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MOS Transistor Theory: Outline
MOS Transistor Theory: Outline
Theory
Outline
1
The Big Picture
2
MOS Structure
3
nMOS in cutoff operation mode
No channel
Ids = 0
Channel forms
Current flows from D to S
e- from S to D
Ids increases with Vds
Similar to linear
resistor
4
nMOS in Saturation operation mode
pMOS Transistor
10
5
I-V Characteristics (nMOS)
In Linear region, Ids depends on
How much charge is in the channel?
How fast is the charge moving?
11
Channel Charge
MOS structure looks like parallel
plate capacitor while operating in
inversion:
Gate – oxide – channel
Qchannel = CV
C = Cg = εoxWL/tox = coxWL
V = Vgc – Vt = (Vgs – Vds/2) – Vt
12
6
Carrier velocity
Charge is carried by e-
Carrier velocity v proportional to lateral
E-field between source and drain
v = µE µ called mobility
E = Vds/L
Time for carrier to cross channel:
t=L/v
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7
nMOS Saturation I-V
0 Vgs < Vt cutoff
I ds = β Vgs − Vt − ds V V < V
V
ds linear
2 ds dsat
β
( )
2
V gs − Vt Vds > Vdsat saturation
2
16
8
I-V characteristics of nMOS Transistor
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Example
m = 350 cm2/V*s 2
L 100 ⋅ 10 L L 18
9
pMOS I-V Characteritics
19
0 Vgs < Vt cutoff
I ds = β Vgs − Vt − ds V V < V
V
ds linear
2 ds dsat
β
(Vgs − Vt )
2
Vds > Vdsat saturation
2
20
10
I-V characteristics of pMOS Transistor
21
11
Gate Capacitance
Gate Capacitance
12
Detailed Gate Capacitance
Capacitance Cutoff Linear Saturation
Cgb (total) C0 0 0
Cgd (total) CoxWLD C0/2 + CoxWLD CoxWLD
Cgs (total) CoxWLD C0/2 + CoxWLD 2/3 C0+ CoxWLD
Diffusion Capacitance
Csb, Cdb
Undesired capacitance (parasitic)
Due to the reverse biased p-n
junctions between source diffusion
and body and drain diffusion and body
Capacitance depends on area and
perimeter
Use small diffusion nodes
Comparable to Cg for
contacted diffusion
½ Cg for uncontacted
Varies with process
26
13
Lumped representation of the
MOSFET capacitances
27
14
Velocity saturation and
mobility degradation
At strong lateral fields
resulting from high Vds,
drift velocity rolls off due
to carrier scattering and
eventually saturates
15
Body Effect
Subthreshold Conduction
The ideal transistor I-V model assumes current only flows
from source to drain when Vgs > Vt.
In real transistors, current doesn’t abruptly cut off below
threshold, but rather drop off exponentially
This leakage current when the transistor is nominally OFF
depends on:
process (εox, tox)
doping levels (NA, or ND)
device geometry (W, L)
temperature (T)
( Subthreshold voltage (Vt) )
32
16
Junction Leakage
The p-n junctions between diffusion and the substrate or
well for diodes.
The well-to-substrate is another diode
Substrate and well are tied to GND and VDD to ensure
these diodes remain reverse biased
But, reverse biased diodes still conduct a small amount of
current that depends on:
Doping levels
Area and perimeter of the diffusion region
The diode voltage
33
Tunneling
17
Temperature dependence
35
Geometry Dependence
36
18
Impact of non-ideal I-V effects
Threshold is a significant fraction of the supply voltage
Leakage is increased causing gates to
consume power when idle
limits the amount of time that data is retained
Leakage increases with temperature
Velocity saturation and mobility degradation
result in less current than expected at high voltage
No point in trying to use high VDD to achieve fast
transistors
Transistors in series partition the voltage across each
transistor thus experience less velocity saturation
Tend to be a little faster than a single transistor
Two nMOS in series deliver more than half the
current of a single nMOS transistor of the same
width 37
Matching: same dimension and orientation
Pass Transistors
38
19
Pass transistor Circuits
39
40
20
Tri-state Inverter
41
42
21
RC Values
Capacitance
C = Cg = Cs = Cd = 2 fF/µm of gate width
Values similar across many processes
Resistance
R ≈ 6 KΩ*µm in 0.6um process
Improves with shorter channel lengths
Unit transistors
May refer to minimum contacted device (4/2 λ)
or maybe 1 µm wide device
Doesn’t matter as long as you are consistent
43
RC Delay Models
44
22
Switch level RC models
45
46
delay = 6RC
23
Resistance of a unit transmission gate
z The effective resistance of a transmission gate is the
parallel of the resistance of the two transistor
z Approximately R in both directions
z Transmission gates are commonly built using equal-sized
transistors
z Boosting the size of the pMOS only slightly improve the
effective resistance while significantly increasing the
capacitance
47
Summary
Models are only approximations to reality, not reality itself
Models cannot be perfectly accurate
Little value in using excessively complicated models, particularly
for hand calculations
To first order current is proportional to W/L
But, in modern transistors Leff is shorter than Ldrawn
Doubling the Ldrawn reduces current more than a factor of two
Two series transistors in a modern process deliver more than half
the current of a single transistor
Use Transmission gates in place of pass transistors
Transistor speed depends on the ratio of current to capacitance
Sources of capacitance (voltage dependents)
Gate capacitance
Diffusion capacitance
48
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