A Seminar Report on

““DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT””

Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Jnanasangama, Belagavi, Karnataka, India – 590 018
in partial fulfillment of requirement of Seminar on Current Trends in
Engineering and Technology during eighth semester in

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
MASHUK FIRDOSH
(1GC18CV068)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. ABDUL REHMAN
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of civil engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RAMANAGARAM – 562159
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE
and Accredited by NBA, New Delhi)
2021-22
 GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RAMANAGARAM- 562159
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Accredited by National Board of Accreditation)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.MASHUK FIRDOSH bearing USN 1GC18CV068 has successfully
carried out the seminar work entitled “DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT“ in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of Seminar on Current Trends in Engineering and
Technology in eighth semester B.E (CIVIL ENGINEERING) of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the year 2021-22.

Signature of Guide Signature of HoD

Mr.ABDUL REHMAN Dr. N S Kumar

Assistant Professor
Dept. Of civil engineering
 Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep gratitude to our institution GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING and more profoundly to the DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING.

My warmest thanks to Dr. Mohammed Zahed Ansari, Principal, for his support.

I profoundly thank Dr. N.S Kumar, Prof. & HoD for his constant support and
encouragement.

I am indeed indebted to my guide Mr.ABDUL REHMAN Assistant Professor for his

valuable guidance, suggestions and support during the entire seminar work.

I also thank all the staff members and friends who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of this seminar work.

I sincerely thank and acknowledge all the authors whose literature was referred and
extensively used in this seminar work.

MASHUK FIRDOSH
(1GC18CV068)
 DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT

ABSTRACT
1. Past and present trends related to design of modern airport.
2. This report includes modern approaches and techniques used in modern
airports.
3. The main goal is to assist modern techniques used in construction of airports.
4. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the design of airport terminals to
provide more convenient environment for passengers and airport staff.
5. I intend to enhance the comfort, convenience and experience of air travel and
shorten the time required from arrival to check-in to boarding.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Aspects

A look at the early airports, aircraft factories, and airliners themselves, reveals that
their design vocabulary reflected designers' efforts to encounter society's feelings of
ambivalence and insecurity toward this new mode of transportation. This design
proposes a new generation terminal which does not exist today.

1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• WHAT IS AN AIRPORT? Airports are large, complex and generally highly

profitable industrial enterprises. They are part of a nation's essential transportation
infrastructure, which, besides providing thousands of jobs at the airport itself,
supports a much broader audience in social and economic terms. It has been

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estimated that for every job at the airport, an additional one is created in the region.
As large industrial complexes, airports consist primarily of:

 Runways and taxiing areas

 Air traffic control buildings
 Aircraft maintenance buildings
 Passenger terminals and car parks
 Freight warehouses

For the architect, the passenger terminal is the main airport building and an
opportunity for architectural expression. Organizationally, the terminal building is
the key element within the airport estate. It is, however, just part of an integrated
system, which involves a complex interaction between airline companies, airport
authorities and the travellers. The reputation of an airport is, however, determined
by the quality of its terminal buildings, not just as architectural imagery but in terms
of customer needs. Well-designed terminal buildings enhance the reputation of the
airline companies that use it, and the airport itself, and ensure that passengers enjoy
a comfortable, stress-free start and end to their journey.

