2014 UKSim-AMSS 8th European Modelling Symposium
A Simulation of Non-stationary Signal Analysis Using Wavelet Transform Based on
LabVIEW and Matlab
Alaa Abdulhady Jaber
School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering
Newcastle University
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
a.jaber@ncl.ac.uk
Abstract—The condition monitoring of machines has long been
accepted as a most effective solution in avoiding sudden
shutdown and to detect and prevent failures in complex
systems. Signal capture and analysis, and feature extraction
and classification represent the main tasks in building any
monitoring system. Signal processing plays a significant role in
condition monitoring and the fault diagnosis process. Many
types of signals can be used in the condition monitoring of
machines, such as vibration, electrical and sound signals.
Processing these signals in an appropriate way is crucial in
extracting the most salient features related to specific types of
faults. A variety of signal processing techniques can fulfil this
purpose, and the nature of the captured signal is a significant
factor in the selection of the appropriate technique. The main
focus of this research is a consideration of signal processing
techniques which can be applied in condition monitoring, and
to identify their advantages and disadvantages. Then, the
wavelet transform is discussed in detail. After that, a
monitoring system based on multi-resolution analysis using the
wavelet transform is successfully simulated using LabVIEW
and Matlab capabilities. The results show that the differences
between healthy and faulty signals can be effectively detected
using the wavelet transform.
Keywords- non-stationary signal; wavelet transform; fault
detection; signal de-noising; labview
I.INTRODUCTION
A wavelet is a small localized wave based on a
mathematical function. Wavelet analysis is able to represent
signals in the time and frequency domains at the same time.
Many modern applications have used wavelet analysis for
purposes as diverse as condition monitoring and signal and
image processing. However, condition monitoring is very
important for industrial machines and equipment since it can
improve safety and help to avoid unexpected catastrophic
breakdown, enhanced reliability, reduce maintenance costs,
increase operational life, improve product quality, and
increase machine productivity. Many studies have been
published in the field of machine condition monitoring
using the wavelet transform. For instance, an intelligent
prediction monitoring system based on wavelet
decomposition was developed to estimate the remaining
useful lifetime of cutting tools in high speed machining
(HSM) [1]. Another study used wavelet multi-resolution
analysis (WMRA) coupled with a neural network-based
978-1-4799-7412-2/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/EMS.2014.38
Robert Bicker
School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering
Newcastle University
Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
robert.bicker@ncl.ac.uk
approach in order to diagnosis faults in an industrial robot
manipulator [2].
LabVIEW, which is the abbreviation for the Laboratory
Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench, is a
platform and development environment for a graphical
programming language developed by National Instruments.
It has been widely used for signal analysis in many
applications. For example, wavelet analysis based on
LabView programming has been used for the removal of
noise from ECG signal [3], where the important features
related to specific diseases can be extracted. In another
study, a fault detection system using wavelet analysis was
successfully designed based on National Instrument
software and hardware [4]. The wavelet transform was
adopted to remove noise from captured vibration signals and
then to extract features from them. The main goal of this
paper is to review different types of signals and signal
processing techniques. Then, a simulation of a condition
monitoring system is designed using the wavelet transform
based on graphical programming using LabVIEW with the
help of Matlab text-based programming.
II. BASIC CONCEPTS OF SIGNALS
A signal can be defined as a function that describes a
physical variable as it evolves over time. Analogue signals,
such as sound, noise, light and heat, represent the majority of
signals in nature. Variations in these signals are continuous
over time and the processing of analogue signals is called
analogue signal processing (ASP). By sampling such
continuous signals at repeated time intervals using data
acquisition equipment, they can be converted into discrete
format, and the processing of the digital (discrete) signal is
named digital signal processing (DSP). A discrete signal, on
the other hand, has values only at specific time periods. The
benefits of converting signals from analogue to discrete
(digital) form are that it can avoid the degradation and
corruption of the signals. Knowing the type of signal to be
analyzed has a significant influence on the type of analytic
technique chosen. Subsequently, it is necessary to carefully
inspect the various types of signal that are encountered in
practice. Thus, signals can be classified as shown in Figure 1
below.
138

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of signal classification.
Deterministic signal
If, after a suitable number of measurements, the signal
can be described by an analytical expression and its values
can be predicted at any time in the past and future, then it is
called a deterministic signal, such as a sinusoid signal. A
deterministic signal may be classified as a periodic signal if
the change in the magnitude of the signal repeated at regular
time intervals, and if not it is termed an aperiodic signal [5].
