;ll“Various Construction Activities Under Public Work

Department” (PWD)

Progress Report submitted to

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University

For the Award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

By

Divyansh Sharma
(19BCE017)

Under The Supervision

Of
Mr. Gautam Narula
Assistant Professor

School of Civil Engineering

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
Kakriyal, Katra-182320, J&K (India)
April 2023

1
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the

internship training by “Divyansh Sharma 19BCE017” in
partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of
B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) submitted in the School of Civil
Engineering of SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI
UNIVERSITY , KATRA is an authentic record of my own
work carried out during a period from January 2023 to April
2023 under the supervision of Mr. Gautam Narula, Assistant
Professor.

Signature of the Student

This is to certify that the above statement made by the

candidate is correct to the best of my/our knowledge

Signature of the SUPERVISOR (S)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It has been an immense pleasure for us to express our sincere

gratitude to our supervisor, Mr. Kashish Mahajan
ASSISTANT ENGINEER (AE) Public Work Department
Udhampur , for his valuable guidance, timely advice, and
constant encouragement during the internship work.
We are very thankful to Dr. V.K. Dogra, Head, SoCE,
SMVDU for his expert advice and inspiration which helped us
concentrate more on our project work and execute it on time.
We are always in debt to our parents and family for their endless
support being it moral, financial, or emotional, which enabled us
to reach this level of knowledge.

Dated: 23-12-22 Divyansh

Sharma
19BCE017

3
 ABSTRACT

Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous

liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural
deposits or may be a refined product; it is a substance classed as a
pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The
word is derived from the Ancient Greek asphaltos, its source was an
Eastern word.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction,
where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles
to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous
waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for
sealing flat roofs.
An ambitious road construction plan is underway in India, which
primarily involves bituminous pavements. At the present time,
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH)
Specification for Road and Bridge Works, 2001 Edition is used for
construction of all roads including national highways. Advances in
bituminous construction technologies are made in the world almost
every year. Mechanically stale materials for road bases are often not
obtainable in developing countries and the technique of soil
stabilisation has therefore been developed. In the Middle East,
aggregates are often scarce but oil products are readily available. The
region has therefore provided some of the eu"l-iest examples of
bituminous
stabilisation, which originally consisted of thin running surfaces over
compacted sand.
Bituminous stabilisation can also enable local sand to be used for base
construction, and various tests and design criteria have been proposed
for such applications. The report describes full-scale experimental
trials supported by laboratory research, which have enabled

4
acceptance criteria for bitumen-stabilised sand bases for light/medium
traffic to be proposed.
Construction methods for bituminous stabilisation are also described.
Details are given of methods of surface dressing, which is important
both as an initial running surface on new bases and as a maintenance
treatment. Premixed bituminous materials, both as bases and
surfacings, might perhaps be considered as inadmissible for low-cost
roads. Such roads, however, usually require progressive improvement
because of the traffic growth which accompanies development. There
is a growing use of strengthening overlays and the report briefly
discusses premixed materials and their applications.

5
 CONTENTS
Topic Page no.

Candidate declaration 2

Approval Certificate 3

Acknowledgement 4

Abstract 5-6

Abbreviations 8

List of Table 9

List of figures 10

Chapter 1: Introduction 11-12

Chapter 2: Weekly progress 13-24
Chapter 3 : Concepts 25-30
3.1 Survey 25
3.2 Transportation Engineering 26
3.3 Construction Equipment 27-28
3.4 Estimation & Costing 29
3.5Construction Management 30
Chapter 4: Learning 31-35
Annexure I 36

6
 ABBREVATIONS

PWD: Public Work Department

RD: Reduced Depth
WBM: Water Bound Macadam
WMM: Wet Mix Macadam
DLP: Defect Liability Period
MORTH: Ministry Of Road Transportation & Highway
CBR: California Bearing Ratio

