PAST PRESENT
➔ To indicate a past habit ➔ To express habits or
SIMPLE – or an action already
completed.
A= They watched a film
N= They didn´t watch a film
I= Did they watch a film
• Can be used with or without
adverbs of time.
➔ To indicate uncompleted
CONTINUOUS action of the past (with
or without time
reference)
➔ To indicate persistent
habits of the past (with
always, continuously,
forever, etc.)
A= It´s was raining
N= It wasn´t raining
I= Was it raining?
FUTURE
➔ To indicate an action,
general truth condition or
➔ To indicate a future circumstance which
event on a designated hasn´t taken place yet.
date as part of plan or
arrangement A= He will go to the office
N= He won´t go to the office
A= They have a house I= Will he go to the office?
N= They don´t have a house
I= Do they have a house?
• With “mental action” verbs:
Like. love, want, need,
believe, etc.
➔ To indicate action going ➔ To indicate what will be
on at the time of going on at some time in
speaking. the future
➔ To indicate temporary ➔ To indicate planned
action which may not be future events.
happening at the time of
speaking A= We will be traveling
A= He´s studying now N= We won´t be traveling
N= He isn´t studying now I= Will we be traveling?
I= Is he studying now?
 ➔ To indicate a completed
PERFECT action of the past that
happened before
another event took
place.
A= She had eaten sushi
N= She hadn´t eaten sushi
I= Had she eaten sushi?
➔ To indicate an action in
PERFECT the past that began
before a certain point in
CONTINUOUS the past and continued
up until that time.
A= She had been waiting for
him
N= She hadn´t been waiting for
him
I= Had she been waiting for
him?
➔ To indicate past action ➔ To indicate an action
which is not defined by a that will be complete
time of occurrence. before another event
➔ To indicate an action takes place.
which started in the past
and has continued up A= He will have arrived
until now. N= He won´t have arrived
I= Will he have arrived?
A= You have read this book
N= You haven´t read this book
I= Have you read this book?
➔ To indicate an action ➔ To indicate an action
which started at some that will have happened
point in the past and for some time and will
may not be complete. not be complete yet at a
certain point in the
A= He has been working hard future.
N= He hasn´t been working
hard A= You will have been working
I= Has he been working hard? N= You won´t have been
working
I= Will you have been working?
 COMPARATIVES
When comparing two things, you’re likely to use
adjectives like smaller, bigger, taller, more interesting,
and less expensive.
Notice the ‑er ending, and the words more and less.
✓ For adjectives that are just one syllable, add -er
to the end (this explains the above example).
✓ For two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y and
for all three-or-more-syllable adjectives, use the
form “more + adjective.”
✓ For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, change
the -y to -i and add -er.
 Mike is funnier than Isaac.
 This house is more exciting than ever.
ACTIVE VOICE
When the subject of a sentence performs the verb’s
action, we say that the sentence is in the active
voice.
Sentences in the active voice have a strong, direct,
and clear tone. Here are some short and
straightforward examples of active voice.
 Monkeys adore bananas.
 The cashier counted the money.
 The dog chased the squirrel.
All three sentences have a basic active voice
construction: subject, verb, and object.
SUPERLATIVES
When comparing more than two things, you’ll likely use words
and phrases like smallest, biggest, tallest, most interesting, and
least interesting. Notice the ‑est ending and the words most
and least
✓ Adjectives ending in ‑y change their spelling when ‑est
is added.
✓ To form these superlatives, change the y to an i before
adding the -est ending.
 I think his last book is his least interesting; his third book
was the most interesting.
 That must be the weirdest play ever written.
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice is always constructed with a conjugated
form of to be plus the verb’s past participle.
Doing this usually generates a preposition as well.
 Bananas are adored by monkeys.
 The money was counted by the cashier.
 The squirrel was chased by the dog.
The passive sentence consists of bananas (object) + are
adored (a form of to be plus the past participle adored) + by
(preposition) + monkeys (subject).
Making the sentence passive flipped the structure and
necessitated the preposition by.

