AUXILIARY/SECTIONING &DEVELOPMENT

Quarter 2 Module-2

A MODULE IN TLE -10- DRAFTING II

SECOND GRADING PERIOD

Jacinta L. Maledeo MAED ADS

INTRODUCTION

This module deals mostly with the mechanical drawing and includes most

advanced areas such as sectioning, drawing of auxiliary views, and Pattern

Development. This include the different types of Auxiliary View, steps and

procedure, Kinds of Section, Symbols for Materials in Section, and Sectioning

rules, and Pattern for some Geometrical figures, Kinds of seam in sheet –metal

objects. How to make the patterns for the common geometrical figures.

As you go along the module, throughout the discussion, self-assessment

questions are given for you to monitor yourself if you understood the concept. Be

sure to try answering them before looking at the answer to self-assessment

questions (ASAQ) Which is provided at the last part of the module. If you feel you

can’t grasp a certain topic, go back to the part and read it again. after the lesson

and evaluation is your Drawing activities.

In this module there are three important ICONS to read or research, to

write or summarize and an activity or discussion. This module will be your

Teacher instead of having me in the usual classroom setting. I’m sure you will

feel my presence as you read and try to grasp the contents. I hope you enjoy

learning the Module I “Instrumental Drawing “TLE-9 DRAFTING II First Quarter

Module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1.Use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the

module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the questions and Use A3

White paper for your Plate Activities.

2.Dont forget to answer the questions before moving on to the other activities

Included in this module.

3. Read the instructions carefully.

4.Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.

5.Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6.Return this module to your instructor once you are through with it.

7.Drafting II is a Mechanical Drawing subject, so it is a must to provide all the

necessary tools, and instruments needed on your plate activities.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not

hesitate to consult your instructor. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and

gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies You can do it!

DRAFTING II ACTIVITIES:

EXAMS DATE SCORE

X-1

X-2

X-3

X-4

X-5

X-6

Plate no. Date Begin Due Date

1-2

8 .
OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module you should be able to:

1. Discuss the Auxiliary view.

2. Identify the types of Auxiliary view.

3. Follow the procedure in drawing Auxiliary view.

4. Perform Auxiliary view problem.

5. Discuss the Sectioning drawing.

6. Determine the Kinds of Section.

7. Identify the symbols for materials in Sectional drawing.

8. Perform the full, half, removed, revolve, detail sectional drawing activities.

9. Discuss the Pattern development.

10. Identify the Patterns for some geometrical figures.

11. Find out the Kind of seam in Sheet metal objects.

12. Analyze how to make the patterns for the common Geometrical Figures out

. out of thick paper

13. Make cut –out paper patterns for each geometrical object.
14. Perform an activity about Pattern Development of toy object out of thin

cardboard or thick paper, then paint the object

Table of Contents Page no.

Title Page i

Table of Contents

Discussion

Types of Auxiliary Views

Suggested Procedure in Drawing Auxiliary View

Kinds of Section

Symbols for Materials in Section

Sectioning Rules

Pattern for some Geometrical Figure

Kinds of Seam in Sheet metal object

How to make the Patterns for the Common Geometrical figure

SUMMARY

REFERRENCES

ANSWER TO SELF –ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Lesson I: AUXILIARY VIEWS

INTRODUCTION

Some objects have inclined or oblique which cannot be represented in their

true or exact shapes in any of the three regular orthographic views. In such a

case, it is necessary to make an extra or” helping “view which will be

perpendicularly projected from the inclined surface. What do you called this extra

view that cannot be shown by the three regular views? This extra view is called

an auxiliary view and can be classified as an orthographic views.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

`1.Discuss the Auxiliary Views.

2. Identify the types of Auxiliary view.

3.Follow the steps and procedure in drawing Auxiliary View

4.Perform plate activities about the Auxiliary view problem.

