UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning

INTRODUCTION: There are multiple criteria as to how today’s buildings are assessed. These
▪ A buildings performance indicates may include the following:
how efficiently it performs its ▪ Sustainability (eco friendly materials, energy consumptions, building
functions in terms of physical, fabric retention of heat through the use of insulation or designing for
social or environmental optimal glazing performance, water efficient systems such as grey
considerations. water recycling)
▪ Examples of physical efficiency ▪ Provide healthy environment to endure comfort through control of
parameters: temperature, humidity and ventilation
- Heat loss ▪ Impact on the ecology due to construction
- Energy Use ▪ Acoustical performance inside the buildings and impact on outdoors
- Water Use ▪ Operational cost of the building
- Water tightness ▪ Water proofing and tightness
- Structural Performance ▪ Layout optimization – privacy, sunlight, views, occupant circulation etc
- Fire performance ▪ Lighting requirement, glare, design and comfort – Dynamic study
▪ Air flow or ventilation study – Dynamic study
▪ Thermal and energy performance – Dynamic study

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning
ACTIVITIES AND PHASE:
▪ Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) includes a range of
activities that is conducted in a systematic and rigorous
manner.
▪ These include:
1. Research
2. Measurement
3. Comparison
4. Evaluation
5. Feedback
▪ The above activities takes place in every phase of a building’s
life cycle which includes:
1. Planning
2. Briefing/Programming
3. Design
4. Construction
5. Occupancy
6. Recycling

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning

Performance Evaluation through Simulations: THE NEED

▪ Emerging buildings these days require operational
requirements of the users to be fulfilled along with the
building being sustainable in nature.
▪ This is an enormous challenge to architects and other
professionals associated in the industry as they must take
into account the various dynamic processes around us:
1. Global Climate Change
2. Growing Occupant Needs
3. Comfort Expectations
4. Depletion of fossil fuels
5. Increasing flexibility of organizations
6. Indoor Environment and health
▪ In order to manage and control all these above measures
required a robust building and system solutions through an
intergrated approach

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning
Performance Evaluation through Simulations: THE NEED
▪ In the design stage various trial and error/ research/ guidance must
take place to enable the designer to create a high performing
sustainable building or urban space.
▪ The parameters that are usually considered are:
1. Temperature and Thermal Indices
2. Energy Consumption
3. Lighting
4. Ventilation
5. Air Quality
6. Acoustics

▪ Traditionally designed buildings are largely unsuitable for

addressing the above parameters to meeting an optimal output.
▪ This is because they assume a static case, which usually consists of
designing for the most extreme condition.
▪ These calculations are based on analytical methods – which seeks
to provide an exact solution for a simplified model of reality. FOR EXAMPLE: In the above images, is temperature,
solar radiation and visible light always constant???

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning

Performance Evaluation through Simulations:

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND SIMULATION
▪ The emerging role in the performance
evaluation of building happens in the design
process itself, where building models are
created and simulated
▪ This method is multi-disciplinary, problem
oriented and has a wider scope
▪ Simulations assume a dynamic (Usually hourly
basis which is continuous in time), boundary
conditions and is based on numerical methods
▪ This provides an approximate solution of a
realistic model of complexity
▪ Computational simulations is a powerful
analytic tool – however quality of simulation
results is difficult to ensure.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to the Emerging role of performance PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
evaluation in building design and master planning

Performance Evaluation through Simulations:

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND
SIMULATION
▪ A diverse range of disciplines give rise to
the power and complexity of building
performance model and simulation. These
include:
1. Physics
2. Mathematics
3. Material Science
4. Biophysics
5. Human Behavior
6. Environmental Science
7. Computational Science

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

A. Thermal and Energy Models and Simulations

▪ Energy models of multiple design alternatives can assist in
finding the optimal solution.
▪ In order to generate model the following workflow is
required:

1. Define Site, Location and Climate – This step requires the

designer to download and upload the weather data file
(usually EPW file) with hourly observation data for a specific
weather station.
2. Create Building Geometry and Thermal Zoning – Intricacies
of building geometry is drafted directly into the energy
simulation engine. 3D architectural models are transitioned
to a energy model with material properties assigned to the
building envelope.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

3. Building Orientation/Site Layout/Solar Shades – Model is

made with adjacent building, site obstruction and any
structures that block direct solar radiation. Building
orientation is set up within the site boundary. Solar
shading calculations is usually made at this stage and
results are carried over to the dynamic thermal
simulations.
4. Internal Gains and Operational Profile – Internal heat
gain from equipment within the building/room is
assigned. This includes office equipment, residential
appliances, lighting power and other equipment
associated with occupant use. Operational profiles are
inputs about time of day and hours of usage of the above.
Sensible and latent heat gain associated with occupant
metabolic rate is also assigned by entering number of
occupants and the clo values.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