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Caption Page no

1 Measurement of Road 15

8
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No Caption Page no.
2.1 Pothole Measurement 13
2.2 Wet Mix 14
2.3 Paver Machine 16
2.4 Base Course 17
2.5 Tendering Process 18
2.6 Measurement of Road 19
2.7 Calculated Reduced Depth 20
2.8 Moisture Content Test 21
2.9 Retaining Wall 22
2.10 Breast Wall 23
2.11 Rubble Masonary 24
3.1 Surveying 25
3.2 Flexible Pavement 26
3.3 Construction Equipment 27
3.4 Dumper 28
3.5 Flow Chart 30
4.1 Drawing 32
4.2 Finishing Work 34
4.3 Walls 35

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 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

The PWD (Public Works Department) is the functional arm of UT

Jammu & Kashmir for the development by way of construction and
maintenance of roads, buildings, bridges and other infrastructural
works. The department gets projects funded by State Government and
Government of India under various development schemes. Works are
executed under various contractual set ups like EPC, PPP, etc. which
make project execution and its funding easier and time bound.

 Sharp focus on coverage of un-connected habitations and

upgradation of rural roads with a view to improve
connectivity and market accessibility.

 The Department also extends technical support to other

Government Departments and executes their projects in case
they assign construction to the Department. It remains
endeavor of the Department to construct eco-friendly and
cost-effective government buildings adopting best evolved
practices and advanced modern techniques.

 Construction of new roads and up-gradation for providing all-

weather connectivity through flagship scheme of PMGSY.
Address the issue of proper maintenance and repair of
PMGSY roads after completion of the Defect Liability Period.

 PW(R&B) Department is mandated to develop a robust and

dependable road network in Jammu and Kashmir to all corners
of the UT. To this effect the Department has been focusing on
construction of new roads, maintenance and upgradation of
already existing roads, construction of bridges and culverts and
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connecting habitations/ villages with the network of roads.
Major thrust is being given to the schemes providing
connectivity in difficult and inaccessible areas for equitable
development of all regions of the UT.

During the internship, I visited and learned many works like

road repairing , building repairing ,road construction ,
construction of a dispensary in village and also Bill Of
Quantities over the period of time.

Defects are an inevitable part of any construction project,

regardless of how well-planned and executed it is. To ensure
that these defects are identified and rectified in a timely manner,
most construction contracts include a Defect Liability Period
(DLP). In India, the DLP is a legal requirement under the Indian
Contract Act, 1872, and is commonly used in construction
contracts.

The Defect Liability Period (DLP), also known as the

Rectification Period, is a specified period after the completion of
a construction project during which the contractor is responsible
for rectifying any defects or faults that may arise. The DLP is
typically stated in the contract, and the duration of the DLP
varies depending on the size and complexity of the project. In
India, the DLP is usually between 12 to 36 months.

Therefore, Routine maintenance is done in proper period of

time. During my internship I learned about road repairing
(Mansar – Battal road). There were big potholes in the road
which are formed when the top layer of pavement and the
material beneath called base or sub base cannot support the
weight of traffic. Water is also a big factor in creating potholes.
These potholes were measured and are filled with wet mix and
was left to settle properly.
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 CHAPTER- 2: WEEKLY PROGRESS

WEEK 1: 16th January – 22nd January (Battal- Mansar Road)

During the first week of my internship, we did the supervision of the
site, inspecting condition of the road. The condition of the road was
terrible. We inspected the road from RD 3/100 to 7/500. We took the
measurement of potholes and other damages caused to the road with
the help of INVER TAPE. We observed that the condition of road
from RD 4/750 to 7/500 was worse due to problem in drainage of
water and loosened soil. We took the measurement of potholes
including length , width and depth. With the help of measurements we
are able to calculate the volume of damages on road to calculate the
amount of wet mix required to fill the potholes.

Fig: 2.1 Measurement of potholes

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 WEEK-2
23rd – 29th January (Battal – Mansar Road)-

After the measurement taken in week 1 of our internship, we

calculated that 11-12 dumpers of WBM is required to fill the potholes
in road. Double layer of wet mix is aid due to settlement of wet mix
due to continuos heavy traffic in the area.

