Civil Engineering

Reinforced Cement Concrete

& Pre-stressed Concrete

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with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Reinforced Cement Concrete & Pre-stressed Concrete

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Edition: 2021

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Contents
Reinforced Cement Concrete
& Pre-stressed Concrete

Chapter 1
Introduction��������������������������������������������������������� 1 2.7 Load and Resistance Factor Design..................................18

1.1 Introduction................................................................................ 1 2.8 IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for LSM of Design................19

1.2 Types of Concrete...................................................................... 1 2.9 Various types of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of

1.3 Importance of Design Codes in the Concrete (Ec).............................................................................22

Design of Structures................................................................. 2 2.10 Properties of Reinforcement and its use in

1.4 Characteristic Strength of Concrete................................... 3 Reinforced Concrete Structures.........................................23

1.5 Grade of Concrete..................................................................... 4 2.11 Cover Requirements as per IS 456: 2000.........................25

2.12 Spacing of Reinforcement....................................................25
1.6 Concrete Mix Design................................................................ 4
2.13 Other Important Considerations in Reinforced Concrete....25
1.7 Steps Involved in Mix Design of Concrete as per IS
2.14 Major Reasons of Structure Failure...................................27
Recommendation...................................................................... 5
2.15 List of Major Indian Standard (IS) Codes Relating to
1.8 Behaviour of Concrete under Uniaxial Compression... 8
Reinforced Concrete...............................................................27
1.9 Behaviour of Concrete in Tension........................................ 9
2.16 Major Challenges for a Structural Designer...................28
1.10 Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete.10
Objective Brain Teasers............................................................28
1.11 Effect of Duration of Loading on Stress Strain Curve.11
1.12 Creep of Concrete...................................................................11
1.13 Compressive Strength of Concrete in the Design of Chapter 3
Structures...................................................................................12 Working Stress Method (WSM)
of Design������������������������������������������������������������� 30
Chapter 2 3.1 Introduction..............................................................................30
3.2 Proceeding from Bending Moments to Flexural
Basic Design Concepts�����������������������������������13
Stresses........................................................................................30
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................13
3.3 Analysis of Composite/Non-homogeneous Sections..... 30
2.2 Necessity of Designing Reinforced Concrete Structures......13
3.4 Stress-strain Distribution......................................................30
2.3 Hydraulic and Non-Hydraulic Cements...........................14
3.5 Transformed Section..............................................................31
2.4 Tests on Cement......................................................................14
3.6 Modular Ratio...........................................................................32
2.5 Methods to Increase the Durability of Concrete
3.7 Transformed Area of Reinforcement-Tension Steel.................33
against Chemical Attack.......................................................15
3.8 Transformed Area of Reinforcement-Compression
2.6 Design Philosophies for the Design of Reinforced
Steel..............................................................................................33
Concrete Structures................................................................15
3.9 Cracking Moment....................................................................33