5. Building Envelope Properties – The thermophysical properties

of building fabric materials are entered into the energy model.
External and internal properties of the walls, floors, roofs,
windows, doors and roof lights are assigned. However, the
most important property to be entered is the U-Value of the
material construction of the above – this represents the
overall heat transfer coefficient, material thickness, density
and solar reflectivity.
6. Air Tightness - Defines how well sealed the building is from
external air conditions. Energy model results must reflect the
impact of air infiltration through the façade. This has a major
impact on the heating and cooling loads of the building.
7. Domestic Hot Water System – The consumption levels are
based on the number of occupants and hot water fixtures.
The model may include gas or electric heaters, solar panels,
circulation pumps and storage tanks. The parameters include
the efficiency of the system, operating power of the pump,
volume of storage tank and heat losses.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

8. HVAC Model – Highly detailed model of the air

conditioning and ventilation system is assigned. In
order to mimic the operational and controls of the
actual system is entered through the operation of all
mechanical equipment such as chillers, air-handling-
units, fans, chilled beams, cooling towers and pumps.
Calculations made through efficiency of the systems
and thermal loads base on hourly simulations.
9. Optimizing HVAC Operation – Used to minimize energy
consumption and carbon emissions. Optimization can
be done through various criteria – annual energy
consumption, carbon dioxide, fresh air rates, thermal
comfort levels (PMV) etc.
10. Add Renewable Energy System – Renewable energy
sources can be added directly to the model – solar
panels, solar hot water system, wind turbines and
geothermal systems. Check to see if software is cable.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

B. Indoor Air Quality Simulation (IAQ)

▪ Several criteria can be assessed using certain simulation tools
▪ Key design criteria used: thermal comfort, indoor air
contaminants, air change effectiveness and age of air.

C. CO2 Concentration
▪ One of the major indicators of air quality
▪ Building occupants release carbon dioxide – increased levels
indoors can be unhealth
▪ Insufficient renovation of air is one of the major causes for
Sick Building Syndrome
▪ Frequent outdoor supply air is critical but needs to be optimal,
since outside air needs to be processes at right temperature
and humidity conditions by HVAC.
▪ Model must specify if outside air is supplied through air-
conditioning ducts or naturally ventilated (operable windows)

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

D. Thermal Comfort
▪ Thermal comfort calculations are directly derived from the
thermal model details given. It is assessed based on indoor
air and radiant temperature, relative humidity and air
velocity in specific occupant metabolic rates and clothing.
▪ Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) – thermal scale that runs from
Cold (-3) to Hot (+3), system developed by Franger.
▪ Recommended acceptable PMV is between -0.5 and +0.5 for
interior ventilated space
▪ Naturally ventilated spaces can have wider temperature
range following an adaptive comfort scale.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Understanding Architectural Computation for
Performance Evaluation
E. Lighting Comfort (Visual Comfort – Daylighting and Glare
Analysis)
▪ Natural light can be used to reduce energy use and sensible
heat loads associated with internal artificial lighting.
▪ Use of dynamic lighting control to maintain optimal levels
can bring down the energy consumption
▪ Daylight Factor can be used in the initial stages of design
(static calculation)
▪ Dynamic simulation or Daylight Autonomy provides
designers with details of illuminance levels across different
spaces through the year
▪ Daylight model processes the 3D geometric model along
with the material properties assigned to the
internal/external surfaces. ,The material properties used are:
- Solar Reflectivity (R), material emissivity for opaque
surfaces, Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) and Visible Light
Reflectance (VLR) for glazing elements.
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Sky model definitions:
1. CIE Sunny Clear Sky – Clear sky with direct
illumination from the sun. used for Glare
simulations.
2. CIE Clear Day - Clear sky without direct
illumination from the sun
3. CIE Sunny Intermediate Day - intermediate
between overcast and clear skies with direct
illuminance from the sun
4. CIE Intermediate Day – CIE standard intermediate
sky with illuminance levels between overcast and
clear skies. Direct illuminance not included
5. CIE Overcast Day – represents the luminance
distribution observed at overcast skies. Usually
used for modelling. – Can be used as 10,000 lx at
zenith (Usually used in Daylight Factor
Calculations). Used for DF calculations.
6. Uniform Cloudy Sky – Sky illumination is
completely uniform. Used for DF calculatiosn
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

E. Lighting Comfort (Visual

Comfort – Daylighting and
Glare Analysis)
▪ Daylight sensos can be used
to measure illuminance at a
particular point in the
interior surfaces – can be
integrated with the energy
model to dim the lights
when lux levels increased
the required.
▪ Results for daylight and glare
can be presented on the
working plan or 3D view –
Perspective, Hemispherical
Fish-eye and Angular Fish-
eye.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Understanding Architectural Computation for PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Performance Evaluation