Non-deterministic
Conversely, non-deterministic or random signals cannot
be described by a deterministic mathematical expression and
they are more complex than deterministic signals. By
determining their statistical properties, random signals can be
broken down into stationary and non-stationary parts.
Therefore, the statistical properties of the random signal
which do not change with time can be called stationary,
otherwise, they are named non-stationary [6].
However, a majority of the signals emitted from
industrial machines are non-deterministic. And when a fault
starts to appear in a machine the signals monitored tend to
non-stationary in nature. Therefore, a suitable signal
processing technique has to be applied to analyse this type of
signal, as shown in the next section.
III. SIGNAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
After a signal is being captured, a large number of signal
processing techniques can be utilized to extract the most
sensitive and interesting features concerning defects. Signal
processing techniques are classified as using time domain,
frequency domain, and time-frequency domain methods.
These methods are not totally independent, and in many
situations they complement each other. As a matter of fact,
choosing the most suitable method for each specific task
represents a major challenge in condition monitoring.
Therefore, some of the widely used signals processing
techniques are discussed in this paper to find out when each
is suitable.
A. Time domain analysis
The technique used in processing the signal can be
classified as a time domain method if it processes a raw
signal directly in the time domain without being transformed
into another domain, such as the frequency domain [7]. The
purpose of time domain analysis is to determine the
statistical features of the original signal by manipulating the
series of discrete numbers. In this technique statistical
parameters such as standard deviation and root mean square
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can be used to give useful information about the hidden
defects represented in the time domain signal.
B. Frequency domain analysis
In most applications, signal representation in the time
domain is not the best method, since much of the relevant
information is hidden in the frequency content of the signal.
Frequency or spectral analysis provides additional
information about time series data, and can be used to
explain the spectra of frequencies which exist in the signal.
The parameters of frequency domain analysis are more
reliable in damage detection than time domain parameters.
However, time-amplitude signals can be represented by a
family of complex exponents with infinite time duration
using Fourier transforms (FTs). Additionally, any given
time-domain signal can be written as a function of all of the
frequencies present in it using Fourier transforms. This is
achieved by representing a signal by sinusoidal
components with infinite time duration [8, 9], which are
given by:
(1)
where is the transformed signal, is the radian
frequency, and is time. To regenerate the time domain
signal from the frequency domain signal , an
inverse Fourier transform has to be applied:
(2)
However, the continuous-time Fourier transform can
only be applied to signals of continuous time and infinite
duration. Additionally, as signals are commonly acquired
and stored digitally as a set of data points in most
applications, it is necessary to use the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) [9], which is:
(3)
where and denote discrete frequency and time
signal respectively, k and n represent the frequency and time
indices, and represents the number of points that are
equally spaced in the interval 0 to 2π.
The fast Fourier transform (FFT) was developed for the
rapid fast calculation of the discrete Fourier transform. Kim,
et al. [10] mentioned that the FFT algorithm needs the time
domain sequence to have a length of data points equal
to the power of 2; which means that samples are
required where m is a positive integer. Generally speaking,
the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a useful technique for
transforming difficult operations into very simple ones, and
for analysing the spectral content of a stationary signal, but it
is inefficient in analysing non-stationary and transitory
signals due to its constant time and frequency resolutions [8].
Nevertheless, provided that the signals are stationary, the
task of distinguishing faulty from normal conditions based
on the FFT can be achieved accurately. Therefore, many
fault diagnosis studies using this technique have been
published. For instance, it has been successfully applied for
the condition monitoring of electrical motors and cutting
tools [11-13].
C. Time –frequency analysis
The signals from faulty parts have a non-stationary
nature. However, if the frequency component of non-
stationary signals is calculated using the Fourier transform,
the results will represent the frequency composition averaged
over the duration of the signal [14]. Consequently, the
characteristics of the transient signal cannot be described
adequately using the Fourier transform. Therefore, time-
frequency analysis has been investigated and applied for the
fault diagnosis of machinery because of its capability of
signal representation in both the frequency and time domains
[14, 15]. This unique feature of time-frequency analysis
techniques means that it is suitable for non-stationary
signals. Moreover, time-frequency methods can give
interesting information in regards to energy distribution over
frequency bands. A number of techniques of time-frequency
analysis, such as the short time Fourier transform and
wavelet transforms, have been used for fault detection and
diagnosis. These techniques are discussed in the following
section to identify the main differences between them.