_____________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION:

Class, take a look at the figure, how will you describe the orthographic views?
 Top Views

Front View Side Views

Fig.1 Three regular Orthographic views of a object with an Inclined Surface

In fig. 1, the same object is similarly drawn, with the only difference that in this

figure there is an extra view perpendicularly projected from the front view where

the inclined edge appears. This extra view is called the right auxiliary view. It will
be noted that the projection lines are drawn at a 90 angle with the inclined edge

and the auxiliary view is projected from the front view.

Top View

Front View Side View

Fig. 2.An Auxiliary View added to the Regular Views

Types of Auxiliary View

There are six recognized types of auxiliary view: right auxiliary view, left

Auxiliary view, front auxiliary view, rear auxiliary view, right Auxiliary elevation,
and left auxiliary

elevation.

a) Left

and

Right

Auxiliary Views
 b) Front and rear auxiliary views

c)Left and right auxiliary elevations

Fig.3.Types of Auxiliary View

 As shown in fig.3 a, The left and right auxiliary views are projected

perpendicularly from the front view, while in fig.3 b ,the front and rear auxiliary

views are projected from the side views. In fig. 3c, The Left and right auxiliary

elevations are projected from the top view. It will be observed that the two

auxiliary shown in each set of orthographic views are similar in shape. This is

because the object in all views is the same except that it is viewed in different

positions. It will also noticed that only the inclined portions or surfaces of the

object are shown in the auxiliary views, with the limiting line or long break at the

lower end of each view.

In order to practice drawing orthographic views of objects with inclined

surfaces and their auxiliary views, these latter views maybe drawn in full views,

as that shown in Fig.4.The shaded portion represents the true shape of the

inclined surface.

Top View
 Front View Side View

Fig.4 A right Auxiliary View in Full View

Suggested procedure in Drawing Any Auxiliary View

When drawing the Auxiliary views of other objects with inclined surfaces, the

following procedure is suggested:

1.Determine the kind or type of auxiliary view to be drawn.

2.Estimate the size of the space for the auxiliary view. This will help determine

the space to be provided between the regular views.

3.Select the proper scale to be used.

4.Layout the sheet.

5.Draw the three regular Orthographic views.

Two views will be enough in some cases.

6. Number the corners of the object at least two views. If the object has a circular

top view, divide the circle into 8,12 or 16 equal sections or sectors.
7.From these corners or intersections, draw long projection lines vertically to the

inclined edge and perpendicularly from the points on this edge toward the blank

space between the views.

8.Select a base or reference line in one of the views. It may be a visible or center

line.

9.Draw the base line for the auxiliary view. This line must be parallel to the

inclined edge or surface.

10.Transfer measurements from one of the views having numbered corners or

intersections to their corresponding points or corners along the projection line.

11.Connect the points to indicate the visible outline of the auxiliary view. The true

shape of the inclined edge or surface as shown in the auxiliary view maybe

shaded with fine parallel lines.

12.Label the views, including the auxiliary view.

13. Check the drawing if the whole object is shown in the auxiliary view, show all

hidden edges.

How to draw the Auxiliary Views of the Truncated Hexagonal Prism and an

Upright Cylinder
 The corners of the object in the top view are numbered from 1 to 6. These

numbered corners are also shown in the front view. The horizontal center line in

the top view is used as reference or datum line. The same line is used as the

base when measuring vertical distances found in the top view and transferring

them to the auxiliary view. A reference or datum line is not always a center line. It

may be any line which can be conveniently used as base line.

The first step in drawing the auxiliary view of the truncated hexagonal prism is

to draw long projection lines from points 1,4,5 and 6 in the front view and

perpendicularly to the inclined edge or surface and then toward the space at the

right and between the top and side views.

The second step is to draw a center line in the space and parallel to the

inclined edge. This will be used as the datum or reference line.

The third step is to transfer the vertical distances from the points 2 and 6 and

points 3 and 5 in the top view to their corresponding points in the auxiliary view.
This is done by measuring the distances of these points from the base or

reference center line.