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1.4 HISTORY OF AIRPORT

 The Airport Industry in the Early Twenty-First Century Airports and air
transport continue their exciting long-term growth. The industry is large,
innovative, and has excellent prospects. We need to appreciate this historical
base before launching into the future. Moreover, the industry is in the midst
of substantial organizational and technical changes that are redefining the
practice of airport systems planning and design.
 The industry is large. As of 2012, it involves about 2.5 billion airline
passengers worldwide plus large amounts of cargo. Its annual revenues are
more than U.S. $0.5 trillion (one million million dollars).
 The world airlines operate approximately 12,400 major jet aircraft, valued in
the hundreds of billions of dollars. The annual investments in airport
infrastructure come to about $10 billion a year. To put these figures in
perspective, the industry moves the equivalent of well over a third of the
world's population every year, and its revenues are close to 40 percent of the
gross domestic product of the United States. By any measure, this is an
important activity
 The industry is actively growing. From 1990 to 2012, the worldwide long term
growth rate in the number of airline passengers has been about 4 percent a
year-averaging periods of stagnation and boom. During that period, global
passenger traffic grew by 120 percent; it more than doubled.
 As of 2012, this growth was mostly occurring in Asia, where air transportation
is becoming increasingly affordable to its large populations. In the first decade
of the twenty-first century, annual passenger traffic grew at an average of 9
percent in Asia, 5 percent in Europe, and 1 percent in North America.
 Airport planners thus routinely have to deal with the possibility of 25 to 100
percent increments in demand. This is because the planning horizon for large-
scale infrastructure projects is normally between 10 and 15 years, because of
the need to create the designs, assemble financing, and proceed successfully
through political and environmental reviews.

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 The growth in air transport translates into major airport projects. About a
dozen major programs for airport development, costing over a billion dollars
each, are typically under way at any time.
 Naturally, many smaller projects are ongoing simultaneously. Airline/ airport
traffic has been concentrated in the United States. It is the locus of close to
half the worldwide air transportation and airport activity. U.S. based airports
and airlines dominate their competitors in size.
 In 2011, U.S.-based airlines accounted for 7 of the top 10 airlines. Likewise,
many of the busiest airports in the world in terms of the number of passengers
have been in the United States. In 2011, U.S. airports occupied 7 of the 20 top
spots (Table 1.3).
 The U.S. share of the world traffic has, however, been decreasing as traffic
grows in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Its market share fell from about
40 percent in 1990 to around 30 percent in 2011.

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Chapter 3:
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.A1J07: Committee on Aircraft/Airport Compatibility Chairman: Michael T.
McNerney

A Look into the Future of Airport Planning, Design, and Construction by

Analysing Current Issues

WILLIAM FIFE, Frederic R. Harris Inc. MICHAEL T. MCNERNEY, University

of Texas at Austin

As we look toward a new millennium in air transportation, we must also look at the
past and the present. Future market forces that are impossible to predict will radically
change the growth of the aviation industry, which is less than a century old. In order
to analyse the aircraft of the future and the airports that will be compatible with these
aircraft, one should look also at what the industry sees as the emerging issues. This
paper provides a summary overview of the current issues that have been identified
by the aviation community in the areas of airport planning, design, and construction.
The process used to identify these major issues was outlined and discussed during
the proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) International
Air Transportation Conference in Austin, Texas, in 1998 (1).

Discussions began at the ASCE International Air Transportation Conference in

Louisville in June 1996, with a number of senior-level engineers, planners, and
architects considering the major issues they are and will be facing in the planning,
design, and construction of domestic and international airports. These discussions
focused on the need to better identify these issues and engage in further dialogue
regarding their implications for planned and ongoing airport development programs.
Issues needed to be considered not only from a planning perspective, but also from
a design and construction viewpoint. Issue’s identification began immediately after
the June 1996 conference and has resulted in input from more than 40 groups,
including design and planning firms, architects, engineers, aircraft manufacturers,
and airport operators.

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2. Iyad ALOMAR,

MSc in engineering Fields of research:

Transport and logistics. Present position: lector; Type training manager and Deputy
of Quality manager of the EASA Part-147 training Centre at TSI/APAC (TTI
Academic and professional aviation centre).

3.Slawomir AUGUSTYN,

Assistant Professor. Fields of research: transport and logistics. Present position:

Assistant Professor at the National Defence University (Warsaw, Poland).

This article discusses the issue of innovation in airport design which is supported by
aviation project management. This is why the decision-making process on
innovation in an airport's design should correlate with future perspectives in aviation.
This process influences a decrease in time and money lost during the period of
leading an aviation project. A good result is obtained through selected essential
information and analysis of the airport management process in order to achieve
efficiency in aircraft operation. What is more, the innovation in airport design is
closely related with the safety of aircraft and security of passengers.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
1. Create and design a totally new terminal which can be used on any kind of airport
site in the future. Most current airports are designed and restricted to the area,
location, and terrain of the airport land itself. Thus, to create and design a new
terminal, free from any restriction listed above, is the priority of this study.

