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ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺔ
ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ.
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻔﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ)ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ،ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ(
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺩﻭﺍل ﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ fﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ :ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ،ﺠﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻤﺭﻜﺏ
ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺱ
ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ
ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل
ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ
.ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺘﺭﻓﻕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ ) . f (xﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ )f (x xﻤﻥ D f ﻟﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ xﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ . f
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ . Dﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ f
ﺤﻴﺙ xﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ Dﺇﺫﻥ :ﻗﻭﻟﻨﺎ ))M ( x ; f ( x
. َ x ∈ Dﻭ )y = f (x ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ " " fﻴﻌﻨﻲ : )M ( x ; y
ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ y = f (x) :ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ.
-3ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ :
ﻨﻘﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل . Iﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜل ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ) f (x1 ) < f (x2 ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ x1 < x2 ﻤﻥ : I x1و x2 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل : I
) f ( x2 ) f ( x1
) f ( x1 ) f ( x2
ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ. -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل Iﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻬﺎ
O x1 x2 O x1 x2
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل.
- 4ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ :
ﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :
-ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ " ﻤﺭﺒﻊ " f : x a x2 :
fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [ ]−∞ ; 0ﻭﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞]0 ; +
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 0 ≤ x1 < x2 :ﻓﺈﻥ . x1 < x2 :
2 2
4
3
2
1
-1
1
f :xa -ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ " ﻤﻘﻠﻭﺏ" :
x
[∞]0 ; + ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ []−∞ ; 0 fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
1 1
> ﻓﺈﻥ : 0 < x1 < x2 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
x1 x2
1 1
> ﻓﺈﻥ : x1 < x2 < 0 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
x1 x2
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺯﺍﺌﺩ :
y
3
2
1
-2
-3
< x1 x2 ﻓﺈﻥ : 0 ≤ x1 < x2 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ :
y
3
2
1
ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
-1
4
3
2
1
-2
-1ﺃ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ "ﻴﻨﺯل" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
"ﻴﺼﻌﺩ" ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ :
x -3 0 3 4
f 2,5 4
-2 0
ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ x = -2 :ﺃﻭ x = 2ﺃﻭ x = 4 ﺏ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ f ( x ) = 0 :
ﺝ( ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ f ( x ) ≥ 0 :ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺊ x ∈ [ -3 ; -2] U [ 2 ; 4] :
ﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ . -2ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ f ( x ) = 3 :
-3ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ :
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل m < -2 :ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل .
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ . m = -2 ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
-2 < m < 0ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﻼﻥ . ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
0 ≤ m ≤ 2 , 5ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل . ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
2 , 5 < m < 4ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﻼﻥ . ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
m = 4ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ . ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
m > 4ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺤﻠﻭل . ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل :
y y
)f (-x
ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ . ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ
: x ∈ℜ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ :ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
cos (-x) = cos x
: x ∈ℜ -ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل
x a a x2 + b x + c
. ﺤﻴﺙ a , b , cﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭ a ≠ 0
* ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﻱ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ :
ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ .
Q (x ) = a x 3 + b x 2 + c x + d
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ P = Q :ﻓﺈﻥ a = 5 ; b = 2 ; c = 7 ; d = -1 :
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ :
ﺠﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) Q (xﻴﺤﻘﻕ:
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ : x
)x 3 + 2x 2 - 6x + 3 = (x - 1) Q (x
ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩ :ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ) Q(xﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ .
ﺃﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺒﺴﻁ ﻭﺭﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ). (x – 1) Q (x
-7ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ :
r r
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ y = f (x) :ﻓﻲ ) (C f . ( O; i, j ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ )
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ .
r r
( )
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ Aﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﻫﺎ ) ( x0 ; y 0ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ O ; i , j
r r
O ; i , jﻭ ) ( x ; yﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ
′ ′ ( )
Mﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﻫﺎ ) ( x ; yﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ
r r
uuuur uuuur
. A ; i, j ( )
r r r r
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ OM = xi + yj :؛ AM = x′ i + y′ j
uuuur uuur uuuur
OM = OA + AM ﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
x = x′ + x0
. ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ :
y = y′ + y0
r r
( )
ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (C fﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ . A ; i , jﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ :
) y′ = g (x′
r
. (C f ) ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ( A;i -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ gﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ )
. (C f ) -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ gﻓﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
x ∈ Df : a - x ∈ Df , a + x ∈ Df
ﻭ f (a + x) + f (a – x) = 2b
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ : 1
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :
f (x ) ∈ Dg ﻭ x ∈ Df ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ) gof ( x ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ x ﻭﻤﻨﻪ :ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ gof
ﺤﻴﺙ x ∈ D f :ﻭ f (x ) ∈ Dg
))( fog )(x) = f ( g (x ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fog
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒـ :
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ fog ≠ gof :
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ :
ﻨﻌﻭﺽ xﺒـ ) f (xﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ) g (xﻓﻨﺠﺩ : g ))( f (x ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ
1 1
= ))g ( f (x = 2
)f (x x +1
1
= )D f = ℜ - {0 } ; g (x ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
x
D f = ℜ ; f (x) = x 2 + 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fogﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ }ℜ - {0
ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ : ))x a g (x) a f ( g (x ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
2
1 1
f ( g (x)) = f = + 1
x x
1
ﺃﻱf ( g (x)) = 2 + 1 :
x
ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ gof ≠ fog :
- IIIﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ :
- 1ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ :
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ :
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﻭ gﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل . Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ) (f + gﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ . I
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ fﻭ gﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل . Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ) (f + gﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ . I
: λ. f - 2ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ :
fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل λ . Iﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ .
ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل I λf ﻭ f ﻓﺈﻥ λ>0 -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ I λf fﻭ ﻓﺈﻥ λ<0 -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
λ fﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . I ﻓﺈﻥ λ=0 -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻤﺜﺎل :
[∞ I = [ 0 ; + ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل f : x a x2 + 3 ﻟﺘﻜﻥ :
= )g (x x ; f (x) = 1 - x ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ fﻭ gﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﺒـ :
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ . h = gof :
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ g؛ ﺃﻱ : f (x ) ≥ 0 ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . ℜﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
1 - x ≥ 0ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ x ≤ 1 :
.
. ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ hﻫﻲ ]Dh = ]-∞ ; 1
. [∞ f (x ) ∈ [ 0 ; + ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ]]-∞ ; 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ hﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ gﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ [∞ [ 0 ; +
]. ]-∞ ; 1
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ f – g :ﻭ f . g
ﻤﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ fﻭ. g
-4ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ :
ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل . Iﻴﻤﻜﻥ :
(1ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﺍل ﺭﺘﻴﺒﺔ.
(2ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ .
(3ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﺍل ﻤﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ .
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل .I a≤b (4ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ f (b) – f (a) :ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ :
ﺴﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻻﺤﻘﺔ.
- IVﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ :
r r
. ( O; i, j (Cﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ) f ) fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ
x2 - x
= )f (x ﺒـ : fﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ }ℜ - {2
x-2
r r
( )
ﻭ ) (C fﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ O ; i , j
ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ :ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ a , b , cﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ :
c
f (x ) = a x + b + ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل }: x ∈ℜ -{2
x -2
y = ax + b ﺜﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) (C fﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ :
c
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻷﻥ ) f (xﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ax + b + ﺃ( ﻨﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
x-2
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺤﺎﺼل ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﺕ.
-ﻨﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻭﻨﺒﺴﻁ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ .
-ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ a , b , cﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل x ≠ 2
x 2 - x a x 2 + ( b - 2a) x + c - 2b
=
x-2 x-2
ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ
ﻭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻜل x ≠ 2
x 2 - x = ax 2 + (b - 2a) x + c - 2b
-ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ.
-ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ . a , b , c
(C fﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ y = a x + b ) ﺝ( ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ) f (xﻭ a x + bﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ
) h (x) = f (x) – (ax + hﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻟـ )f (x
-ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ )h (x
-ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ) h (xﺜﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ .
ﺘﻤـﺎﺭﻴـﻥ ﻭ ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 1
ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ :
3 x+1
= )f (x (2 = )f (x (1
x2 )x (x - 1
2x - 1 x+5
f (x) = 2 (4 f (x) = 2 (3
x +1 x +x
x+1 x-1
f (x) = 2 (6 = )f (x (5
x -4 3 + x2
f (x) = x + 2 (8 f (x) = 3 - x (7
1
= ). f (x (9
x
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 2
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 3
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 5
U (x) = x 2 ﺤﻴﺙ : ℜ (1ﺍﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ Uﻋﻠﻰ
(2ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 6
ﺒﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ : uﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎل ][ −5 ; 1
x -5 -1 1
u 0 4
-3
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 12
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 13
y
) (C ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ :
4
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ) (C ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
3
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ y = x 2 - 2x - 1 :
r r
( )
2
1
ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ O ; i , j
-1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺏ .
-1
ﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ؟
-2
r r
. ( A; i, j ) -2ﺇﺨﺘﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻜﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ
ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ .
ﻓﻲ ) (C -3ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
r r
. ( A; i, j ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ )
. ) (C -ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﻥ ﻫﻡ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 14
1
= )g (x َﻭ f (x) = 1 - x + x 2 - x 3 ﻟﺘﻜﻥ :
1+x
ﺃ( ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺁﻟﺔ ﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻋﻁ ﺠﺩﻭل ﻗﻴﻡ fﻭ gﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل x
.ﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ . 0 , 01 ﺇﻟﻰ 0 ,1 ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺏ( -ﺍﺤﺴﺏ )d (x) = g (x) – f (x
-ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ) d (xﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل . x = 0,01 ،
=
=
-1ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻤﺞ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺠﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ x؟
-2ﺃ( ﻤﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ hﻭ gﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻤﺞ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺠﺩﻭﻟﻪ .
x2 + 1
g ( x) = 2 ﻟﺘﻜﻥ gﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻟـ :
x -1
ﺃ( ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ؟
2
g(x) = 1 + ﺝ( ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ :
x2 - 1
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ gﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ) (C g ﺩ( ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 17
x
) f ( 2x ) ; f ; f ( -x
2
ﺍﻟﺤـﻠـــﻭل
. 1 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
Df = ℜ - {0 ; 1} (2 ؛ Df = ℜ - {0} (1
Df = ℜ - {-1 ; 0} (4 ؛ Df = ℜ (3
Df = ℜ (6 ؛ Df =ℜ - {-2 ; 2} (5
. Df = ]0 ; +∞[ (9
. 2 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
. 3 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
1 2
( gof ) (x) = ; ( fog ) (x) = +3
2x + 3 x
Dfog = ℜ - {0} ; Dg = ℜ - {0} ; Df = ℜ
3
Dgof = ℜ - −
2
. 4 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ
p (x) = x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 − x : ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ
q (x) = x 4 + x 3 + 2x 2 - 6x
R (x) = x 4 - x
ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ .4 :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 5
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 7
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a sin x
ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ :
3π π
2 ; 2 π ; 0ﻭ
2
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ x a x :ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ .
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻥ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ .
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 8
u (x) = 0 (1ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل x = 4
x>4 u (x) > 0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
x<4 u (x) < 0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
¡ = Du (2ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻫﻲ :
1
[∞]4 ; + ﻭ []-∞ ; 4 ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ x a ( 3ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
2x - 8
. [∞]4 ; + ﻭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ []-∞ ; 4
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 9
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 11
( 4ﺨﻁﺄ ، ( 3ﺨﻁﺄ ، ( 2 ،ﺨﻁﺄ (1ﺼﺤﻴﺢ
( 7ﺨﻁﺄ . ، ( 6 ،ﺨﻁﺄ (5ﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 12
ﻟﻨﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ pﻭ qﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ : x
( x 2 + Px + q)2 = x 4 + 6x 2 + 7x 2 - 6x + 1
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ :
2p = 6
p + 2q = 7
P = 3 ; q = -1 ﻭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻼﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ :
2pq = -6
q 2 = 1
x2 + 3 x - 1 ﺇﺫﻥ :ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 13
x = 1 (1
x = x′ + 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ : )A (1 ; - 2 (2
y = y′ − 2
(3ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ :
) y′ = x ′ 2 = g ( x ′
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ x = 1 :ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ g
. ) (C ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 14
ﺃ( ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺠﺩﻭل ﺇﻜﺴﺎل "Exel " :ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
x4
= )d (x ﺏ( ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺠﺩ :
1+x
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ) d (xﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل xﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ . O
10−8 ﻓﺈﻥ ) d (xﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ x = 10-2 ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ) g (xﻭ ) f (xﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 15
h : x a x2 + 1 ﻫﻲ : A4 ﺇﻟﻰ A2 -2ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ hﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ (x ) A2
g :x a x ﻫﻲ : B2 ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ gﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ A4ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺏ( f = goh
= )h (x) = x 2 + 1 ; g (x x ﺝ(
x2 - 1 + 2
= )g (x ﺝ( ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ :
x2 - 1
x2 - 1 1
g (x) = 2 + 2 ﺃﻱ :
x -1 x -1
2
g (x) = 1 + 2
x -1
) ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ )( g (x
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )(d x2 - 1 ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ :
ﻓﺈﻥ g (x) < 1 [x ∈ ] -1 ; 1 ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ y = 1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ :
[∞x ∈ ] -∞ ; -1[ U ]1 ; + ﺘﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ) .(dﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ( C ) :
ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ). (d ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ) ( C ﻓﺈﻥ g (x) > 1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ . 17