The fourth step is to draw visible lines connecting the new -found points in the

auxiliary view. The shaded portion is the auxiliary view, and it shows the exact

shape of the inclined surface of the object.

In a Nutshell

>Auxiliary is an extra view or helping view; an orthographic view

perpendicularly projected from an inclined surface.
>Left and right auxiliary views are projected perpendicularly from the front
view.
>Front and rear auxiliary views are projected from the side view.
>Left and right auxiliary elevations are projected from the top view.
>Reference line is another term for Datum line.

ACTIVITY NO.1

1.Copy the views full size and draw the auxiliary view of each of the objects
shown on the figure below. Use the metric system of measurement.
 Fig. 5 Auxiliary View Problem

Rubrics for the Auxiliary View drawing Activities

Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point

Line Techniques/ Application of (all) At least 3-5 lines were More than 5 lines

Various lines was used not according to Were used not according
Sizes/shapes/scale
Used according to standards to standards

standards

Accuracy All measurements At least 3-5 measurements More than 5

And notations needed and notations needed Measurements

were accurately done were inaccurately done And notations needed

were inaacurately done

Layout Proportion All drawings were Layout was good but 1-2 More than 2 drawings were

proportionately and was drawing were out of drawn out of proportion

layout properly proportion and Improperly layout.

Neatness Finished output was neatly Erasures /smudges are Finished output hasso

done,no erasure observable on finished many erasures /smudges

Nor smudges output present

Time management Finished the task ahead of Finished the task on the Unable to finish the task on

a given time/date given a given time/date

Time/date
Rating Scale

Points Earned Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

21-25 91-100 Outstanding

16-20 86-20 Very Good

11-15 81-85 Good

6-10 76-80 Fair

1-5 71-75 Needs Improvement

Lesson 2: SECTIONING

INTRODUCTION:

The basic methods of representing objects by views, or projection has been

explained by previous chapters. However, we often need to show interiors that

cannot be illustrated clearly by hidden lines. We show such interiors by slicing

through the object much we cut through an apple or melon. A cut away view of

the part is drawn; such views are called sectional views, cross sections, or

simply sections.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1.Discuss the Kinds of Section.

2.Analyze the symbols for materials in Section.

3.Find out the Sectioning Rules.

4.Perform the Activity no. 2 about sectioning.

DISCUSSION:

Class are you familiar with another type of Orthographic drawing? It is what we

called sectioning. Sectioning is the process of representing the inside view is also

known as a sectional view or merely a section. The object to be sectioned is

imagined to be cut in whole or in part, and the cut portion is shown visible lines.

What is the purpose of sectioning?

Aside from showing the inside view of the object, it is also used to determine the

kind of material it is made of.

What are the Kind of Section?

1. FULL SECTION

In the Full Section, the object is imagined to be cut either crosswise or

lengthwise, hence, we have the cross section and longitudinal section

respectively.
 Fig. 6 Kinds of full section

2.HALF SECTION is commonly used for symmetrical objects. One fourth of the

object is imagined to be cut away and the remaining part shown in full view.

Including the section. Fig. 7 shows half of the view in section and the other half

unsectioned. The term half section is named after this condition or arrangement

in such a section. It does not mean that the cut portion is one-half of the whole

object.
Fig. 7A

Half Section

Fig.8.Detail or Remove Section

3.Detail or Removed section is generally used in furniture, machine, and

architectural drawings. The appearance of the sectional view depends on the

location of the cutting plane line. This line consists of a long heavy line and two

very short heavy dash lines, both of which are alternately drawn. The line is

heavier than the visible line. Sample detail section are shown in fig. 8. The
arrowheads at its extremities merely indicate the position or direction of the

sectional view. Detail sections are labeled with capital letters, the same letters

used in labeling the cutting plane line. In fig. 8, the two detail sections are

sections A-A and B-B.

4.REVOLVE SECTION, the sectional view either appears within a regular

orthographic view or the latter is broken to provide a space for the section. Fig. 9

shows the revolved sections of a cast –iron pipe and the handle of a screwdriver.