F. VENTILATION
▪ Air exchange Effectiveness relates to how
efficiently the supply air is distributed
through the built spaces. Measures the age
of air in occupied parts of the building to the
age of air in a perfectly mixed ventilation
system
▪ Age of Air – average amount of time that has
elapsed since the air has entered a specific
location within the built space.
▪ If air change effectiveness is 1 ach – outdoor
air flow rate to the ventilated space is same
as minimum design requirements.
▪ Simulations are performed by Computational
Fluid Dynamics. Configurations done through
setup of finite mesh and boundary conditions
that can mimic the actual mechanical and
natural ventilation systems.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA,
LEED, IGBC and BREAM
GRIHA
▪ GRIHA is an ingenious rating system (India) developed by TERI
▪ GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment.
▪ GRIHA is the Sanskrit word for ‘Abode”
The Objectives of GRIHA:
1. Minimizing the overall ecological impact posed by the
building, reducing resource consumption and waste
generation
2. Evaluated the entire life cycle of the building to assess
the environmental performance of the built space.
3. Seeks to strike a balance between energy and
environmental principles
4. Reduce energy consumption while maintaining comfort
conditions
5. Minimize destruction of natural area, biodiversity,
habitats of species and reduce soil loss from erosion
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Five ‘R’ Philosophy
1. REFUSE to adopt international styles,
materials, products, especially when local
options are available
2. REDUCE dependence on energy intensive
appliances, systems, processes etc.
3. REUSE products, materials and use traditional
technologies to reduce the cost of the
building
4. RECYCLE All types of waste generated from
the building site during the construction,
operation and demolition stage.
5. REINVENT practices, design process and
systems native to India and create global
example, as opposed to India following
international examples.
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

GRIHA ELIGIBILITY:
▪ All pre-design/design stage buildings except industrial EVALUATION PROCEDURE
complexes are eligible for certification under GRIHA. 1. Pre Documentation Stage – Team from
▪ ADaRSH (Association for Development and Research of ADaRSH meet with the Integrated Design
Sustainable Habitats), GRIHA secretariat evaluates whether the team of the client and determine the points
project is eligible for rating or not that are going to be targeted for the project
2. Post Documentation Stage -
GRIHA PROCESS: Documentation proof of the the targets in
▪ Registration of building project is done using the website the criteria being achieved is submitted for
(http://www.grihaindia.org) evaluation.
▪ The registration process requires the following information:
1. Application forms Evaluation is done by third party evaluators –
2. List of Submissions they determine the final rating that is to be
3. Score Points awarded to the building
4. Weightage system
5. Online documentation

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

GRIHA VARIANTS:
▪ SWAGRIHA (100-2499 sq.m)
▪ GRIHA (2500 – 1,50,000 sq.m)
▪ GRIHA LD (Over 50 hectares)

GRIHA RATING CRITERIA

▪ Points are earned for meeting the criteria
▪ Each criteria under the environmental category is
assigned points.
▪ GRIHA is a 100 point system
▪ Certification is based on one star to five stars.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

GRIHA ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORY

▪ Sustainable Site Planning
▪ Construction Management
▪ Energy Efficiency
▪ Occupant Comfort
▪ Water Management
▪ Solid Waste Management
▪ Sustainable Building Materials
▪ Life Cycle Costing
▪ Socio-Economic Strategies
▪ Life Cycle Costing
▪ Performance Metering and Monitoring
▪ Innovation

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

For more detailed information and step by

step criteria approach click on the link below:
https://www.grihaindia.org/sites/default/files/
pdf/Manuals/griha-v2019-abridged-manual.pdf

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA,
LEED, IGBC and BREAM
Criterion 13: Optimize building
design to reduce conventional
energy demand
Commitment
Plan appropriately to reflect
climate responsiveness,
including adequate daylighting
as well as efficient artficial
lighting.
▪ Perform artificial lighting
simulation to demonstrate
that the lighting levels in
indoor spaces are
maintained as recommended
in NBC 2005
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Examples of Simulation Software accepted by GRIHA:
Criterion 14: Optimize energy
performance of building within
specified comfort limits
Commitment
Ensure reduction in EPI up to 40% under
a specified category.
▪ Minimum benchmark for energy
performance index as per GRIHA
▪ Ensure that energy consumption in
building under a specified category is
10%–40% less than that benchmarked
through a simulation exercise. (16
points)
▪ The energy systems includes air
conditioners, indoor lighting systems,
water heaters, air heaters and air
circulation devices.
▪ Annual energy consumption data for
the building and the unmet comfort
conditions for non-AC area, as per
GRIHA, supported by the simulation
results from the software used.
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

LEED
▪ LEED was founded by United States Green Building Council in
the year 1993
▪ It is a non-profit organization based in Washington DC
▪ It had a vision of achieving sustainability in building sector
within a generation

The Objectives of LEED:

