GEOMETRY 1

TRIGONOMETRY
Unit Circle Trigonometric Functions
(0,1)

se
nu

opposite
te
(-1,0) Quadrant Quadrant (1,0) po b a
II I
hy

Quadrant Quadrant
III IV α
c
adjacent
(0,-1) a oppos�te
s�n α = =

}
cot b hypotenuse
{

sin
{ α
tan
cos α =
c
b
=
adjacent
hypotenuse
{

cos a oppos�te
tan α = =
c adjacent

c adjacent
360 Degrees cot α = =
a oppos�te
= 2� Radians
= 400 Grads 1 b
sec α = =
D R G cos α c
= = 1 b
180 π 200
cosec α = =
s�n α a

a
x Acute Angles 0º < a < 90º
b Obtuse Angles 90º < a < 180º
Right Angles 90º
y
Straight Angle 180º
c
Complementary A. a + b = 90º
d || d
Supplementary A. a + b = 180º
a+b+c=x+y

CHEATER JOHN

• ANGLES
• TRIANGLES
• TRIGONOMETRY
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 A T
®
ER GEOMETRY
CH E ANGLES
O
α

1
A r

JOHN
D� A
V =2 l� m C

TRIANGLES
=V r α
D 2
K
α

TRIGONOMETRY
36
0 = 2
mobile
o

3 rα 3

Table of Contents Page

GEOMETRIC SYMBOLS P3

ANGLES P3

TRIANGLES P5

RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES P5

ANGLE BISECTORS P5

RIGHT TRIANGLE P6

MEDIAN P7

TRIANGLE THEOREMS P8

TRIGONOMETRY P 10

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION SIGNS P 10

SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAS P 11

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES P11

SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES P 12

RECIPROCAL, PYTHAGOREAN AND
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES P 12

NEGATIVE ANGLE IDENTITIES P 12

 A T ER
®
GEOMETRY
CH E ANGLES
O
α

1
A r

JOHN
D� A
V =2 l�m C

TRIANGLES
=V r α
D 2
K
α

TRIGONOMETRY
36
0 = 2
mobile
o

3 rα 3

GEOMETRIC SYMBOLS

Triangle AB Ray
Â, ∠ Angle AB Line
⊥ Parpendicular AB Arc
⁄⁄, || Parallel ∼ Similar
o ≅ Congruent
Degrees
AB Line Segment
π = 3.1415926535897932384626433832
ANGLES

d1 b a
c d

d2 b’ a’
c’ d’
Transversal
1 2
Parallel Lines d || d
Corresponding Angles a = a’ , b = b’ , c = c’ , d = d’
Alternate Interior Angles c = a’ , d = b’
Alternate Exterior Angles a = c’ , b = d’
Vertical (Opposite) Angles a=c,b=d
Consecutive Interior Angles d + a’ = c + b’ = 180°
 If both sides are parallel

β β
α α

α=β α + β = 180°
If both sides are parpendicular

β
β
α
α
α=β α + β = 180°

d1 a
x Acute Angles 0º < a < 90º
b Obtuse Angles 90º < a < 180º
Right Angles 90º
y
d2 Straight Angle 180º
c
Complementary A. a + b = 90º
d 1 || d2
Supplementary A. a + b = 180º
a+b+c=x+y
 TRIANGLES
RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES
Interior Angles Exterior Angles
c’
c

a’ b’
a b
a + b + c = 180° a’ + b’ + c’ = 360°
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the opposite interior angles.

c c

b’ a b
a α
b’ = a + c α=a+b+c
ANGLE BISECTORS

o
α
a The center of the incircle, called
α = 90 + the incenter, is the intersection
2 of the angle bisectors
Interior Angle Bisector Th. Exterior Angle Bisector Th.
A A

c b c n’A
nA b
x y x’
n A = b.c − x. y y’
x c x' b
= n 'A = x ' . y '− b.c =
y b y' c
 a α
α
b c
a
α = b−c
2
α =
2
a
a

a+α

O α a+2α
α α

The exterior angle bisectors a

intersect pairwise in the excenters α = 90 −
(centers of the excircles) 2
RIGHT TRIANGLE

a b
h
k p

c
Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2 2
a +b =c h = p .k
2
1 1 1 a = k .c
2 = 2 + 2 2
h a b b = p.c
b .a c .h
A=
2
=
2
⇒ b.a = c .h
 30-60-90 Triangle Isosceles Right Triangle

a 3 a a
a

60° 30° 45° 45°

2a
a 2

a/2 5 4 13 12 25 24
a/2 a/2
3 5 7
a Special Right Triangles
The median to the hypotenuse is
one half as long as the hypotenuse
MEDIAN
A A
AG = 2 GD
BG = 2 GE
F E CG = 2 GF F S S E
G
S S
S S
B C B C
D D
The intersection of the Three medians divide the
medians is the centroid triangle into six smaller
which is the center of triangles which have the
gravity of the triangle. same area.