- Short time Fourier transforms
In many signal processing applications of, the Fourier
transform represents an adequate analytic method, but it has
a major drawback. When using Fourier transform in the
transformation from the time domain to the frequency
domain, all of the information belonging to the time will be
lost. Also, the Fourier technique can become less effective if
the signal is non-stationary and has characteristics that
change over time, because of drift, trends, transience or other
conditions [15].
To improve the Fourier transform, Gabor introduced a
windowing technique in 1946 known as the short time
Fourier transform (STFT). The STFT algorithm is based on
the division of signal into small portions and these are
assumed to be stationary. Then, a window function is located
at the start of the signal and multiplied together. After that,
the Fourier transform will be taken for the result of this
product. Next, this window function is moved to a new
segment of the signal and the above-mentioned process
repeated. Thus, this procedure is repeated until the end of the
signal is reached [16]. As a result, the STFT outlines the
signal into a two-dimensional function of frequency and
time, as shown in the figure below.
Figure 2. Signal analysed by STFT [17].
The mathematical definition of the STFT is:
(4)
140
where is the Fourier transform of the signal
which has already been windowed by the window
function with respect to the time shift variable ࣎.
Although the STFT provides both the frequency
spectrum and the time evolution of the signal, it also has a
major drawback: it has a fixed resolution with respect to the
time window size at all frequencies, and this can be
explained as follows. When the FFT is used, it can be
noticed that there is no time resolution, but on the other
hand the frequency resolution is very high. The reason for
this high resolution is related to the fact that the window
function used covers the entire time interval from minus
infinity to plus infinity. Conversely, the frequency
resolution when the STFT is implemented becomes less
good than the resolution given in the FFT, since the window
function has a finite length and therefore only a small
segment of the signal will be covered. However, in order to
increase the frequency resolution, the window function has
to be wide enough, but that will lead to missing the time
information as well as violating the stationarity assumption
which requires the window to be very small. Accordingly,
there is a trade-off relationship between time and frequency
in the STFT. A wide window gives good frequency
resolution but poorer time resolution and, vice versa [18].
- Discrete wavelet transform (dwt)
The wavelet transform was introduced to overcome the
resolution limitation of the STFT. The main difference
between the wavelet transform and the short time Fourier
transform is that the former has varying window lengths, and
it represents the signal as a sum of wavelets at different
scales [19]. The idea of the discrete wavelet transform is that
filters with different cut-off frequencies are utilized to
analyze the signal at different scales. Firstly, the signal is
passed through a high-pass filter to analyze high frequencies,
and then it is passed through a low-pass filter to analyze low
frequencies. Using digital techniques such as this, a time-
scale representation of a digital signal is obtained, as shown
in Figure 3. From this figure, it can be clearly seen that the
wide frequency bandwidth means low frequency resolution.
Similarly, long time duration leads to rough time resolution.
Generally speaking, by using the DWT, a multi-resolution
analysis can be performed at different frequency bands with
different resolutions by decomposing the time domain signal
[14, 19]. Two sets of functions are employed in the DWT.
These are called the wavelet function and the scaling
function, which are associated with the high-pass (HP) and
low-pass (LP) filters respectively. At the first level, the
original signal x[n] is decomposed into an approximation
coefficient (A1) and a detail coefficient (D1) by passing it
through high-pass g[n] and low-pass filters h[n] respectively.
This can be expressed mathematically as follows:
(5)
(6)
where yhigh [k] and ylow[k] are the outputs of the high-pass
and low-pass filters respectively, after down-sampling by 2.
The above procedure can be repeated to decompose A1 into
another approximation coefficient A2, and another detail
coefficient D2. This represents the second level of
decomposition, as shown in Figure 4. At every level, the
filtering and down-sampling will result in half the number of
samples (half the time resolution) and half the frequency
band (double the frequency resolution).
Frequency
Time
Figure 3. Time-scale representation of a signal.
Figure 4. Signal decomposition using discrete wavelet transform.
IV. SIGNAL DE-NOISING USING DWT
It is normal when conducting experiments that the signals
captured will be corrupted by noise. This is either due to
environmental influences or because of the data acquisition
process. Therefore, the de-noising of such signals, which can
be defined as the removal of noise while retaining and not
distorting the quality of the processed signal [20], represents
the first step in the analytic process. Signal de-noising using
the discrete wavelet transform consists of three steps [21,
22]. The first step is signal decomposition, which transforms
the signal into the time-scale plane by analysing it at a
number of levels (N) using a suitable wavelet family.
Wavelet detail coefficient thresholding represents the second
step in this process. This step has to be applied to eliminate
the small coefficients associated with noise from the wavelet
coefficients which are the result of the decomposition step.