Calculation
Mean width = 1.24 +
1.26+1.29+1.3+1.3+1.26+1.24+1.25+1.29/9=1.27m
Wet mix required:- 250m x 1.27m x 0.056m x 9 = 160cubic meter

No. of Dumpers required = Wet mix required/ capacity of 1 dumper

= 160/14= 11.42

Fig 2.2 Wet Mix

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RD Length Width Depth
4/0-4/250 250 1.24 0.56
4/250-4/500 250 1.26 0.56
4/750-4/1000 250 1.29 0.56
5/250-5/500 250 1.3 0.56
5/500-5/750 250 1.3 0.56
5/750-5/1000 250 1.26 0.56
6/250-6/500 250 1.24 0.56
6/100-7/250 250 1.25 0.56
7/250-7//500 250 1.29 0.56
Measurement Of Potholes

Table 2.1

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 WEEK-3
30th January – 5th February (Battal – Mansar Road)-
After the laying of base course layer of WBM we started the process
of spreading tuck coat which is used as a binder course. A tuck coat of
bitumen is applied at 6.0 to 7.5 kg per 10 sq.meter area. This quantity
maybe increased approximately 10 to 20 % for non-bituminous base.
After this process preparation and placing of premix is prepared in a
hot mix plant of a required capacity with the desired quality control.
Bitumen or Tar may be heated upto 150 to 180 degree celsius and the
aggregate temperature should not be more than 14 degree Celsius
from the binder temperature all these mixtures can be transported by
the heavy dumpers carried to the location is spread by the mechanical
paver machine at temperature of 120 to 165 degree Celsius.

Fig 2.3 Paver Machine

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 WEEK-4

6TH FEBRUARY TO 12TH FEBRUARY (Dhar Road – Kaley)-

In 4th week we started working on another site which was a

connecting road to a minor village called Kaley. Firstly, we started the
supervision of the site. This road was approximately 3km. The
measurements of width of the road is taken at every 25m RD .
After that, the laying of base course layer has been done. This layer is
known as Shingle int his the size of aggregates is approximately 45 –
63mm after that rolling on shingle is carried out by the help of Road
Roller for their proper alignment. Then after WBM layer is spreaded
on the Shingle.

Fig 2.4 Base Course

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 WEEK-5

13th February-19th February (Thial-Chountra Mata)-

For the construction of the road, firstly Public Work Department took
the clearance permission from the Forest Department of that area.
The distance of the road from Thial to Chountra Mata is 13km
approximately, till now they had granted the permission for the first 6
kms of road construction. The estimated cost of construction of this
project for first 6 kms is 25.4 cr rupees. After that tendering process
of road construction was started and tender was given to Lone and
Bhatt Co. Pvt. Ltd. with 24.9% blow which is approx. 19.1 crore .

Fig 2.5 Tendering Process

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 WEEK - 6

20th February-26th February (Thial-Chountra Mata)

In week 6th, we measured the distance of road and marked the RD

after every 250 m of distance. After that we calculated the width of
road at every 25m because the contracter was given the average width
of 3.75m . Below are some of the reading taken at site.

Fig 2.6 Measurement Of Road

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Fig 2.7 Calculated RD

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 WEEK – 6

27th February – 5th March

In this week we performed various test on soil.
 Moisture Content Test
o The moisture content of the soil is the amount of water it
contains and is expressed as the percentage of dry mass.

o The test for determining the moisture content of the soil is

vital for assessing the existing natural state of the soil.

o It is also necessary to understand the bearing capacity and

the probable settlement of the soil.

o It is carried out in the laboratory itself.

Fig 2.8 Test

 Proctor Test
o It is a type of compaction test carried out to determine the
compaction properties of soil.

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 WEEK – 7 to 9

6TH March- 26th March

After performing all the neccessary soil tests ,the cutting and filling of
the site is carried when we joined that site most of the cutting filling
was done and rest was carried out. The amount of material from cuts
roughly matches the amount of fill needed to make nearby
embankments to minimize the amount of construction labor.

