Department of Education

Region III
Division of Pampanga
Bro. Andrew Gonzalez Technical High School
San Juan, Apalit, Pampanga

Technical Drawing 8
Third Grading

Developed by:

Macy M. Serrano
SST-I

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 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own pace. This
module also covers the knowledge, skills and desirable attitude you need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your

learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task. This page serves as
the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post-assessment is given to
check if the student is already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and ready for the
next task.

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 What Do You Already Know?

PRE-TEST

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

_____1. It is drawn above the front view.

a. Rear view b. Top view c. Bottom view d. Side view
_____2. It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view.
a. Bottom view b. Rear view c. Front view d. Left side view
_____3. This is located at the right side and aligned with the front view.
a. Left side view b. Rear view c. Bottom view d. Right side view
_____4. The opposite of the right side view.
a. Left side view b. Front view c. Rear view d. Top view
_____5. The opposite view of the front view.
a. Top view b. Rear view c. Bottom view d. Right side view
_____6. The opposite view of the top view.
a. Front view b. Left side view c. Bottom view d. Rear view
_____7. The distance elevation from top to bottom.
a. Height b. Width c. Depth d. Length
_____8. The distance from front to rear.
a. Height b. Width c. Depth d. Length
_____9. The distance from left side to the right side.
a. Height b. Width c. Depth d. Length
_____10. It represents a complete shape of an object.
a. Pictorial View b. Orthographic View
c. Orthographic Projection d. Orthographic Drawing

What Do You Need To Know?

INFORMATION SHEET NO.1

Auxiliary View
Introduction
There are times when one of the six principal views will not completely describe an object. This
is especially true when there are inclined or oblique planes or features on an object. For these
cases, a special orthographic view called an auxiliary view can be created.
AUXILIARY VIEW PROJECTION THEORY
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view which is projected onto any plane other than the
frontal, horizontal, or profile plane. An auxiliary view is not one of the six principal views.

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To show the true size and shape of surface ABCD an auxiliary view can be created by
positioning a line of sight perpendicular to the inclined plane, then constructing the new view.

In fold-line method, the object is suspended in a glass box to show the six principal views,
created by projecting the object onto the planes of the box. The box is then unfolded, resulting in
the six principal views. However, when the six views are created, surface ABCD never appears
true size and shape; it always appears either foreshortened or on edge.

The object suspended inside a glass box, which has a special or auxiliary plane that is parallel to
inclined surface ABCD.
The line of sight required to create the auxiliary view is perpendicular to the new projection
plane and to surface ABCD.

The auxiliary glass box is unfolded with the fold lines between the views shown as phantom
lines. In the auxiliary view, surface ABCD is shown true size and shape and is located at distance
M from the fold line. The line AB in the top view is also located at distance M from its fold line.

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Changing the position of the object, such as moving it closer to the frontal plane, changes
distance M.

AUXILIARY VIEW CLASSIFICATIONS

Auxiliary views are created by positioning a new line of sight relative to the object. It is possible
to create any number of auxiliary views, including a new auxiliary view from an existing
auxiliary view.
– A primary auxiliary view is a single view projected from one of the six principal views.
– A secondary auxiliary view is a single view projected from a primary auxiliary view.
– A tertiary auxiliary view is a single view projected from a secondary or another tertiary
auxiliary view.

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Partial auxiliary view
In auxiliary views, it is normal practice not to project hidden features or other features that are
not part of the inclined surface. When only the details for the inclined surface are projected and
drawn in the auxiliary view, the view is called a partial auxiliary view.

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SUMMARY
• Auxiliary views are a type of orthographic projection used to determine the true size and shape
of inclined and oblique surfaces of objects.
• Normally, auxiliary views are projected from existing principal views.
• However, auxiliary views can also be drawn first and then used to create a principal view. This
is done when a true measurement can only be obtained by an auxiliary view and that
measurement is needed in order to create a principal view. This technique is called reverse
construction.
• Any number of auxiliary views of an object can be created. Successive auxiliary views can be
created by projecting from an existing auxiliary view.

How Much Have You Learned?

SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1

Direction: Identification. Write the correct answer on your answer sheet.

__________1. A “helper view” which shows the slanted part of the object as it actually is.
__________2. It is a single view that is projected from a primary auxiliary view.
__________3. A single view projected from one of the six principal views.
__________4. A single view projected from another tertiary auxiliary view.
__________5. The depth dimension of this view is shown true length and is projected from the
front view.
__________6. A view that saves time and produces readable drawing.
__________7. The width dimension of this auxiliary view is shown true length and it is projected
from the profile view.
__________8. A cylindrical part that is cut by an inclined plane.
__________9. These are objects that can be represented as half auxiliary view.
__________10. This view is projected from existing principal view.

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 How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

AUXILIARY VIEW
Instruction: Draw the given auxiliary drawing on your oslo paper. Follow the given
measurements.

ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1

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 AUXILIARY VIEW
Instruction: Draw the given auxiliary drawing on your oslo paper. Follow the given
measurements.

ACTIVITY SHEET 1.2

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 AUXILIARY VIEW
Instruction: Draw the given auxiliary drawing on your oslo paper. Follow the given
measurements.