Fig. 9 Revolved Section

5.BROKEN –OUT SECTION-In broken out section, one of the regular views is

broken out; that is a portion of the view is taken out so that the part beyond it can

be shown in section. The broken part may be indicated by a short or long break

(limiting line).

Fig. 10 Broken-out Section

Aside from the cutting plane line and the short and long breaks, the section or

cross-hatching lines are an additional alphabet of lines used in sectioning. As

mention earlier, the cutting plane line is heavier than the visible line. This line

need not be a continuous line as shown in the half section in fig. 10. Cutting lines

in house plans are often broken to show the construction of the various rooms.
 Fig.11.Four Kinds of Section Taken from a Set of Orthographic Views

In a Nut shell
>Sectioning is the process of representing the inside view or structure of an

object.

>There are five kinds of section the full section, half section, detail or removed

section, broken out section, revolved section.

>The alphabet of lines used in sectioning are the cutting plane lines, cross

hatching, short and long break lines, section lines

SAQ-2

1.When is a sectional view necessary?

2.What other alphabet of lines is needed when drawing a sectional view?

3.What is the difference between the cross section and the longitudinal section of

wooden object as to the direction or shape of the crosshatching or section line?

ACTIVITY NO.2

1.Draw the cross section and the longitudinal section of a cast iron pipe block.

2.Draw a half section of a drinking glass or soft -drink bottle.

3.Draw a two detail sections of a table drawer or drawing stool.

4.Draw a revolve section of a ballpen or drawing pencil.

5.Draw a broken out section of the handle of a screw driver or penholder.

Lesson 3: SYMBOLS FOR MATERIALS IN SECTION & SECTIONING RULES

INTRODUCTION

Are you familiar with the section lining symbols?

The symbols for materials, as shown in sectional views, are made up of section

lines. In metal objects these lines are generally straight and are drawn at 45`.The

combination of parallel lines varies with every metal.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Discuss the Symbols for materials in Section.

2. Analyze the sectioning rules.

3. Make a Plate activities about Sectioning Symbols.

DISCUSSION:

Class are you familiar with the symbols for various materials in section?

Figure 6 shows the different symbols for cast iron, wrought iron, steel, etc. The

distances between parallel crosshatching lines in metal objects are optically

calculated instead of being measured. The combination of parallel lines varies

with every metal. Wooden parts which are in section are cross-hatched with light

curved or nearly straight lines. Such lines represent the end grains or annual

rings of wood. In a cross section, the cross-hatching lines of wood are curved

radial lines. These lines are nearly straight in a longitudinal section.

 Fig.8 Symbols for Various Materials in Section

Sectioning Rules:

To standardize drafting practices regarding sectioning, most draftsmen follow

certain rules which include:

1.The cutting plane line need not be a continuous straight line. It may change in

direction depending on the desired position of the sectional view. This line maybe

drawn in colored ink to distinguish it from the other lines in the drawing.

2. Rivets, bolts, screws, keys, ribs, and spokes, which lie along or in line with

the cutting plane line should not be sectioned.

3. Any section which makes the view unsightly should be conventionalized (see

figure 66-a) This is not only true of hand wheels but also of gear teeth and shafts.
 4.Cross –hatching or section lines for adjacent metal parts must be made in

opposite directions even if they are made of the same material (see figures 66-

b,66-d and 66 f).

5.In half section, always show the limiting line or long break.

6.All detail or removed sections should be labeled with capita letters. Examples

are section A-A and section B-B .

7. V-threads in section should be conventionalized, as shown in figure 12. This

rule applies to tapped holes or holes having threads.

8.Hidden line beyond the sectional view may be omitted.

9.Always indicate the arrowheads at the extremities of broken cutting plane lines

so that the section can be easily checked as to the proper direction of the

sectional view.