A 1 2 2 2
m = 2(b + c ) − a
a 2
AD = ma A
F K E
G c ma b
B C mb
D mc

KG = AD / 6 D
B C
a
 TRIANGLE THEOREMS
Similarity D
A f e
c b E d F

}
B a C
Â=D ˆ
Bˆ = Ê
Ĉ = Fˆ ABC ~ DEF
Angle Side Similarities
a b c AA : Angle Angle
= = =k
d e f SAS : Side Angle Side
k : Similarity Ratio SSS : Side Side Side

IF ABC ~ DEF
The ratio of corresponding altitudes,
The ratio of corresponding medians,
The ratio of corresponding angle bisectors,
The ratio of the perimeters,
The ratio of the radius of the incircles,
The ratio of the radius of the excircles,
The ratio of the radius of the circumcircles,
are equal to Similarity Ratio

A(ABC)
= k2
A(DEF)
 Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle

a 60° α
a a a
α
β = 90 −
60° 60° β β 2

a
Ceva’s Theorem Stewart’s Theorem
A A
BD CE AF
. . =1
DC EA FB c b
F x
P E P is any point
B on the plane
B C
C p D q
D
2 2
2 b p+c q
x = p+q − p .q

Basic Proportionality Theorem

A
AD AE
=
DB EC
D E
AD AE
=
B C AB AC
DE || BC

Menelaus’ Theorem Carnot’s Theorem

A
F u t
E
P
v z
D C
B
DB DB AE x y
⋅ ⋅ =1 2 2 2 2 2 2
DC DC EB x +z +u = y +t +v
 TRIGONOMETRY
Unit Circle Trigonometric Functions
(0,1)

se
nu

opposite
te
(-1,0) Quadrant Quadrant (1,0)
b a

po
II I

hy
Quadrant Quadrant
III IV α
c
adjacent
(0,-1) a oppos�te
s�n α = =

}
cot b hypotenuse
{

sin
{ α
tan
cos α =
c
b
=
adjacent
hypotenuse
{

cos a oppos�te
tan α = =
c adjacent

c adjacent
360 Degrees cot α = =
a oppos�te
= 2� Radians
= 400 Grads 1 b
sec α = =
D R G cos α c
= = 1 b
180 π 200
cosec α = =
s�n α a

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION SIGNS

Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III
Quadrant IV
α 0°<α<90° 90°<α<180° 180°<α<270° 270°<α<360°
sin α + + - -
cos α + - - +
tan α + - + -
cot α + - + -
 SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAS

s�n(α + β) + s�n( α − β)
s�n α . cos β =
2
cos(α + β) − cos( α − β)
s�n α . s�n β = −
2
cos(α + β) + cos( α − β)
cos α . cos β =
2
α+ β α− β
s�n α + s�n β = 2 s�n . cos
2 2
α− β α+ β
s�n α − s�n β = 2 s�n . cos
2 2
α+ β α− β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos . cos
2 2
α+ β α− β
cos α − cos β = −2 s�n . s�n
2 2
s�n(α − β) s�n(α + β)
tan α − tan β = tan α + tan β =
cos α . cos β cos α . cos β
− s�n(α − β) cot α + cot β = s�n(α + β)
cot α − cot β = s�n α . s�n β
s�n α . s�n β
TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES

α �/6 �/4 �/3 �/2 � 3�/2 2�

0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
sin α 0 1 2 3 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2
cos α 1 3 2 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2
tan α 0 3 1 0 0
3
3
cot α 3 1 3 0 0
3
SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

s�n(α + β) = s�n α. cos β + cos α. s�n β

s�n(α − β) = s�n α. cos β − cos α. s�n β
cos(α + β) = cos α. cos β − s�n α. s�n β
cos(α − β) = cos α. cos β + s�n α. s�n β
tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) =
1 tan α . tan β
±
cot α . cot β 1 ±
cot(α ± β) =
cot β ± cot α
RECIPROCAL, PYTHAGOREAN AND
QUOTIENT IDENTITIES

2 2
s�n α + cos α = 1 tan α . cot α = 1
s�n α 2 2
tan α = sec α − tan α = 1
cos α
cos α 2 2
cot α = cosec α − cot α=1
s�n α

NEGATIVE ANGLE IDENTITIES

s�n( −α ) = − s�n( α) cos( −α ) = cos( α)

tan( −α ) = − tan( α) cot( −α ) = − cot( α)
sec( −α ) = sec( α) cosec (−α ) = − cosec(α )
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