ACTIVITY SHEET 1.3

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 What Do You Need To Know?
INFORMATION SHEET NO.2

Sectional Views
You have learned that when making a multiview sketch, hidden edges and surfaces
are usually shown with hidden (dash) lines.

When an object becomes more complex, as in the case of an automobile engine block,
a clearer presentation of the interior can be made by sketching the object as it would
look if it were cut apart. In that way, the many hidden lines on the sketch are
eliminated.

The process of sketching the internal configuration of an object by showing it cut

apart is known as sectioning. Sectioning is used frequently on a wide variety of
Industrial drawings.

In this example, blocks A and B result after the block in figure 1 has been
“Sectioned”. When you cut an apple in half you have sectioned it. Just as an apple can
be sectioned any way you choose, so can an object in a sectional view of a drawing or
sketch.

Cutting Plane
A surface cut by the saw in the drawing above is a cutting plane. Actually,
it is an imaginary cutting plane taken through the object, since the object
is imagined as being cut through at a desired location.
A cutting plane is represented on a drawing by a cutting plane line. This is
a heavy long-short-short-long kind of line terminated with arrows. The
arrows in show the direction of view.

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Once again, here is an graphic example of a cutting plane line and the section that
develops from it.

Section Lining

The lines in the figure above, which look like saw marks, are called section lining.
They are found on most sectional views, and indicate the surface which has been
exposed by the cutting plane. Notice that the square hole in the object has no section
lining, since it was not changed by sectioning.

Different kinds of section lining is used to identify different materials. When an object
is made of a combination of materials, a variety of section lining symbols makes
materials identification easier. Here are a few examples:

Section lines are very light. When sketching an object or part that requires a sectional
view, they are drawn by eye at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and are spaced
about 1/8” apart. Since they are used to set off a section, they must be drawn with
care.

It is best to use the symbol for the material being shown as a section on a sketch. If
that symbol is not known, you may use the general purpose symbol, which is also the
symbol for cast iron.

Full Sections

When a cutting plane line passes entirely through an object, the resulting section is
called a full section Fig. 7 illustrates a full section.

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It is possible to section an object whenever a closer look intentionally is desired. Here
is an object sectioned from two different directions.

Half Sections

If the cutting plane is passed halfway through an object, and one-quarter of the object
is removed, the resulting section is a half section. A half section has the advantage of
showing both inside and outside configurations.

It is frequently used for symmetrical objects. Hidden lines are usually not shown on
the un-sectioned half unless they are needed for clearness or for dimensioning
purposes. As in all sectional drawings, the cutting plane take precedence over the
center line.

Here is another example of a half section. Remember that only one fourth of the
object is removed with a half section, whereas half of the object is generally removed
with a full section.

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This manufacturer’s drawing, using both full and half section, illustrates the
advantages of sectional views. The different line directions indicate different parts and
materials used in the assembly of this valve.

Broken Out Sections

In many cases only a small part of a view needs to be sectioned in order to show some
internal detail. In the figure below, the broken out section is removed by a freehand
break line. A cutting plane line does not need to be shown, since the location of the
cut is obvious.

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Revolved Sections

A revolved section shows the shape of an object by rotating a section 90 degrees to

face the viewer. The three revolved sections illustrated in the spear-like object of
figure 12 show the changes that take place in its shape.

Offset Sections

An offset section is a means of including in a single section several features of an

object that are not in a straight line. To do this, the cutting plane line is bent, or
“OFFSET” to pass through the features of the part.

Removed Sections

A section removed from its normal projected position in the standard arrangement of
views is called a “removed” section. Such sections are labeled SECTION A-A,
SECTION B-B, etc., corresponding to the letter designation at the ends of the cutting
plane line. Removed sections may be partial sections and are often drawn to a
different scale.

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 How Much Have You Learned?

SELF-CHECK NO. 2.1

Direction: Identification. Write the correct answer on your answer sheet.

_____1. It is the process of representing the inside view of structure of an object.
a. Assembly Drawing b. Sectional View c. Working Drawing d. Detailed Assembly

_____2. It is applied to a circular object.

a. Revolved section b. Assembly section c. Full section d. Removed section

_____3. It is a fine line that shows the part of the object that is cut.
a. Section line b. Cutting plane line c. Long break line d. Short break line

_____4. Portion of the object is taken depending on the location of the cutting plane.
a. Full section b. Revolved section c. Removed section d. Assembly section

_____5. It shows the zigzag direction of the cutting plane line if the principal interior features of
an object are not located in a straight line.
a. Offset Section b. Half Section c. Full Section d. Broken-out Section

_____6. This section are often drawn to a different scale.

a. Full section b. Revolved section c. Removed section d. Assembly section

_____7. It is a section wherein a cutting plane line passes entirely through an object.
a. Full section b. Revolved section c. Removed section d. Assembly section

_____8. This section shows the shape of an object by rotating a section 90 degrees to face the
viewer.
a. Full section b. Revolved section c. Removed section d. Assembly section

_____9. This include a single section of several features of an object that are not in a straight
line.
a. Offset Section b. Half Section c. Full Section d. Broken-out Section

_____10. It is frequently used for symmetrical objects.

a. Offset Section b. Half Section c. Full Section d. Broken-out Section

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