Actuating Systems

Basic DC Machines, Power, and Efficiency

Week 7

MTE-226 by: M. K. Saleem 1

Basic Principle of Electric Actuators
• Induced emf (voltage) (Faraday’s Law) = =− /dt
• Transformers

• Force = ⃗×
= ×
• Motor

• Induced emf = = ⃗. ×
• Generator

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Example 1 (no-load)
• Initial
• =

• =

• =

• =

3
Example 1 (no-load)
• Final (steady-state)
• =

• =

• =

• =

4
Example 1 ( to right)
• Final (steady-state)
• =

• =

• =

• =

• = , = , =

5
Example 1 ( to left)
• Final (steady-state)
• =

• =

• =

• =

• = , = , =

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Example 1 ( to left), effect of flux density
• Final (steady-state)
• = B=0.08 T

• =

• =

• =

• = , = , =

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Example 2

+
+
0.20 m
-
= 0.02
-
= 0.002
= 50Ω

8
Example 2
• = +
• = + ∗ +
• = ×
• = /
0.04m/s2

-
• Required magnetic filed density can be computed here.

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Example 2
• = ℛ. 0.1 m

• = ℛ
0.030 m
0.015 m
0.015 m
→
0.035 m
0.025 m
0.015 m

0.05 m
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DC Machine
• DC Machines:
• Generators: that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
• Motors: that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• A simplest DC machine consists of a single loop of wire rotating about a
fixed axis.
• The rotating part of this machine is called the Rotor, and the stationary part is
called the Stator.

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A Simple DC Machine (Generator)

12
A Simple DC Machine (Generator)

= =

13
A Simple DC Machine (Generator)

= 0 = 0

The cross product of × will always be parallel to the length ( ) of segment

bc and de (i.e. = 0), and perpendicular to segment co, do, ba, and fe (i.e. =
90). 14
A Simple DC Machine (Generator)
, , , =0

= =

=2 +0
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DC Machine (Generator)
• =2
• =2

Alternative Forms
• =2
• where, =
• =
• =
• = (under pole surface, 0 otherwise)
• = BA

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A Simple DC Machine (Motor)

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A Simple DC Machine (Motor)

= =

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A Simple DC Machine (Motor)

= 90 = 90

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A Simple DC Machine (Motor)

= =

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DC Machine (Generator)
• =2
• =2

Alternative Forms
• = (under pole surface, 0 otherwise)
• Where = and =

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Commutators in DC Machine

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Commutators in DC Machine

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Example

= 0.5
= 0.3 Ω
=1
= 120
= 0.25

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Example (no-load)
• Initial
• =

• =

• =

• =

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Example (no-load)
• Final
• =

• =

• =

• =

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Example ( clock-wise)
• Final (steady-state)
• =
10 Nm

• =

• =

• =

• = , = , =

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