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3.10 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete in Flexure................33
3.11 Location of Reinforcing Bars in Beam Section..............35
3.12 Usefulness of Concrete in Tension Side...........................35
3.13 Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel....................35
3.14 Assumptions in the analysis of beams by working
stress method (at service loads).........................................36
3.15 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures ....................37
3.16 Singly Reinforced Sections...................................................37
3.17 Doubly Reinforced Beam Section......................................42
3.18 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section...................................44
3.19 Doubly Reinforced Flanged Section.................................45
3.20 Limitations of WSM of Design.............................................45
Objective Brain Teasers............................................................57
Conventional Practice Questions.........................................58
Chapter 4
Analysis and Design by
Limit State Method (LSM)����������������������������59
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................59
4.2 Analysis of Beams by LSM....................................................59
4.3 Assumptions in the Analysis Design by LSM.................59
4.4 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections............................62
4.5 Requirements of Flexural Design.......................................76
4.6 Deflection Control by Limiting the Span/Depth Ratio... 79
4.7 Selection of Member Sizes...................................................80
4.8 Design of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Beams...81
4.9 Reinforcement Arrangement in Different Types of
Beams..........................................................................................84
4.10 Comparison between WSM and LSM of Design...........86
4.11 Slabs as Rectangular Beams................................................98
4.12 Transverse Moments in One Way Slabs...........................98
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 107
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 110
Chapter 5
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam by
Limit State Method........................................111
5.1 Introduction........................................................................... 111
5.2 Doubly Reinforced Beam Section................................... 111
5.3 Hanger Bars v/s Compression Reinforcement........... 111
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5.4 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Sections.................................................................................... 112
5.5 Limiting Moment of Resistance...................................... 113
5.6 Balanced Doubly Reinforced Sections.......................... 113
5.7 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Section..................................................................................... 114
5.8 Design Steps for a Given Factored Moment.............................116
5.9 Deflection Control in Doubly Reinforced Beams............116
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 126
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 127
Chapter 6
Design for Shear in Reinforced Concrete��128
6.1 Introduction........................................................................... 128
6.2 Shear in Reinforced Concrete.......................................... 128
6.3 Shear Stress Distribution in
Rectangular Homogeneous Section............................. 129
6.4 Combined Effect of Bending Stress and
Shear Stress in a Beam........................................................ 132
6.5 Shear Transfer Mechanism................................................ 133
6.6 Nominal Shear Stress.......................................................... 134
6.7 Critical Sections for Shear.................................................. 135
6.8 Design Shear Strength of
Concrete without Shear Reinforcement...................... 136
6.9 Shear Strength of Concrete with
Shear Reinforcement........................................................... 137
6.10 Minimum Shear Reinforcement...................................... 140
6.11 Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement............... 141
6.12 Steps for Shear Reinforcement Design......................... 141
6.13 Shear Connectors in Members Subjected to Flexure....141
6.14 Lattice Girder Effect............................................................. 142
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 153
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 155
Chapter 7
Design for Bond in Reinforced Concrete���156
7.1 Introduction........................................................................... 156
7.2 Bond in Reinforced Concrete........................................... 156
7.3 Mechanism of Force Transfer Through Bond.............. 156
7.4 Bond Stress............................................................................. 157
7.5 Various Types of Bond in Reinforced Concrete................157
7.6 Flexural Bond......................................................................... 157
7.7 Anchorage/Development Bond...................................... 158
7.8 Development Length.......................................................... 159
7.9 Mechanisms of Bond Failure............................................ 161
7.10 Factors affecting the Bond Strength............................. 161
7.11 Bends, Hooks and Mechanical Anchorages................ 161
7.12 Anchoring Bars in Tension................................................. 162
7.13 Anchoring Bars in Compression...................................... 162
7.14 Mechanical Devices for Anchorages............................. 162
7.15 Anchoring Shear Reinforcement.................................... 162
7.16 Reinforcement Splicing...................................................... 163
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 164
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 166
Chapter 8
Design for Torsion in
Reinforced Concrete������������������������������������167
8.1 Introduction........................................................................... 167
8.2 Design for Torsion................................................................ 167
8.3 Mechanism of Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
Structures................................................................................ 167
8.4 Plain Concrete Subjected to Torsion............................. 169
8.5 Torsionally Reinforced Concrete Subjected
to Torsion................................................................................. 170
8.6 Analysis for Torsion.............................................................. 171
8.7 Torsional Reinforcement.................................................... 171
8.8 IS 456: 2000 Provisions for the Design of
Reinforcement in Members Subjected to Torsion.................172
8.9 Design for Torsion as per Working Stress Method.................173
8.10 Design for Torsion as per Limit State Method............ 175
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 186
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 187
Chapter 9
Analysis and Design of
Flanged Beams by LSM������������������������������188
9.1 Introduction........................................................................... 188
9.2 Flanged Beams...................................................................... 188
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9.3 Effective Width of Flange................................................... 189
9.4 Compressive Stress Distribution in the Flange.................190
9.5 Analysis of Flanged Beams Sections
(by Limit State Method)..................................................... 190
9.6 Derivation of the Expression to Determine.......................197
9.7 Types of Analysis Problems............................................... 197