Wishes about the present and future
1. wish + past simple is used to express that
we want a situation in the present (or
future) to be different.
• I wish I spoke Italian. (I don’t speak Italian)
• I wish I had a big car. (I don’t have a big
car)
• I wish I were on a beach. (I’m in the office)
• I wish it were the weekend. (It’s
only Wednesday)
2. wish + past continuous is used to express
that we want to be doing a different
action in the present (or future).
• I wish I were lying on a beach now. (I’m
sitting in the office)
• I wish it weren’t raining. (It is raining)
• I wish you weren’t leaving tomorrow. (You
are leaving tomorrow)
WISH
Wishes about the past
wish + past perfect is used to express a regret, or that we
want a situation in the past to be different.
• I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate a lot)
• I wish they’d come on holiday with us. (They didn’t come on
holiday)
• I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school)
Wish + would
wish + would + bare infinitive is used to express
impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a
present action.
• I wish you would stop smoking.
You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.
• I wish it would stop raining.
I’m impatient because it is raining and I want to go
outside.
RELATIVE CLAUSES REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

USE EXAMPLE
The reflexive pronouns are:

WHO subject or object pronoun for I told you about the

people woman who lives next
door.
singular: myself yourself himself herself itself

WHICH subject or object pronoun for Do you see the

animals and things cat which is lying on the plural: ourselves yourselves themselves
roof?

We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object when the

WHICH referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t
read, which surprised me. object is the same as the subject of the verb:

I am teaching myself to play the piano.

Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
WHOSE possession for people animals Do you know the
and things boy whose mother is a We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct object with
nurse?
most transitive verbs, but these are the most common:

WHOM object pronoun for people, I was invited by the

especially in non-defining professor whom I met at amuse enjoy kill
relative clauses (in defining the conference. blame help prepare
relative clauses we cut hurt satisfy
colloquially prefer who)
dry introduce teach

THAT subject or object pronoun for I don’t like the

people, animals and things in table that stands in the
defining relative clauses kitchen.
(who or which are also
possible)
 Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
REPORTED STATEMENTS PRESENT SIMPLE I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
PRESENT I am living in
We use a 'reporting verb' like She said (that) she was living in London.
CONTINUOUS London
'say' or 'tell'
She said (that) she had bought a car OR
PAST SIMPLE I bought a car
She said (that) she bought a car.
If this verb is in the present
PAST I was walking She said (that) she had been walking
tense, it's easy. We just put 'she
CONTINUOUS along the street along the street.
says' and then the sentence:
PRESENT I haven't seen
She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
• Direct speech: I like ice cream. PERFECT Julie
• Reported speech: I had taken
She says (that) she likes ice She said (that) she had taken English
PAST PERFECT* English lessons
cream. lessons before.
before

But, if the reporting verb is in WILL I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.
the past tense, then usually we I would help,
WOULD* She said (that) she would help but...
but..”
change the tenses in the
reported speech: I can speak perfect She said (that) she could speak perfect
CAN
English English.
• Direct speech: I like ice cream. I could swim when She said (that) she could swim when she
• Reported speech: COULD*
I was four was four.
She said (that) she liked ice
cream SHALL I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.
I should call my
SHOULD* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother
MIGHT* I might be late She said (that) she might be late
She said (that) she must study at the
I must study at the
MUST weekend OR She said she had to study at
weekend
the weekend
 CONDITIONALS
They describe the result
of something that might
COND USAGE IF-CLAUSE MAIN-CLAUSE
happen (in the present
or future) or might have
happened but didn't (in
the past) .
1 possible condition + present simple will + base verb
probable result
We use conditional
sentences to say one
thing depends on
another. 2 hypothetical past simple would + base verb
condition + possible
1. They can be used to result
talk about real or
imaginary situations.
One of the clauses
starts with if (or a 3 expired past past perfect would have + past participle
similar word) – this is condition + possible
the conditional past result
clause.
2. The other clause talks
about the result of
the conditional 0 real condition + present simple present simple
clause happening. inevitable result