The elimination of these small coefficients is generally
conducted with the detail coefficients after the
decomposition process, since it is typically considered that
noise has high frequency coefficients [4, 20] .
There are two common thresholding methods named
hard and soft thresholding. The hard thresholding process
can be achieved by setting wavelet coefficients whose
absolute values lie below the threshold to zero. However, in
soft thresholding, coefficients that have absolute values
greater than the threshold are reduced by a quantity equal to
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the value of the threshold. These operations can be expressed
mathematically in the equations below:
(7)
(8)
Finally, after the signal has been thresholded, the
inverse discrete wavelet transform has to be performed to
reconstruct the signal back from the shrunken coefficients,
as explained in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Signal de-noising procedure.
V. LABVIEW PROGRAMMING
In terms of programming, many functions have been
provided by LabVIEW, such as the interface with Matlab
and C language, which making graphical programming in
LabVIEW more flexible. Furthermore, Matlab software has
many specialized, efficient, and easy to learn toolboxes, and
so some of the commends in the wavelet analysis toolbox are
used here. This toolbox offers many options in helping to
accomplish wavelet analysis, such as specifying the number
of decomposition levels and selecting a suitable wavelet
family. Also, this toolbox has many functions that can be
employed to carry out signal de-noising. Therefore,
combining the capabilities of Matlab in data processing and
the advantages of LabVIEW graphical programming, the
virtual instrument produced will have more capabilities and
greater flexibility. In order to achieve the LabVIEW and
Matlab interface, LabVIEW offers a Matlab script node to
call a programme written in the Matlab language. In this
research a Matlab code to conduct wavelet analysis was
written in a Matlab script node. A non-stationary, chirp
signal type, shown in Figure 6, was generated to be used as
input to the Matlab script. This signal is designed to consist
of four sinusoidal signals, each of which consists of 256
samples with frequencies increasing in the order of 300, 600,
1200, and 2400 Hz. This leads the entire chirp signal to have
1024 samples. A block diagram of the signal generated is
shown in Figure 7. The ‘Build Array’ option should be
utilized in order to concatenate the four sinusoidal signals in
order to build the 1D chirp signal. The entire prepared
LabVIEW and Matlab code is illustrated in Figure 8.

Figure 6. Generated non-stationary signal.
Figure 7. LabVIEW block diagram of the generated signal.
Figure 8. Prepared LabVIEW code.
A Matlab code was written in Matlab script to carry out
wavelet analysis. However, many parameters in the code
have to be tuned properly for accurate wavelet analysis, such
as which wavelet family is used and the number of
decomposition levels. To achieve this, the ‘wavedec’
command was used. Additionally, 5-level wavelet analysis
has been applied in this research, in order to get a better
indication about the monitored signal. Also, the threshold
value (thr), and soft or hard (sorh) thresholding for signal de-
noising have to be set; therefore, the ‘thselect’ and ‘wthresh’
commands were employed. After these parameters have been
adjusted, the de-noised signal can be reconstructed from the
shrunken coefficients using the command ‘waverec’. In this
research the wavelet analysis parameters for signal de-
noising and feature extraction have been identified using a
technique explained in the next section. However, adjusting
the signal de-noising and wavelet analysis parameters
depends on the requirements of the research and the
condition of the acquired signal. Because of this, it is
advisable for researchers who want to accomplish noise
142
removal and feature extraction using wavelet analysis to
carefully consult the wavelet toolbox user guide [21].
VI. CHOOSING THE BEST WAVELET ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS
In this section a number of parameters which are
involved in signal de-noising and after that in multilevel
analysis using the wavelet transform are discussed. For
instance, which wavelet family will be utilized in the wavelet
analysis. Generally, the use of a different wavelet basis
would lead to different results from the analysed signal, and
there are still no general theoretical procedures which
describe how to select the optimum wavelet family.