9.8 Integral Action of Slab and Beam................................... 197
9.9 Design of Flanged Beam Sections
(by Limit State Method)..................................................... 198
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 205
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 206
Chapter 10
Limit State of Serviceability-
Deflection and Cracking��������������������������� 207
10.1 Introduction........................................................................... 207
10.2 The Limit States of Serviceability-Deflection and
Cracking................................................................................... 207
10.3 Limit State of Serviceability: Deflection....................... 208
10.4 Limit State of Serviceability: Cracking.......................... 214
10.5 Other Limit States of Serviceability............................... 215
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 216
Chapter 11
Two Way Slab Design���������������������������������� 217
11.1 Introduction........................................................................... 217
11.2 One Way v/s Two Way Slabs.............................................. 217
11.3 Dealing with Torsion in Two Way Slabs......................... 220
11.4 Wall-Supported and Column/Beam
Supported Slabs .................................................................. 221
11.5 Design of Wall-supported (or Rigid Beam
Supported) Two-Way Slabs............................................... 221
11.6 Thickness of Slabs................................................................ 222
11.7 Analysis of Two Way Slabs................................................. 222
11.8 Shear in Two Way Uniformly Loaded Slabs................. 227
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 238
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 239
Chapter 12
Design of Compression
Members/Columns�������������������������������������� 240
12.1 Introduction........................................................................... 240
12.2 Compression Member/Column in a Structure........... 240
12.3 Classification of Columns.................................................. 240
12.4 Shear Consideration in Columns.................................... 243
12.5 IS 456: 2000 Recommendations for the
Design of Columns............................................................... 243
12.6 Design of Short Columns under Axial Compression.....246
12.7 Design of short columns with Axial Load
and Uniaxial Bending.......................................................... 253
12.8 Failure Modes in Eccentric Compression..................... 255
12.9 Design Strength of Axially Loaded Short
Columns with Uniaxial Bending...................................... 255
12.10 Interaction Charts as Analysis Aids................................. 257
12.11 Design Aids as Non-dimensional
Interaction Diagrams.......................................................... 257
12.12 Design Charts of SP-16........................................................ 258
12.13 Design of Short Columns under Axial
Compression and Biaxial Bending................................. 258
12.14 Interaction Surface............................................................... 259
12.15 IS 456: 2000 Procedure for the Design of
Columns with Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending......... 259
12.16 Design Steps for the Design of Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending...................................... 260
12.17 Design of Long/Slender Columns................................... 264
12.18 Analysis of Slender/Long Columns................................. 265
12.19 Provisions for the Design of Slender Columns
as per IS 456: 2000................................................................ 265
12.20 Limitations of Design Charts of SP-16........................... 267
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 273
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 275
Chapter 13
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Shallow Foundations����������������������������������276
13.1 Introduction........................................................................... 276
13.2 Footings................................................................................... 276
13.3 Footing as a Structural Element...................................... 276
13.4 Types of Footings................................................................. 277
13.5 Distribution of Soil Pressure under
Isolated Footings.................................................................. 281
13.6 Footing Design: General Requirements and Codal
(IS 456 : 2000) Provisions.................................................... 284
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13.7 Plain Concrete Footings..................................................... 290
13.8 Design of Rectangular Isolated Footing....................... 292
13.9 Design of Sloped Isolated Footing................................. 295
13.10 Design of Circular Isolated Footing of
Uniform Thickness................................................................ 296
13.11 Design of Wall......................................................................... 297
13.12 Design of Combined Footings.......................................... 315
13.13 Soil Pressure Distribution in Combined Footing...............315
13.14 Geometric Design of Combined Footings.................... 315
13.15 Design Aspects of Two Column Combined Footing.......315
13.16 Combined Footing of Beam-Slab.................................... 315
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 322
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 324
Chapter 14
Prestressed Concrete��������������������������������� 325
14.1 Introduction........................................................................... 325
14.2 Need of High Strength Concrete in Prestressing.............325
14.3 Need of High Tensile Steel in Prestressing.................. 326
14.4 Relative Comparison of Prestressed and
Reinforced Concrete Beam............................................... 326
14.5 Terminologies........................................................................ 326
14.6 Advantages of Prestressed Concrete............................. 328
14.7 Design of High Strength Concrete Mixes.................... 329
14.8 High Tensile Steel................................................................. 330
14.9 Cover Requirements in Prestressed
Concrete Members.............................................................. 331
14.10 Protection of Prestressing Steel...................................... 331
14.11 Prestressing System............................................................. 331
14.12 Tensioning Devices.............................................................. 331
14.13 Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning Systems............ 332
14.14 Assumptions in the Analysis and
Design of Prestressed Concrete Members.................. 334
14.15 Analysis of Prestress............................................................ 335
14.16 Prestress Pressure Distribution in Beams..................... 340
14.17 Effect of Loading on Stresses in Tendons.................... 341
14.18 Prestressed Beam with Parabolic Tendon Profile............342
14.19 C-line or Pressure Line........................................................ 343
14.20 The Concept of Load Balancing...................................... 348
14.21 Stresses in Beam at Different Stages of Loading.............352
14.22 Prestress Losses..................................................................... 353
14.23 Cracking Moment................................................................. 361 G. Permissible Stresses
14.24 Design of Prestressed Concrete Beam Members............363 H. Analysis Methods and Design Approaches
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 380 (Based on Codes)
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 381 15.22 Elastic Analysis Methods.................................................... 397
15.23 Seismic Analysis Factors..................................................... 398