Fig 2.9 Retaining Wall

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 Fig 2.10 Breast Wall

After that the areas prone to the landslide are inspected and we
observed that there are some places where the necessary precautions
can be done to prevent the hazardous disaster due to various
weathering agencies due to all these reason breast walls were
designed for the area which are at the side of hill so that breast walls
can prevent soil erosion that can cause landslide whereas on the other
side reataining walls were also designed for the areas with loosend
soil to prevent erosion of soil which can cause landslide of the roads

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 WEEK – 10
27th March- 6TH April –
In this week the construction of breast wall were started. In this
construction lean concrete of M10 were used at the base. After that
columns are made for the filling of gravels which is rubble masonry.
As per the specifications the slope provided in breast wall above 4m
is 1/3 of height and for the walls below 4m are provided with slope of
1/4th of the height of wall. As the walls located at site were all below
4m we provided the slope of 1/4th of the height of the breast wall.

Fig 2.11 Rubble Masonary

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 CHAPTER- 3 CONCEPTS

3.1 SURVEY
Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves
assessing and recording details about an area of land. These
observations can then be used to help plan construction projects.

The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to determine the

three-dimensional relationships between different locations. Knowing
information like the distances and angles between points and lines
helps engineers determine how to draw up plans for public buildings,
homes, roads, bridges and a variety of other construction and
infrastructure projects.

FIG 3.1 Surveying

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3.2 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application
of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional
design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods transport.

Standards of highway engineering are continuously being improved.

Highway engineers must take into account future traffic flows, design
of highway Engineering changes, geometric alignment and design,
highway pavement materials and design, structural design of
pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.

Fig 3.2 Pavement

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3.3 Construction Equipment
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT means the equipment, machinery,
structures, scaffolding, materials, tools, supplies and systems owned,
rented or leased by Contractor or its Subcontractors or Sub-
subcontractors for use in accomplishing the Work, but not intended
for incorporation into the Project.

Fig 3.3 Paver Machine

They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment,
engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
Proper use of appropriate equipment contributes to the Economy, Quality,
Safety, Speed, and Timely completion of the Project. Construction equipment is
an integral part of any construction process. It is not always desirable or
possible for the Contractor to own each and every type of Construction
Equipment required for the Project.

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Fig 3.4 Dumper

27
3.4 Estimation & Costing

In the civil engineering field, the construction activity contains the

following three steps.
 Plans: Preparation of drawings plan, section, elevation, with full
dimension and detailed, specifications meeting the requirements
of the proposed structure.
 Estimation: Preparation of an estimate is for arriving the cost of
the structure to verify the available funds or to procure the
required funds for completion of the proposed structure.
 Execution (construction): It is a grounding the proposed
structure, for construction as per the provision contained in
drawings and estimation.
In, Estimation and costing there are two basic points involved in
construction of structures are:
 Quantity: The quantity aspects is with reference to the
measurement in the drawings (plan, elevation, section)
 Quality: The quality aspects is with reference to the
specifications, i.e properties of materials, workmanship etc.
The estimation and costing of any structure is defined as the process
of determination of quantities of items of work, and its cost for
completion. Estimate of a project is therefore, a forecast of its
probable cost. The process of calculating the quantities (The quantity
with reference to the measurement in the drawings, i.e., plans,
elevation, section) and cost of various construction items i.e.,
excavation, concreting, masonry, plaster etc. of the project is called an
“estimate”.
 Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the
various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred
on a particular work or project.

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3.5 Construction Management

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the

management and execution of construction projects. It involves the
choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of
the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the
identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. A
good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the
schedule for work.

Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management

of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally
recorded. In addition to these technical aspects of construction
planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions
about the relationships between project participants and even which
organizations to include in a project. For example, the extent to which
sub-contractors will be used on a project is often determined during
construction planning.

