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Math1014 Calculus II
Brief Summary of Some Basic Geometry

Triangles
E
Similar triangles: △ABC ∼ △ADE C
AB AC BC
⇐⇒ = =
AD AE DE
A B D
Pythagoras Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c2
a b a
Trigonometry: sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = c
c c b a
θ
Cosine Law: BC2 = AB2 + AC2 − 2AB · AC cos∠A
b
Area: area(△ABC) = 12 AB · AC sin∠A

Circles
B
Circle: Area = π r2
Arc length = 2π r
θ
Standard Equation: (x − x0 )2 + (y − y0)2 = r2 A
O r
2r θ
1 2
Circular sector: Area =
Arc length = rθ
where θ is measured in radians.
circular sector area θ circular arc length
from = =
circle area 2π circle length

Volumes and Surface Areas

r r r
Cylinder: Volume = π r2 h
Lateral area = 2π rh
h
3 πr
4 3
Sphere: Volume =
Area = 4π r2

Cone: Volume = 13 π r2 h
√
Area = π r r2 + h2

A Geometry⊗Calculus Exercise

Let V (r) = 43 π r3 be the volume of a sphere of radius r. Then, miraculously, V ′ (r) = 4π r2 = S(r) is the area of the
sphere! In case you haven’t done this before, try to see if you could figure out an intuitive argument for this from the limit
definition of derivative, without using the exact volume formula 43 π r3 :

V (r + h) − V(r)
V ′ (r) = lim = S(r).
h→0 h
(Hint: How is V (r + h) − V (r) controlled by spherical areas and h? Use the Squeeze Theorem!)