1.

It is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.
Covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of
widely separated atoms.

2. A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that forms when two atoms share an electron
pair between them. While non-covalent bonds are chemical bonds that form either by
completely exchanging electrons between atoms or by not exchanging electrons at all.
There are three types of noncovalent bonds; ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der
Waals interactions.

3. It is an interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms

having a high affinity for electrons; such a bond is weaker than an ionic bond or covalent
bond but stronger than van der Waals forces. Hydrogen bonds can exist between atoms in
different molecules or in parts of the same molecule. 

4.  Explain acid, base and pH.

Acid – acid is a substance that produces H3O ions in aqueous solution. An acid is
basically a molecule which can donate an H+ ion and can remain energetically favorable
after a loss of H+. Acidic substances are usually identified by their sour taste.

Base – is a substance produces OH ions in aqueous solution.  A base that can be

dissolved in water is referred to as an alkali. When these substances chemically react with
acids, they yield salts. They are characterized by a bitter taste and a slippery texture.

pH – It is a quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or

other liquid solutions. Solutions with pH less than 7 are acidic; those with pH greater than
7 are basic and a neutral solution has a pH of 7.

5. A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is
able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution
relatively stable. The most important buffers for blood are bicarbonate and phosphate