10. The section lines for metals must be uniformly drawn not only in weight or

thickness but also in distances between them.

 Fig. 9 CONVENTIONAL SECTIONS

In A Nutshell
Symbols for materials in sectional views are made up of section lines. The

distances between parallel crosshatching lines in metal objects are optically

calculated instead of being measured. The cutting plane line need not be a

continuous straight line. V-Threads in section should be conventionalized. All

Detail or removed sections should be labeled with capital letters.

SAQ.3.

1.When is a sectional view necessary?

2.What other alphabet of lines is needed when drawing a sectional view.

3.Describe the section lines for cast iron? wrought iron, and steel.

4.What is a conventional section?

5.If there are three spokes in a hand wheel and one of them is in line with the

cutting plane lines, how many spokes should be shown in the full section of the

wheel.

6.What is the synonym for the cutting plane line? For the section line?

7.Is it a good practice to label a removed section as Section X-Y? Why?

8.How are adjacent metal parts sectioned?

9.What is the difference between the cross section and longitudinal section of a

wooden object as to the direction or shape of the crosshatching or section line?

10. What objects should not be sectioned even if the cutting –plane line is drawn

over them.

Answer the following sectioning problem.

Lesson 4: PATTERN DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION:

Class, when you buy powdered milk, what is the packaging of that product?

The packaging of milk is in can or with rectangular box .and this process is what

we called pattern development.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1.Discuss the pattern development.

2.Analyze the patterns for some geometrical figures.

3.Find out the kinds of seam in sheet metal object.

4.Make a pattern for Truncated Hexagonal prism.

DISCUSSION:

Class, what is pattern?

The patterns used in developing the surfaces of a sheet metal object are usually

paper. The shapes and sizes of which similar to those of the outside surfaces of

the object when these surfaces are laid out flat on a table. However a pattern is

slightly larger than the total area of the surfaces of the object. This gives

allowances for joining the edges of the patterns together. In pattern making, such

allowances are called seams.

How about what is Pattern development?

Is the process of out the lateral or outside surface of an object on one plane. This

process is commonly used in all kinds of sheet metal work or articles such as

pails, funnels, sprinkling cans, downspouts, milk cans, and sheet metal toys. Not

only is it used by sheet metal workers but also by dressmakers and tailors.

Patterns are generally drawn full –size. A pattern is sometimes drawn on the

material which the article is to be made of. If it is on sheet metal, say on a

galvanized iron sheet, the drawing is done either on pencil, chalk, or pentel pen.

In fig.7 a and 7b the cube and the prism each have six sides Note the

arrangement
of these sides in their respective patterns and the positions of the seams. In

figure 7c the base and sides of the cone have separate patterns. The length of

the arc

in its side pattern is equal to the circumference of its base. In fig. 7 d. the length

of the rectangular pattern for the sides of the cylinder is are also separate from

the sides. The pattern for the square pyramid in figure 7 e has four triangular

forms or surfaces and a square bottom connected to one of these sides’

surfaces.

Geometrical Figures The Patterns in reduced sizes

 Fig. 10 Patterns for some Geometrical Figures

Kinds of Seam in Sheet –Metal Objects

In sheet metal patterns it is necessary to make an allowance for the seams

unless the joints are to be soldered; that is joining the parts together by use of

soldering iron and lead. Fig. 9 shows some of the common seams.
 Fig. 9 Kinds of Sheet –Metal Seam

In a Nutshell
>The patterns used in developing the surfaces of a sheet metal objects are

usually paper.

>Pattern Development is the process of laing out the lateral or outside surface

of an object.

>In pattern making allowances are called seams

>Patterns are generally drawn full size.

Activity no. 4
1.Draw the Kinds of Seam in sheet metal Objects.

See. Criteria for Checking the Activity no. 4

Lesson 5: HOW TO MAKE PATTERNS FOR THE COMMON GEOMETRICAL

OUT OF THICK PAPER

INTRODUCTION:

For a basic understanding of pattern development in sheet metal work,the

instructions for drawing patterns of some common geometrical figures are given.