2. Design the terminal to be easily expanded in the future when necessary. An

existing airport might alter its design and original structure as necessary in the future.
The goal of this thesis study is to retain the existing terminal building.

3. Shorten the time and improve the process for passengers from check-in to
boarding without undermining the airport, aircraft and airline security.

4. Create a more humanistic, more convenient and more thoughtful environment for
passengers. Frequently, those passengers who are reboarding from large to small
aircraft, or from international to domestic flights, need to face unfavorable weather
conditions because there is no enclosed access between aircraft and terminal. If the
weather condition is unsatisfactory such as windy, raining, snowing, or hot,
passengers have no choice but to bear it without any protection.

5. The most important part of this thesis study, airport design, is to create a new
generation of airport terminal building. Passengers will experience the same
humanistic, convenient, and thoughtful environment to access the aircraft, regardless
of size or location.

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Chapter 4
AIRPORT SYSTEM PLANNING
4.1 AIRPORT LAND PLANNING

During the next decade, substantial expenditures will be needed to acquire land for
new airports and for the expansion of many existing ones. The acquisition of
suitable, well located land for airports in or near metropolitan areas is going to
become increasingly difficult and expensive during the next decade. Predicted rapid
growth in urban population, increased automobile ownership, improved highways,
and greater affluence mean that suburban areas will continue to spread out farther
from central cities. Large scale developments such as new towns, extensive
subdivisions, industrial districts, interstate highways, and parks will compete more
intensively for sizable tracts of open land. These and other activities, such as
commercial development, which are attracted by suburban residential expansion,
will often encroach on existing airports making their expansion more difficult."

Indeed, rapidly increasing population in urban areas make it more difficult to find
airport land. To design a new generation of airport is extremely important to
overcome those difficulties and limitations of airport land in urban and adjoining
areas.

4.2 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS OF MASTER PLAN

Master planning an airport is a team effort, but the architect or engineer is normally
responsible for the physical disposition of the parts.

It involves three principal elements:

1. Runways and taxiways

2. Hangers and service aprons

3. Terminals

and several secondary ones:

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1. Roads and car parks

2. Security enclosure

3. Air traffic control tower

4. Airport railway station and light rail system

5. Hotels, conference facilities etc.

6.Freight warehouses.

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Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
1. Market Demand Forecast

1. Domestic/international volumes
2. Inbound/outbound transfer volumes
3. Cargo/mail
4. Bypass traffic (freight already containerized in flight-ready containers).
5. Nature and amount of terminal requiring special handling.
6. Heavy/oversized freight.
7. Perishables.
8. Very great urgency material.
9. High value
10. Dangerous goods
11. livestock
12. Seasonal, daily, and hourly fluctuations of flows.

2. Forecast of Aircraft Fleet and Flight Activity

1. Fleet mix.
2. Type of operation: all-cargo, combination, belly loads only.
3. Frequency of operations.
4. Number of aircraft to be handled simultaneously on the apron.
5. Air vehicle type: DC-8, DC-9,DC-10, MD-1 1, A300, A320, Boeing 777,
767, 757, 747, 737, 727, 707. ..etc.

3. Main Capacity Constrained Elements of Design

1. Overall area.
2. Build-up positions.
3. Pallet and container storage area.
4. Bins.
5. Air side and land side doors.

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4. Cargo Handling Concept Choice

1. Low mechanization, high manpower.

2. Low manpower, mobile lifting, and loading equipment.
3. High mechanization with transfer vehicles (TVs) and elevating transfer
vehicles (ETVs).

5.Site Selection Factors

1. Dimensions of terminal, apron, and land side access area.

2. Layout of road access and degree of separation of commercial freight
vehicles from passenger terminal traffic.
3. Proximity and ease of air side access to the passenger apron.
4. Layout and capacity of air side service roads.
5. Availability of utilities.

6. Architectural Decisions

1. Main floor level

2. Land side and air side dock levels.
3. Clear height (later installation of TVs should be considered).
4. Construction materials.
5. Expandability for future traffic growth.
6. Flexibility for changes of freight type and handling methods.
7. Floor pits for self-levelling build up/breakdown areas.

