facilities for changing transportation
modes, such as people transferring from cars and buses to aircraft, cargo transferring from shipping
containers to trucks, or regional aircraft supplying passengers and cargo for intercontinental aircraft.
In the United States, engineers utilize standards from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
aircraft performance characteristics, cost benefit analysis, and established building codes to prepare
detailed layouts of the essential airport elements: airport site boundaries, runway layout, terminal-
building configuration, support-building locations, roadway and rail access, and supporting utility
layouts. Airport engineers constantly evaluate new mechanical and computer technologies that might
increase throughput of baggage, cargo, and passengers.
5.2: SITE SELECTION
Site selection factors vary somewhat according to whether (1) an entirely new airport is being
constructed or (2) an existing facility is being expanded. Few metropolitan areas have large areas of
relatively undeveloped acreage within reasonable proximity to the population center to permit
development of new airports. For those airports requiring major additional airfield capacity,
however, and hence an entirely new site, the following factors must be evaluated for each alternate
site: proximity to existing highways and major utilities; demolition requirements; contamination of
air, land, and water; air-traffic constraints such as nearby smaller airport facilities; nearby mountains;
numbers of households affected by relocation and noise; political jurisdiction; potential lost mineral
or agricultural production; and costs associated with all these factors. Some governments have
elected to create sites for new airports using ocean fills. The exact configuration of the artificial
island sites is critical due to the high foundation costs, both for the airport proper and for the required
connecting roadway and rail bridges.

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LAYOUT OF AIRPORT ENGINEERING

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5.3: TASK:DATA ABOUT WIND ROSE DIAGRAM:

The wind data, ie., direction, duration and intensity are graphically represented by a diagram
called wind rose.

 The wind data should usually be collected for a period of at least 5 years and preferably of 10
years, so as to obtain in average data with sufficient accuracy.

 As far as possible, these observations should be taken at or near ‘site selected, since the wind

conditions may vary considerably with location particularly in hilly regions.

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 CHAPTER NO:6
6.1: HARBOR ENGINEERING:
Harbor can be defined as a basin or haven of navigable waters well protected naturally or
artificially from the action of winds and waves. They are situated at sea-shore or river estuary or
lake or canal connected to the sea.
CLASSIFICATION OF HABOUR DEPENDING UPON THE PROTECTION
NEEDED
1.Natural Harbors or Natural Roadsteads
 Inlet protected from storms and waves by natural configuration of the land
 A deep navigable channel with a protective natural bank or shoal to seaward is a good
example of a natural roadstead.
2.Semi-natural Harbor
 Protected on sides by headlands and requires man-made protection only at the entrance
 E.g.: Vishakhapatnam
3.Artificial Harbors
No natural facilities are available for the harbor

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 CHAPTER NO:7
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

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 CHAPTER NO:8
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, transportation system is important to urban and social development. The roles of
urban transport explained above are important to affect the demand and supply of urban land market.
Transportation systems influence virtually every aspect of community life. They are the means for
moving people, goods and services throughout communities, the region, and, increasingly, to
destinations around the world. Of equal importance,
these systems have played a significant role in shaping patterns of growth, facilitating economic
prosperity, and influencing the character and livability of our communities. As a result,
transportation planning is a particularly important component in the overall planning for what we
want our communities to be. To sum up, it is recommended that road network in a city should be
planned in an integrated manner along with the public transport network. Road cross-section is
recommended to be reorganized for equitable allocation of road space. Missing links and opening up
of dead end roads should be given priority too. Expansion of road network in a city should be
minimal, and primarily for providing access to urban areas, in order to avoid attracting vehicular
traffic and resulting congestion. The stated improvement can really help in solving the transportation
problem. It will help in increasing the demand of people towards the land at the area and therefore
can create higher land value and better development.

CHAPTER NO:9
REFERENCE:
1.Article Role of transportation in Society by NPTEL on May 24, 2006.
2.Michael A P Taylor, etl, The Role of Transportation in Logistics Chain.
Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller (2001). Urban Transportation Planning MC.
Graw Hill.
4.Rex W. Faulks (1990). Principles of TRANSPORT, 4THEdition. Mc Graw Hill.
5.Amitabh Chandra, Eric Thompson (2000). Regional Science and Urban Economics
30. United States: Elsevier Science B.V
6.TA Littman (2014). Evaluating Accessibility for Transportation Planning:
Measuring People’s Ability to Reach Desired Goods and Activities. Canada: Victoria
Transport Policy Institute.

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