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ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) ( x, e xﻤﻨﻪ ،ﺜ ﻡ ﻋﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ.
ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ؟
ﺍﻝﺤل
( ) ( )
x , e xﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . e xﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱY = e x X − x + e x = e x X − x + 1 : ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻓﻲ ) (
( )
x , e xﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻫﻲ . x − 1, 0 ( ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ )
10
ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺴ ﻪ ، π4ﻴﻤﻸ
ﺒﻤﻌﺩل 1cm3ﻝﻜل ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ) h ( tﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ tﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺎﺒﻊ . hﻤﺘﻰ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ؟
ﺍﻝﺤل
)(
ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻝﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ .V t = t
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃ
)(
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ h tﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
π
)(
= V t
3
h3 t )(
3
)(
= h t 3
π
t
ﻼ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ :ﺃﻱ ﺇﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ t = 4ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃ
ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ dhﻋﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ . t = 1
11
ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﺜﹼل ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻲ . f
ﺍﻋﻁ ﺭﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ . f ′
ﺍﻝﺤل:
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل 3 :ﻭ . −6
ﻻﺃ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻭ ﹰ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﺘﺭ
ﻼ ﻨﺠﺩ:
ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
)(
f′ 0 ≈ 2
f ′ ( −8 ) ≈ −1
f ′ ( 6 ) ≈ −2
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل −6, 3 ﻭﺴﺎﻝﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل.
p
ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ.
p
2
-1
14
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ:
1
f ( x) = x = )g ( x h ( x ) = x3
x+4
ﺍﻝﺤل:
)f ( x + t ) − f ( x x+t − x 1
= ) ∆ (t = =
t t x+t + x
ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ:
1 1
= )f ′( x ﻥ
∆ ( t ) ﺃﻱ ﺇ
t →0
→ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ 0 < xﻨﺠﺩ:
2 x 2 x
1
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ x = 0ﻭﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻝﻲ(
= ) ) ∆ ( tﺃﻱ ﺇ
t →0
ﺤﺎﻝﺔ 0 = xﻨﺠﺩ→ +∞ :
t
____________________________________
)g ( x + t ) − g ( x 1 1
= ) ∆ (t =− →−
t ) ( x + t + 4 )( x + 4 t →0
)( x + 4
2
____________________________________
h ( x + t ) − h ( x ) ( x + t ) − x3
3
ﺍﻝﺤل:
( )
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ Gﺒﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ M ( x ) = x, x + 5ﺤﻴﺙ . −5 ≤ xﺘﺒﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) M ( xﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
d ( x ) = x2 + x + 5
ﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﻲ:
ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ) dﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ( d 2ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ x = − 12ﺃﻱ ﺇ
1 3
P = − ,
2 2
ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ OPﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱm = −3 2 :
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ Pﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
1
=s
3 2
ﻥ m × s = −1
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃ
)ﺃﻱ OPﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺱ(
17
Aﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ Hﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ . π3ﻨﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ Bﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ Aﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ
ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ Aﻭﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ . Aﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ Bﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ.
ﺍﻝﺤل:
ﻝﻨﺭﻤﺯ hﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ .ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ:
H −h
= ( H − h ) tan π6
3
π
= )V (h )h ( H − h ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ
2
9
π
= )V ′(h ) ( H − h )( H − 3h
9
4π 3
= max V ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ h = 13 Hﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ H
243
18
ل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ:
ﺍﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻜ ﱟ
)f2 ( x ) = x ( x2 − 9 )f 3 ( x ) = ln ( e 2 x − e x + 1
1 1
f1 ( x ) = e
3
x
7 x2 − 9
= ) f 2′ ( x
3 x 2/3
ﻻﻴﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ f 2ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ) 0ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻝﻲ (
3 3
x=− = xﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﺭﺩﻱ .ﻗﻴﻡ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ:
7 7
)f 3 ( x ) = ln ( e 2 x − e x + 1
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ e2 x − e x + 1ﻻﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ) ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ
ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻷ
ﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺒـ e xﻤﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﻝﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ(.
2e x − 1
= ) f 3′ ( x ⋅ ex
e − e +1
2x x
ﻥ:
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﺒﺔ . y = 0 :ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻷ
∀x < 0 e 2 x − e x = −e x (1 − e x ) < 0
ﻼ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ:
ﻝﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ
(
) ln ( e2 x − e x + 1) = ln e2 x (1 − e− x + e−2 x )
) = 2 x + ln (1 − e− x + e−2 x
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ y = 2 xﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ∞+
∀x > 0 − e + e −x −2 x
= −e −x
(1 − e ) < 0
−x
ﻥ:
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻷ
)f 4 ( x ) = ln ( e 2 x − 2e − x + 1
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ g ( x ) = e 2 x − 2e− x + 1ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ℝﻭﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ f 4ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ﻋﻨﺩ .0ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃ
[∞ D = ]0,
e3 x + 1
f 4′ ( x ) = 2e − x
e 2 x − 2e − x + 1
ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻝﻲ . x = 0
) f 4 ( x ) = 2 x + ln (1 − 2e −3 x + e−2 x
ﻥ:
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ y = 2 xﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ∞ . +ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻷ
∀x > ln 2 − 2e −3 x + e−2 x = e −2 x (1 − 2e− x ) > 0
ﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ) P = ( ln 2,ln 4
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃ
) f ( x ) = ( x 2 + bx + c ) E ( 2x + 21
ﺍﻝﺤل:
x ֏ E 2x + 1ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 2 x + 12ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺃﻱ: ( ﺇ ﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ )
2
2k − 1
= xﺤﻴﺙ k ∈ ℤ
4
ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ] [0,1ﻫﻤﺎ } { 4 4
. 1, 3
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ fﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
0 if x ∈ 0, 14
f ( x ) = ﺤﻴﺙ P ( x ) = x 2 + bx + c ) P (x if x ∈ 14 , 43
2P ( x ) if x ∈ 34 ,1
ﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺒﻊ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ P ( 14 ) = 0 :و P ( 4 ) = 0
3
hﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ . α ∈ ℝ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ f ( 0 ) = −1ﻭ f (1) = 1ﺇﺫﹰﺍ [. α ∈ ]0,1