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5.1 AIRPORT MASTER PLANNING

1. Organization and preplanning

2. Inventory of existing conditions and issues

3. Aviation demand forecasts

4. Requirement’s analysis and concept development

5. Airport site selection

6. Environmental procedures and analysis

7. Simulation airport plans

8. Airport plans

9. Plan implementation

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Chapter 6
DESIGN CONCEPTS
A. The Original Concept

The first concept was to build a roof above the apron paved area where airplanes are
parked. The advantage of this concept is to provide passengers enclosed access to
small aircraft. Thus, passengers who are boarding small aircraft have a service route
to the aircraft without exposure to unfavourable weather conditions as in most
existing airport terminals. As follows:

1. Unit Terminals
2. Linear Terminals
3. Unit Terminals with Piers
4. Terminal With Piers
5. Terminal With Satellites

B. Concept Evolution

After evaluating the five typical terminal types listed above, I found that most of
them require greater square footage of roof area, which is less efficient and more
difficult to construct. Then I thought of creating a triangular apron space to both
minimize the roof area, and strengthen the structure.

C. Final Concept

After experimenting with several variations, triangle-square, triangle linear, triangle-

round, etc., I selected the triangle-round apron type as the most successful solution.

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Chapter7
NEW TRENDS IN DESIGN OF AIRPORT
1. Biometrics

The potential of biometrics in the air transport sector has been clear for some time
but now that it is gaining traction across the industry, the technology could start to
have a truly transformative impact. The trend towards biometric-enabled processing
can be seen around the world. In 2017, a number of US carriers – including Delta
and JetBlue (as well as government agencies like the TSA and CBP) - invested in
trials of fingerprint and facial recognition technology. Elsewhere, Heathrow
installed 36 biometric-enabled self-service boarding gates in Terminal 5; Hamad
International Airport revealed plans to implement a system in which "your face
becomes your passport”; Changi Airport Group opened the new Terminal 4,
which includes biometric technology at all of the key passenger touch-points, and
Sydney Airport shared with FTE its plans to trial end-to-end biometric-enabled
passenger processing from mid-2018. Elsewhere, biometric-based recognition has
been implemented at the entrance to airline lounges, and integration of the

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technology into signage and flight information display systems (FIDS) has been
touted as a means to serve passengers with personalised information and offers.

Biometric technology won't just impact the travel experience on the ground, though;
it could also reshape the experience at 35,000 feet. In fact, as part of their strategic
partnership, Panasonic Avionics Corporation and Tascent have already hinted at
using biometric technology onboard aircraft to facilitate seatback immigration
and simplify in-flight payment.

The integration of biometric technology into consumer devices, such as iPhone

Which features facial recognition is helping to familiarise members of public with
technology and this in turn should help to encourage people to embrace the
technology when travelling. As airlines, its and their partners continue to work
towards the goal of creating a biometric-enabled single passenger token, the number
of trials and implementation involving the technology will continue to rise
throughout 2018.

2. Blockchain

Blockchain is very much a buzzword at the moment and while it is still relatively
early days for the technology, many in the air transport sector see a great deal of

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potential. The technology is most closely associated with cryptocurrency, but

blockchain is about much more than Bitcoin. As blockchain essentially provides a
secure digital ledger of transactions and agreements, it holds potential in any project
that involves the sharing of data.

In late 2017 a few interesting case studies came to light. Lufthansa announced a
partnership to explore blockchain-based distribution, Air New Zealand revealed
that it is exploring blockchain for baggage, retail, distribution and loyalty use
cases; and British Airways, Heathrow Airport, Geneva Airport, Miami International
Airport and SITA Lab teamed up to look into how blockchain technology can help
to create a "single source of truth" for flight data.

While it is likely to be a long time before blockchain is at the heart of the air transport
industry, the early excitement suggests that it certainly does have a role to play. You
can expect to hear about more airlines and airports taking their first steps into the
world of blockchain over the next 12 months.