FIG 3.5 Flow Chart

29
 CHAPTER-4 LEARNING
During our internship we learned about various things regarding civil
engineering basic thing we learned is how to communicate with
colleagues and how to complete project work within proper time by
the help of construction management.
The various functions and activities of construction management are;
1. Planning: It is usually done in office. "It is an administrative
process which is carried at the topmost level to decide about the
policy or methods of reaching the desired objectives.Before
starting any construction work, the planning on the following
aspects is necessary. The requirement of financial aid, its extent
and the sources from which it can be recovered.
2. Organizing is a process of fixing the responsibilities of
individual members or group of members within the
organization and coordinating their work to achieve a common
goal. The success of a construction project lies in the fact that all
the members employed in the organization at any level of
hierarchy should co-operate with each other to achieve common
objective. This is possible only, if duties and responsibilities of
each member are defined properly
3. Staffing is a process of appointing the required member of
employees (managers, skilled and unskilled workers) within the
organization for fulfilling the responsibilities of construction
work, as laid down by the organization structure.
4. Directing is the process of issuing instructions, guidelines and
broad outlines, related to project for achieving the desired
objectives, from the planning authority to the supervisory.
Quantity of billing :
During our internship we learned how to calculate quantity of bill
of a project with the help of Rate Schedule. Billing is an important
factor in construction. It is the documentary aspect of the work
done, through which payments will be made to the person

30
concerned within the contract and accountable to finish the work.
Incomplete billing will cause losses to the contractor or the client.
Hence, bills are to be excellent and obvious at any stage of the
work.
Bills from the work sites are to be prepared in a standard printed
format. Here the billing engineer roles and responsibilities along
with the job description will be understood.

Engineering Drawings:

We learned about engineering drawings and how to read i.e. about

the width depth length and slope of the drawings. Engineering
drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey
information about the project. A common use is to specify the
geometry necessary for the construction of a component and is
called a detail drawing. Usually, a number of drawings are
necessary to completely specify even a simple component. It is a
very important aspect in construction as it guides workers of how
to work

Fig 4.1 Drawing

31
Technical Terms:
We learned about various technical terms in civil engineering like
WBM & WMM etc and also we learned about various civil
engineering tools.
Road Construction:
As we did our training specially in road construction we learned a lot
about everything in road construction like process procedures test etc .
What we learned are as follow:
 Surface Preparation: Preparation is the first step in the Bitumen
Road Construction Steps. It is the cleaning of surfaces from hard
rocks, stones holes, dust, and other materials. The uneven
surface to fill with 12 mm to 40 mm aggregates. If the uneven
surfaces are large coarse aggregates uses for filling. These
fillings to make before the laying of the surface course.

 Application of Coats: The second major step involves in

Bitumen Road Construction steps is the application of coatings.
A bituminous base course and a binder course to apply on ready
surface. This coats name as tuck coat. This coating sprays or
spreads manually or by machinery. These coatings spread to
certain square meters according to the size of roads and
pavements.

 Placing: The placing of bitumen and aggregates are the next step
after application of coatings. The bitumen heats and transports
from plant to the site with the help of trucks.

 Rolling operations carries to provide a good compaction. This

fills the air pores and loose soil in the surface course. These
rollings make by mechanical rollers. The capacity of rollers to

32
 be 10 to 12 tonnes. A pneumatic roller of 15 to 30 tones having
a tire pressure of 7kg per sq.cm use for roads. The wheels of the
roller to keep wet with water at rolling. The number of rolling
depends on the thickness of the layer.

 Quality control: Quality control is the main thing in Bitumen

Road Construction step. This includes checking of bitumen and
the aggregates. some of the small quantity collects at site and
test is made to provide a good quality of roads. And this quality
test to take a particular, distance of road construction. A good
quality road provides a long life. And prevents accidents on
roads due to damages.

 Finishing: Finishing includes a proper finish of construction. It

includes alignment, clearing undulations, etc. This finishing
make with machines and by manually. With machines, it carries
with pavers. It is most use nowadays in the
construction of the roads.

Fig 4.2 Finishing Work

33
Retaining Wall & Breast Wall :
We also learned about problems related to soil erosion which can be
prevented by reataining and breast wall:
BREAST WALL: Breast Wall is defined as the wall built to prevent
the soil on a natural slope embankment from sliding down the slope
from the harsh weather effects, i.e. land sliding, erosion etc. It is on
the downstream side of the road or a building.

RETAINING WALL; Retaining wall is constructed on the upstream

side of a road formation to retain the soil mass from falling down on
the road. There many times of retaining types based on the height of
the retaining wall.

Fig 4.3 Walls

34