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ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( ƃ 1 Ƥﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺭﻗﻡ 01
ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
/1ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ،Dfﻭ aﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻤﻥ .Df
ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ aﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺩ aﻫﻲ ) f (aﺃﻱ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ :01ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ .I •
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ :02ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺤﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺩﻭﻥ •
ﺇﺯ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ )ﺍﻟﻴﺩ(.
ﺭﻱ /3ﺨﻭﺍﺹ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ] [a; bﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ kﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ) f (aﻭ)،f (b •
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ] [a; bﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ kﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ )f (a •
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﻭ x0ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ .I
ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ lﺤﻴﺙ:
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ ) .f ′ (x0
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ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺇﺯﺭﻱ ﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ
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ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( ƃ 2 Ƥﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺭﻗﻡ 01
ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
/6ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ:
fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل.
/7ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﻭ) (Cfﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ).(O ; ⃗i , ⃗j
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺒﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (Cfﻴﻘﺒل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )) A(x0 ; f (x0ﻤﻤﺎﺴﺎ ) (Tﻤﻌﺎﻤل
ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻪ ) f ′ (x0ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ:
ﺇﺯ
) y = f ′ (x0 )(x − x0 ) + f (x0
ﺭﻱ /9ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ aﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺩ aﻫﻭ ) f (a) + hf ′ (aﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
hﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ .0ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ:
ﺯﻴ
a 0
x2 2x
xn nxn−1
1 1
−
x x2
√ 1
x √
2 x
1 n
− n+1
xn x
)sin(x )cos(x
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ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( ƃ 3 Ƥﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺭﻗﻡ 01
ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
λu λu′
1 v′
−
v v2
u u v − v′u
′
ﺇﺯ
v v2
√ u′
u √
ﺭﻱ 2 u
un nu′ un−1
1 nu′
−
un un+1
ﺯﻴ
u◦v ]v ′ [u′ ◦ v
ﻥ ﺍﻟ
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ... ،f (n) ،... ،f ′′′ ،f ′′ ،f ′ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ .f
ﺩﻴﻥ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل. •
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل. •
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل. •
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﻭ x0ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ .I
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ) f (x0ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ .f •
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﺜﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ) f (x0ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ .f •
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﺜﻡ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ) f (x0ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻅﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ .f •
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ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻱ )ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ( ƃ 4 Ƥﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺭﻗﻡ 01
ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ
/15ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﻭ) (Cfﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ).(O ; ⃗i , ⃗j
ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )) A(x0 ; f (x0ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (Cfﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻁ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ f ′′ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ.
/16ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ f ′ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )) A(x0 ; f (x0ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ •
ﺇﺯ
/17ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ:
ﺭﻱ
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﻭ) (Cfﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ).(O ; ⃗i , ⃗j
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻻ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ x0ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )) A(x0 ; f (x0
ﻫﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) .(Cfﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (Cfﻴﻘﺒل ﻨﺼﻔﻲ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ fﻭ gﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻤﻥ ،Rﺤﻴﺙ ) (Cfﻭ) (Cgﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ) (O ; ⃗i , ⃗jﻋﻠﻰ
ﻥ ﺍﻟ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (Cfﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (Cgﻴﺅﻭل ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ])[f (x) − g(x
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل Iﺤﻴﺙ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ f (x) − g(x) < 0ﻓﺈﻥ ) (Cfﻴﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ) .(Cg •
ﺩﻴﻥ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ f (x) − g(x) > 0ﻓﺈﻥ ) (Cfﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ) .(Cg •
ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﺒﺈﻨﺸﺎء ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻋﺒﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ] ،[a; bﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ f ′ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ).f (a
ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل hﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ 0ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ:
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