3. Artificial intelligence

2017 was the year that artificial intelligence (AI) really came to the fore in the air
transport industry. After years of being labelled the next big thing”, a large number
of airlines rolled out Al-focused products. Chatbots that can answer the more basic
questions are now becoming commonplace, with airlines ranging from Air New
Zealand to Aero Mexico and Icelandair to Lufthansa now offering their customers
support through such a channel.

Beyond chatbots, some of the more forward-thinking airlines are already

implementing AI in other areas. KLM, for example, is using the technology to
complement the efforts of its social media service agents. Automated answers to
straightforward questions can be provided by AI, which frees up the human agents
to deal with the more complex enquiries.

AI also holds potential in a number of other areas, such as real-time predictive

pricing, predictive aircraft maintenance and operational efficiency on the airfield,
further highlighting its broad appeal to airlines. Airports also stand to benefit from

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the Al advancements, as is highlighted by the fact that Beijing Capital International

Airport will soon be making use of Alibaba Group's Al enabled "Aviation Brain” to
help ease congestion. As more carriers follow in the footsteps of the first-movers,
and the use cases for Al mature, the technology will play an increasingly important
role throughout 2018.

4. Robotics

It would be remiss to discuss artificial intelligence without considering robotics. This

time last year, there was lots of talk about customer-facing robots that can provide

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on-the-spot assistance to passengers but it is perhaps in operational roles that

robotics will have the most telling impact.

Japan Airport Terminal Co., Ltd.'s Haneda Robotics Lab has emerged as a front-
runner in this space and will soon trial seven robots in a live airport environment.
These robots will be able to perform a variety of tasks, ranging from transporting
luggage to proactively identifying potential security risks. The ultimate goal is for a
fleet of robots to be deployed at Haneda Airport before the start of the Tokyo
Olympics in 2020. Elsewhere is Asia, Incheon Airport has also been exploring the
latest generation of robots and recently hosted a trial of LG's Airport Guide Robot
and Airport Cleaning Robot.

During a recent interview with FTE, Dubai Airports' EVP, Technology and
Infrastructure, Michael Ibbitson, offered insight into the possible future role of
robotics in the air transport industry. He explained that baggage handling could be
transformed by replacing centralised conveyor and track and tray systems with a
system built around individual baggage transportation robots. He said: “I think there
is so much fantastic opportunity in that space right now. Every airport needs to be
keeping an eye on it." While the passenger-facing robots often grab the headlines, it
could well be the operational robotics deployments that make the biggest impression
in 2018 and beyond

5. Baggage

Technological advancements are also helping to bring about a revolution in the

baggage space. Self-service bag drop is now widespread but a new wave of
developments is starting to entirely redefine baggage handling as we know it.
Airports around the world are having to process more passengers and bags than their
terminals were originally designed to handle. Referring to this capacity crunch,
IATA CEO Alexandre de Juniac recently stated: “We are headed for an
infrastructure crisis." Clearly, new solutions must be developed in order to support
future growth.

Some stakeholders are already taking action. Lufthansa Group, for example, has
partnered with BAGTAG in a move that allows passengers flying with Lufthansa
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(which was also the launch customer of the RIMOWA Electronic Tag), SWISS and
Austrian Airlines to purchase a re-usable, electronic bag tag, instead of having to
have traditional paper bag tags attached to their suitcases every time they fly.

In late-2017, it was announced that American Airlines' passengers flying from

London Heathrow Airport can now make use of the Airport end-to-end baggage
delivery service, which removes the need for them to transport their own luggage
from the hotel to airport. British Airways also offers this service in and around
London. Elsewhere, Fiji Airways has launched Resort Check-in, which allows
passengers to check in their bags in the hotel lobby before they travel to the airport.
As well as offering convenience to passengers, each of these services can also help
to reduce check-in queues and the number of bags being brought into the airport
terminal, therefore freeing up some much-needed capacity 2018 is also a big year as
IATA Resolution 753, which is all about baggage tracking, will come into effect in
June, so airlines and airports must ensure they are ready to provide real-time,
accurate baggage tracking throughout the process. Without doubt, 2018 will be a
significant year in the baggage space.