Chapter 15 15.24 Design Seismic base Shear............................................... 401

15.25 Seismic Weight (IS 1893 : 2002, Part-I).......................... 402
Earthquake Resistant
15.26 Distribution of Design Force
Design of Structures ............................383 (IS 1893 : 2002, Part-I).......................................................... 402
A. Seismology
I. Torsion (IS 1893 : 2002, Part-I)
15.1 Earthquake.............................................................................. 383
J. Soft Storeys in Construction
15.2 Internal Structures of Earth............................................... 384
K. Storey Drift
15.3 Fault........................................................................................... 385
L. Seismic Response Control
15.4 Elastic Rebound Theory...................................................... 385
M. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
15.5 Earthquake Terminologies................................................ 385
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
15.6 Earthquake Size .................................................................... 386
15.27 General Recommendations.............................................. 408
15.7 Seismic Zone Map, 2002.................................................... 387
15.28 Flexural Members................................................................. 408
B. Ground Motion Characteristics
15.29 Slab............................................................................................ 412
15.8 Strong Motion Characteristics......................................... 387
15.30 Columns and Frame Members subjected
15.9 Strong Motion Seismology Terminology..................... 388
to Bending and Axial Load................................................ 412
C. Loads
15.31 Joints of Frames.................................................................... 416
D. Conceptual Design
15.32 Shear Walls.............................................................................. 417
15.10 Continuous Load Transfer Path....................................... 390
Objective Brain Teasers......................................................... 418
15.11 Symmetric and Uniform Structure................................. 390
Conventional Practice Questions...................................... 422
15.12 Stiffness and Strength........................................................ 392
Appendix-A........................................................................................ 430
15.13 Horizontal and Vertical Members................................... 393
. Masonry Design
15.14 Twisting of Buildings........................................................... 393
Introduction........................................................................................ 430
15.15 Ductility.................................................................................... 393
Masonry Reinforcement................................................................. 433
15.16 Lateral Load Resisting Systems....................................... 394
Effective Height of Walls................................................................. 434
E. Design Earthquake Loads
Effective Length of Walls................................................................. 435
15.17 Design Horizontal Earthquake Load.............................. 394
Appendix-B......................................................................436
15.18 Design Vertical Earthquake Load.................................... 395
Objective Brain Teasers..................................................................... 436
15.19 Combination of Two or
Three Component Motion................................................ 395
nnnn
F. Basic Load Combinations
15.20 Load Factors for Plastic Design of Steel Structures................395
15.21 Load Factors for Limit State Design of Reinforced
Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures...............395

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