Single Clause

Subject – Verb Production

Make sure you can recognize subject(s) and verb(s) in every sentence.

Active vs. Passive Verb

Cover / covered = active (menutupi)
Are covered = pasive (ditutupi)  be + V3

Object of Preposition
Preposition + noun (benda)
Object of preposition cannot be used as a subject
The market is crowded (correct)
Subject: market
Verb: is
In the market is crowded (incorrect)
No subject

Appositive
Appositive = adjective (kata sifat)  describes a noun
Positions:
1. App + comma + subject + verb
2. Subject + comma + app + comma + verb
The computer, which is the most advanced version, works flawlessly.
3. Subject + verb + object + comma + app
Types:
1. Noun = computer
2. Noun phrase = a very advance computer
3. Adjective
4. Adjective clause
5. Participles

Present vs. Past Participles

 Active adjective = Ving
 Passive adjective = V3

Multiple Clauses
Subject + verb = clause (induk kalimat) = main clause
Connector + subject + verb (anak kalimat) = sub clause
Coordinate Clause
Sub clause functions to connect with specific connection
Connectors: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Position:
1. SUBJECT + VERB + comma + coordinate connector + subject + verb

Yesterday I bought a pencil and some papers.  conjunction

Adverb clause
Sub clause functions to give specific information
Connectors: because, when, as, since, etc.
Positions:
1. Adverb connector + subject + verb + comma + SUBJECT + VERB
2. SUBJECT + VERB + Adverb connector + subject + verb
Adjective Clause
Sub clause functions as adjective  describes a noun
Location: noun + adjective clause
1. SUBJECT + adjective connector + subject + verb + VERB
2. SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + adjective connector + subject + verb
Noun clause
Sub clause functions as a noun (benda)
Locations:
1. As subject: what (connector + subject - sub) happened (verb – sub) yesterday was (verb
– main) important.
what happened yesterday (sub clause) = subject main
it (subject – main) was (verb – main) important
it = what happened yesterday
2. As object
3. As object of preposition
Reduced Clauses
Reduced Adjective Clause
Normal: they introduced Barry who are our new friend
Reduced: they introduced Barry, our new friend

Normal: they read the book which informed about animal kingdoms.
Reduced: they read the book informing about animal kingdoms. (active adjective / present
participle)

Normal: the read the book which was borrowed from the library.
Reduced: the read the book borrowed from the library. (passive adjective)

Reduced Adverb Clause

Normal: they knew it because they watched.
Reduced: they knew it because watching. (active adjective)

Normal: they knew it because they are told by the teacher.

Reduced: they knew it because told by the teacher. (passive adjective)

Inversion
Question
Normal: he is a student.
Inversion: is he a student?
Initial place
Normal: the students are playing in the park / there (place)
Inversion: In the park / there are the student playing.

Initial negative
Normal: they seldom come late.
Inversion: seldom do they come late.

Comparison
Hidden “if”