Selection in many cases is done by trial and error. Another
important parameter is the choice of threshold estimation
value for signal de-noising. Three common threshold
calculation rules have been used in the literature, which are
heursure, minimaxi, and sqtwolog. However, the threshold
value is critical for the de-noising of any types of measured
signals. In principle, if the threshold value is set too large, it
will lead to distortion and discontinuity in the de-noised
signal. By contrast, if the threshold value is set very small,
some of the signal noise will not be removed, which means
that the de-noising effect is unsatisfactory and this affects the
characteristics extracted from the signal [19]. The final
important parameter is whether a hard or soft thresholding
technique is applied to derive the detail coefficients of the
analysed signal shrinkage, and then to construct the de-
noised signal from them. To find answers to all these
questions, a performance study has been conducted. In this
study, a parameter called the percentage root mean square
difference (PRMSD) is calculated using equation 9 [23]:
(9)
where X(i)raw signal and X(i)denoised signal are the amplitudes of
the noisy and de-noised signals respectively. A number of
simulated signals with different levels of noise added has
been utilized to calculate the PRMSD value. Eight wavelet
functions with different threshold calculation rules were used
in the analysis. If the computed value of PRMSD increases,
this means that the de-noising using that wavelet family with
its associated parameters is suitable for this work. As a
result, it was found that the best wavelet family is coif5.
Also, the best thresholding technique and threshold
calculation rule are soft thresholding and Heursure, as
illustrated in table 1 below.
TABLE I. CALCULATED PRMSD VALUES.
Db4 Sym2 Coif5
Minimaxi
Minimaxi
Minimaxi
Heursure
Heursure
Heursure
Sqtwolog
Sqtwolog
Sqtwolog
Thresholding
technique
Soft 43 42 46 38 37 38 54 45 53
Hard 18 19 21 15 14 14 30 29 29
 VII. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
For the purpose of testing the prepared system, signals
with different levels of amplitude and noise, to simulate fault
conditions, have been generated and analysed using the
prepared code. The features extracted from the fault signal
have been compared with those from a healthy signal.
However, in a real working environment the signals analysed
can be vibration, sound or electrical signals captured from
different types of machines, such as industrial robots or
rotating machines, using different categories of sensor.
The results of multi-resolution signal analysis using the
prepared code are shown in Figure 9. The generated chirp
signal is fed to the Matlab node to be analysed using the
wavelet transform. The output variables from the script are
the de-noised signal, five constructed signals from the detail
coefficients (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5), and one from the
approximation coefficient (A5). It can be noticed in Figure 9
that the noise is successfully removed using the discrete
wavelet transform. However, there are very strong
relationships between wavelet parameters, such as wavelet
family, number of decomposition levels and type of
thresholding, and the level of noise removed. And the same
thing is true with multi-level analysis (after removing the
noise) for feature extraction using the wavelet transform.
Furthermore, features such as standard deviation and kurtosis
have been computed immediately from the constructed
signals. These features are saved to measurement files to be
used later for evaluation and fault detection.
Figure 9. Some of the outputs result from the LabVIEW code.
From analysing the standard deviation and kurtosis
results from the constructed signals (D1, D2,….., D5) it has
been established that the change (fault) in the signal cannot
be recognized easily from all levels of signal analysis, as
illustrated in Figure 10. For instance, in this figure it is not
possible to determine a substantial variation in the standard
deviation values of level 4 and level 5 details (D4 and D5) in
the healthy and faulty situations, and the same is true for
143
level 1 as well. However, very significant differences can be
noticed between the healthy and faulty conditions in the level
2 and level 3 details (D2 and D3). This can be related to the
amount of noise which has been introduced, as it causes
some modes of frequencies to be induced within level 2 and
3 frequency ranges. However, the difference in these two
analysed signals can be detected easily at the previously
mentioned levels but not at all levels. This can be related to
the non-stationary nature of the analysed signals, which is
the case for signals captured from machine when a fault
starts to appear. Therefore, by using the wavelet analysis,
faults in industrial machinery can be detected in the early
stages before they have reached critical levels, so as to avoid
system degradation, malfunction, and catastrophic failure.
VIII.CONCLUSION
Wavelet analysis represents an efficient method of time-
frequency analysis. By using wavelet analysis, noise from
signals can be removed, the original signal can be restored,
and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio will be improved.
Also, by applying wavelet analysis, the signal can be
analyzed to its sub-band frequencies. In this paper, a real-
time wavelet analysis system has been designed. Hybrid
programming combining LabVIEW graphical programming
with Matlab textural programming has been shown to be an
effective method to build an intelligent signal monitoring
and feature extraction system. Moreover, this system can be
used for many applications, such as noise removal,
biomedical signal analysis, and fault detection, or it could
can be modified for use in many control applications. The
next stage of this work is to extend it and apply artificial
intelligence techniques, such as fuzzy logic or neural
networks, for feature classification and decision-making.

Figure 10. Standard deviation values from healthy and faulty signals at
differet levels of analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alaa would like to express grateful thanks to sponsor of
his Ph.D. study, the University of Technology in Baghdad
Iraq.
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