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Ecology 2
Ecology 2
ECOLOGY
(from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or
"dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse")
is the study of the interactions of organisms with
each other and their environment.
● EXAMPLE :
- habitat of lotus is water
- earthworm lives in moist soil
Living organism components
in ecosystem
1. INDIVIDUAL or
ORGANISM :
one living organism or
individual organism of
a single species
example :
- A human
- A goose
- A dog
2. POPULATION
2. A POPULATION :
all the members of the
same species that inhabit a
particular area
example :
1. Sheep population
2. Cats population
Note:
A species is a group of organisms
that are physically similar and can
mate with each other and produce
offspring that can also mate and
reproduce
3. COMMUNITY
● COMMUNITY :
All the populations found in a
particular area
TAIGA TUNDRA
SAVANNA
● Biomes themselves are very large habitats.
However, inside of each biome there are
smaller habitats called microhabitats.
Biomes and Biosphere
● The plants and animals of earth live in an area
called the biosphere. The biosphere is huge
and is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists
divide the biosphere for study is by using
biomes.
● example:
- aquarium
- garden
Artificial ecosystem
● BIOTIC FACTORS:
Human, plant, animal,
fungi
● ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC
● Abiotic, meaning not
● Biotic, meaning of or alive, are nonliving
related to life, are factors that affect
living factors. Plants, living organisms.
animals, fungi, protist Environmental factors
and bacteria are all such habitat (pond,
biotic or living factors. lake, ocean, desert,
mountain) or weather
such as temperature,
cloud cover, rain,
snow, hurricanes, etc.
are abiotic factors.
A. BIOTIC FACTOR
● A factor created by a
living thing or any
living component
within an environment
● Example: plant,human
animal, predator, prey
BASED ON THE ROLE
1. PRODUCER :
Living organisms which can
produce their own food by
photosynthesis
● Reaction:
light
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
chlorophyll l
2. CONSUMER
Consumers : organism which obtain energy by
eating other organisms and include herbivores,
omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, and
decomposers.
● PRIMARY CONSUMER An animal that eats
grass and other green plants in a food
chain (HERBIVORA)
● SECONDARY CONSUMER An animal that
feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a
food chain (KARNIVORA)
● TERTIARY CONSUMER An animal that
feeds on secondary consumers in a food
chain. TOP CONSUMER
CONSUMER
3. DECOMPOSER
● Is an organism that
gets its food energy
from dead parts of
other organisms
● example :
- bacterium
- fungus
Bacteria as
decomposer
DETRITIVORE
● a member of a class of consumers
that derives its energy from organic
wastes matter and dead organisms
● example :
- earthworm
● example :
- water, soil, air, light, sun,
temperature, atmosphere,
humidity
AUTOTROPH ORGANISM
● Example:
● Plants, algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria
HETEROTROPH ORGANISM
● An organism which acquires its
energy by consuming either other
organisms or the non essential
castoffs of other organisms.
● Example:
animal, human, heterotroph
plant, fungi.
ANIMAL
● HERBIVORE an animal which
eats producers.
● CARNIVORE an animal that
eats meat. They may be
predators.
● OMNIVORE an animal that
eats both animal and plant
Examples :
● HERBIVORE cow, goat, buffalo,
rabbit, deer, koala
● example :
TALI PUTRI
FUNGI
● Fungi can’t produce
their own food
because they don’t
have chlorophyll.
Examples:
1.Earthworm can
increase soil fertility.
2.Human throw garbage
into the river.
3.Green plants produce
oxygen.
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECT
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
1.Fish need water as its
habitat.
2.Green plant need carbon
dioxide for
photosynthesis
3.Human need oxygen for
breathing
INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEEN
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
● Note:
Trophic level is the position that an
organism occupies in a food chain
FOOD WEB
ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
❑ We can compare the trophic
levels in food chain using
ecological pyramid.
❑ Type of pyramid:
a. Pyramid of numbers
b. Pyramid of biomass
c. Pyramid of energy
The differences between a pyramid
of biomass and energy
Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy
Community Population
Level
Level ecological
ecological
organization
organization
Organism
● Decomposer : an organism, often a
bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and
breaks down dead plant or animal matter,
thus making organic nutrients available to
the ecosystem.