6.Startups and scaleups

In recent years, there has been a shift in mindsets among airlines and airports. While
they have traditionally turned to well established, decades-old suppliers for new
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products and services, many are now looking to the start-up scene for their next wave
of inspiration.

The likes of Lufthansa, San Diego International Airport, SAS, WOW air, Hartsfield-
Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Emirates and Changi Airport Group all have
innovation labs or programmes, each of which places a big focus on exploring
possible collaborations with start-ups. Furthermore, the likes of IAG, Qantas and
JetBlue Technology Ventures play an active role in incubating and/or accelerating
start-ups and scaleups. The thinking is relatively straightforward: the more forward-
thinking airlines and airports are keen to work with the agile, fast-moving start-ups
that could reshape the industry in the years ahead.

In 2018, you can expect more airlines and airports to take the plunge into the start-
up scene as part of their efforts to improve customer experiences and enhance overall
business efficiency.

7.Translation technology

We could have squeezed this one into the artificial intelligence" category but such
is its potential, we decided it deserves a mention in its own right. The travel
experience can be daunting when you're in an unfamiliar environment and don't
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speak the local language but this could be solved thanks to artificial intelligence and
machine learning technology.

The Google Pixel Bud Bluetooth earphones support live translation between 40
languages and this has already caught the eve of Air New Zealand, which is trialling
the technology in the airport terminal and onboard aircraft. Also, at FTE Asia EXPO
2017 last November, Airport Authority Hong Kong's General Manager Smart
Airport, Chris Au Young, outlined the merits of smartphone-based signage
translation in the airport environment.

A number of the technology giants, including Microsoft and Facebook as well as

Google, are investing heavily in translation technologies, and airports and aircraft
could provide ideal environments for these technologies to flourish.

8.Augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) were all hot
technologies in 2017, with use cases ranging from immersive IFE to airport
wayfinding and remote airport operational control centres. While all three
technologies are likely to grab headlines in 2018, augmented reality has perhaps the
most immediate potential in the air transport space.
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As an example, Gatwick Airport unveiled blue dot navigation and augmented

reality wayfinding glast year, which allows passengers to use the camera function
on their device to view AR directions to wherever they need to go within the
terminal. Airport Authority Hong Kong has been paying close attention to AR
wayfinding too, while Copenhagen Airport was a trailblazer in this space and
launched the first version of its own AR wayfinding tool a full seven years ago. The
technology has advanced since then, though, and with me likes of Apple making a
big play in the AR space, it is likely to gain more traction over the coming year.

9. Internet of Things

A technology trends report wouldn't be complete without a mention of the Internet

of Things (IoT). In fact, IoT is what can tie together a number aforementioned
technologies and help to create a simpler and more seamless end-to-end travel
experience,

It looks more likely than ever that in the future all things” will be connected - from
airport assets to IFE systems and sensors integrated into seating - providing the
industry with a constant stream of data which, if used correctly, could deliver new
levels of operational efficiency and enable personalisation like never before.

10. Cyber security

The deployment of new and emerging technologies, and the on-going digitalisation
of the air transport industry, brings with it a number challenges, and keeping systems
secure is one of the biggest tasks faced by airlines and airports.

According to SITA, which is collaborating with Airbus in the fight against cyber
threats, cyber security is the number one priority for airlines' and airports' IT
spending in the three years up to 2020. In fact, 95% of airlines and 96% of airports
plan to invest in major programmes or R&D on cyber security initiatives over the
next three years. While the on-going digital transformation being experienced across
the industry will bring about myriad customer experience and operational benefits,
cyber security will be a crucial topic as airlines, airports and their partners continue
to strengthen their digital defences.

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11. Green Terminal in Airports

Airports are going green in response to increasing pressure regarding the aviation
industry's environmental impact. We locate the world's most environmentally
friendly airports and find out what elements of their design help them to offset
carbon emissions. Many airports across the world have therefore adopted greener
elements into their designs and operation strategies, as well as subscribed to eco-
friendly initiatives. The Airport Carbon Accreditation programme, run by Airports
Council International (ACI), is helping more than 200 airports to manage their
emissions, with the ultimate goal of carbon neutrality.

