Topic: Separation Techniques

Subtopic:Filtration

1)Filtration
Is a separation technique used to separate a
suspension into its components.

Filtration results in two components: a filtrate and a

residue. The filtrate is the substance that passes
through the filter paper while the residue is the
substance that remains in the filter paper.

Property that allows for the separation:

The difference in the particle size of the
components.

In a suspension, there are components of different

particle sizes. The smaller particles are able to go
through the filter paper while the larger particles
cannot go through.

Insert diagram of the Filtration apparatus

2)Crystallization:
Is a separation technique used to obtain a solid
from a solution, for example, salt from salt solution.

The solution is heated until MOST of the solvent

evaporates then allowed to cool (by removing from
the flame).

Insert diagram of the apparatus used

By evaporating much of the solvent, the resulting

solution is concentrated or saturated with the
solute. This causes the solute to fall out of solution
in the form of crystals.

To separate the crystals from the remaining

solution, the mixture can be filtered or decanted.

Property that allows separation:

Difference in boiling point/volatility of the
components
3)Evaporation to Dryness
Is used to separate a solid from a solution.

The solution is heated until ALL of the solvent

evaporates leaving the solid behind.

4)Simple Distillation

Is a separation technique used to obtain a liquid

from a solution.

Insert diagram of the apparatus

Apparatus Setup
The solution is first placed in the distillation flask. A
thermometer is inserted into the mouth of the
distillation flask by means of a stopper. The
distillation flask has a side arm that is connected to
a Liebig condenser. At the end of the condenser is
placed a receiving flask.

Carrying out the Practical Activity

1)After connecting all the apparatus together,
turn the tap on to allow a steady flow of water
 to flow through the outer jacket of the
condenser.
2)Heat the solution in the distillation flask. When
the boiling point of the liquid concerned is
reached, it will vaporize, enter the condenser
where it cools and condenses to form the
liquid droplets. The droplets will be collected in the
receiving flask.