You should prepare your chip board for your pattern development.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to::

1.Create truncated Hexagonal prism and truncated cylinder.

2.Follow the steps and procedure in making the pattern development in making

Truncated Hexagonal and truncated cylinder.

3.Check the accuracy of the pattern development.

4.Submit their work on time.

DISCUSSION:

Class, what is the shape of truncated hexagonal prism?

The base of the Hexagon consists of six equal sides and angle while the top

portion cut obliquely across its body.

Now, please get your drawing paper to construct the patterns for a truncated

hexagonal prism.

TRUNCATED HEXAGONAL PRISM

1.Draw the hexagonal prism in two full- size orthographic views (top and front).

Provide the top view with cm seams. This will be the pattern for the base.
 Fig.8 Patterns for a Truncated Hexagonal prism.

2.Draw the auxiliary and provide this with seams too. This view will become the

pattern for the inclined surface.

3.To draw the pattern for the sides, layout the perimeter of the base along a

horizontal line and draw vertical light lines from the points of measurement of this

perimeter.

4.Project the numbered corners in the front view horizontally towards the space

at the right.
5.The intersections of the light vertical lines and these horizontal projection lines

determine the upper corners or points of the pattern.

6. Cut out the three patterns, fold the edges, and paste the seams to form the

desired figure.

How to draw Truncated Cylinder?

TRUNCATED CYLINDER

1.Draw the top and front of the truncated cylinder, full size.

2.Divide the circle in the top view into 16 sectors or sections and number the

division marks.

3.Project the numbered points to the front view as far as the inclined line or edge

and give the intersections of the corresponding numbers.

4.With the 1 cm, the top view becomes the pattern for the bottom part of the

object.

5.Draw the auxiliary, this view wither seam, is the pattern for the inclined surface.

To fold the paste and seams easily, cut them in triangular shapes.
 Fig. 9 Patterns for the Truncated Cylinder

4.To draw the pattern for the sides, draw a horizontal line in the space at the

right, lay out the length of an arc of one of the sectors 16 times along this line,

and number the division marks. The circumference of a circle is mathematically

found by multiplying 3.1416 by the radius of the circle and then by

2(C=3.1416xRx2).

5.Draw projection lines vertically from these marks and also horizontally from the

intersections of the projection lines and the inclined edge in the front view until

they meet. These meeting points determine the irregular curve of the pattern.
5. After providing the necessary seams on all these patterns, cut out the patterns

and paste the seams. The pattern seams for the base and the inclined surfaces

are triangular in shape in order to follow the curvatures of the patterns as

accurately as possible.

ASSESSMENT RUBRICS IN PATTERN FOR TRUNCATED HEXAGONAL

PRISM AND TRUNCATED CYLINDER

CRITERIA 5 Points 3 Points 1 Point

LINE TECHNIQUES Application of (all) At least 3-5 lines More than 5 lines

Various lines was were were used not

used according to Used not according according to

standards to standards standards

ACCURACY All measurements At least 3-5 More than 5

And notations measurements and Measurements and

needed were notations needed notations needed

accurately done. were inaccurately were inaacurately

done done

LAYOUT All drawings were Layout was good More than 2

PROPORTION proportionately and but 1-2 drawing drawing s were

was layout properly were out of drawn out of

proportion proportion and

improperly layout.

NEATNESS Finished output was Erasures /smudges Finished output has

neatly done,no are observable on so many erasures

 erasures nor finished output /smudges present

smudges

TIME Finish the task Finish the task on Unable to finish the

MANAGEMENT ahead of a given the given time/date task on a given

time /date time/date

RATING SCALE

POINTS EARNED NUMERICAL RATING DESCRIPTIVE RATING

21-25 91-100 Outstanding

16-20 86-90 Very Good

11-15 81-85 Good

6-10 76-80 Fair

1-5 71-75 Needs Improvement