Through sustainable practices and the use of renewable fuel sources, we take a closer
look at the airports setting an example for other aviation hubs to follow.

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Chapter8
ADVANTAGES OF MODERN AIRPORTS
High Speed

It is the fastest mode of transport and therefore suitable for carriage of goods over a
long distance. It requires less time.

Quick Service

Air transport provides comfortable, efficient and quick transport services. It is

regarded as best mode of transport for transporting perishable goods.

No Infrastructure Investment

Air transport does not give emphasis on construction of tracks like railways. As no
capital investment in surface track is needed, it is a less costly mode of transport.

Easy Access

Air transport is regarded as the only means of transport in those areas which are not
easily accessible to other modes of transport. It is therefore accessible to all areas
regardless the obstruction of land.

No Physical Barrier

Air transport is free from physical barriers because it follows the shortest and direct
routes where seas, mountains and forests do not obstruct.

Natural Route

Aircrafts travels to any place without any natural obstacles or barriers because the
custom formalities are compiled very quickly. It avoids delay in obtaining clearance.

National defence

It plays a significant role in the national defence of the country because modern wars
are conducted with the help of aero planes.

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 DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT

DISADVANTAGES OF AIRPORT

Risky Air transport is the riskiest form of transport because a minor accident may
put a substantial loss to the goods, passengers and the crew. The chances of accidents
are greater in comparison to other modes of transport.

Very Costly

Air transport is considered costlier as compare to other mode of transport. The

operating cost of aero-planes are higher and it involves a great deal of expenditure
on the construction of aerodromes and aircraft. Because of this reason the fare of air
transport is high that common people can't afford it.

Small Carrying Capacity

The aircrafts have small carrying capacity and therefore these are not suitable for
carrying bulky and cheaper goods. The load capacity cannot be increased as it is
found in case of rails.

Unreliable

Air transport is unreliable as it depends of the weather forecast. Normally if the

weather is not certain the flight may get delayed.

Huge Investment

Air transport requires huge investment for construction and maintenance of

aerodromes. It also requires trained, experienced and skilled personnel which
involves a substantial investment.

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 DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT

Chapter9
CONCLUSION
Although it is impossible to predict the future of air travel, even over the next few
years, several things appear to be fairly certain. One is that air travel will continue
to grow rather quickly for the foreseeable future. A large number of people have
learned to use the airplane just as they used trains in an earlier era or they use the
automobile or bus today. Commuting by airplane has become common. The goal of
this thesis was to improve the current design of the airport terminal to better serve
passengers. In the final result, shown in Chapter IV, the round-shaped terminal
represents a Twenty-first Century terminal design for the near future. The future
terminal will be quite different from that experienced at most airports today. The
modern airport, and certainly the airport of the 21st century, is a huge,

complex and noisy facility. It is a focus for a wide diversity of human activity-from
travel to leisure, from shopping to health clubs, from plane-spotting to conferences,
and from family reunions to church outings. The airport is as a new type of city in
the twenty-first century.

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 DESIGN OF MODERN AIRPORT

REFRENCES

1. Wragg, D., Historical dictionary of aviation, History Press 2008.

2. ^ "Airport - Definition of airport by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 1
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3. ^ "Runway - Definition of runway by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 1
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4. ^ "Helipad - Definition of helipad by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 1
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5. ^ "Hangar - Definition of hangar by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 1
September 2015.
6. ^ Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 3 January 2019 to 0901Z 28
February 2019.
7. ^ 49 U.S.C. $ 40102(a) (2012)
8. ^ "AirNav: 11D9 - Skyline Airport". www.airnav.com. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
9. ^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 1 September 2015.
10.^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 1 September 2015.
11. ^ "FAA". Retrieved 1 September 2015.
12. ^ "Part 139 Airport Certification". FAA. 2009-06-19. Archived from the
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13.^ Gross, Daniel (7 September 2017). "Your Misery at the Airport Is Great for
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14.^ USA Today newspaper, Oct. 17, 2006, p. 2D.
15. ^ "Why do airports have windsocks?". Piggott’s Flags and Branding.
Retrieved 29 March 2017.

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