1. To define green building by establishing standards of
measurement.
2. Promoting integrated design practices.
3. Recognizing environmental leadership in building
industry.
4. To increase the awareness among customers by
specifying the benefits of green building.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM
LEED
▪ LEED rating system family can be divided into 5 categories:
1. Building Design and Construction (BD+C)
2. Interior Design and Construction (ID+C)
3. Building Operation and Management (O+M)
4. Neighborhood development (ND)
5. Homes Design and Construction

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

LEED Credit Categories

▪ Sustainable Sites
▪ Water Efficiency
▪ Energy & Atmosphere
▪ Materials and Resources
▪ Indoor Environmental
Quality
▪ Innovation in Operations
and Regional Priority

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

List of approved LEED software

(Bold indicates it is mentioned within the
LEEDonline v3 EAp2 forms)

DOE2
eQUEST
Visual DOE
EnergyPlus
EnergyPro
HAP (Carrier HAP)
TRACE 700 (Trane TRACE)
OTHER (see requirements of Appendix G, Section
G2)
BLAST (not mentioned within the LEED form, but
listed in 90.1 section G2)
IES (Integrated environmental solutions, listed in
LEED Advanced energy modeling)

The image to the left is the project checklist for each category.
Multiple criteria are under each category and must be checked
off with adequate proof to secure the associated points.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

IGBC
▪ Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) was formed by
the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2001
▪ The council headquarters is in CII Green Business
Centre, Hyderabad (India’s 1st Platinum rated green
building)
▪ Off-shoot of LEED to suit Indian context and
conditions

IGBC Green New Buildings rating system is

broadly classified into two types:
1) Owner-occupied buildings are those wherein
51% or more of the building’s built-up area is
occupied by the owner.
2) Tenant-occupied buildings are those wherein
51% or more of the building’s built-up area is
occupied by the tenants.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

IGBC
▪ Certification levels are similar to LEED
▪ Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum and Super
Platinum

OBJECTIVES OF IGBC
▪ Water conservation
▪ Handling of consumer waste
▪ Energy Efficiency
▪ Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels
▪ Redes dependency of Virgin Materials
▪ Health and Well-being of Occupants

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, LEED, IGBC and BREAM
Simulation Approach to gaining credits
1. Demonstrate that the passive architecture
measures implemented in the project has resulted
in at least 2% energy savings of total annual
energy consumption (through whole building
simulation approach).
The approach shall address the following aspects,
but not limited to:
▪ Climate-responsive concepts and design
features (Eg: orientation, skylights, light wells,
courtyard, shaded corridors, shading devices,
shading from trees & adjacent buildings,
pergolas, punched windows, extended louvers,
horizontal and vertical landscaping)
▪ Passive cooling / heating technologies (Eg:
wind tower, earth tunnel, geothermal
technologies)
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
2. 50 % of the regularly occupied spaces with 3. Design the building to comply with ASHRAE Standard
daylight illuminance levels for a minimum of 90.1-2010, Appendix - G (without amendments) through
110 Lux (and a maximum of 1,100 Lux) in a Performance based approach (Whole building simulation).
clear sky condition on 21st September at 12 Simulation is to be carried out at comfort temperatures of
noon, at working plane (through simulation or 24 + 2 deg C.
measurement approach) Points are awarded based on energy cost percentage
savings as detailed below:
Upward Lighting: Design exterior lighting such
that all site and building-mounted luminaires
produce a maximum initial illuminance values,
as defined in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010.
(AND)
Lighting Power Density: The lighting power
density should be reduced by 30% for building
facades and exterior areas vis-à-vis the ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2010 baselines, Section 9.4.3 -
Exterior Building Lighting Power (tradable &
non-tradable surfaces).
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

BREEEAM
▪ It was launched in 1990 by UK’s Building Research Establishment (BRE)
▪ It sets standards for the environmental performance of buildings
through design, specification, construction and operational phases.

The Objectives of BREEAM

1. Ensure quality through sustainability impacts.
2. Use quantified measures for determining sustainability.
3. Adopt a flexible approach
4. Use best available science and practice (quantifying) and cost-
effective performance standard
5. Seek economic, social and environmental gains jointly
6. Framework should meet the ‘local’ context
7. Integrate construction professionals
8. Adopt third party certification
9. Adopt existing industry tools, practices and other standards to
support developments in policy and technology
10. Use stakeholder consultation

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Performance Audit and Rating Systems – GRIHA, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LEED, IGBC and BREAM

ASSIGNMENT TASK

1. Create a comparative matrix between GRIHA, LEED, IGBC

and BREEAM with a detailed example of New Construction
Building (TABULAR RECORDING)
2. Explain the process of green rating system through an
example of each one of the rating system and how
simulations were integrated in the design process to avail
the points for appropriate criteria (PPT PRESENTATION)

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
Geometry Creation Building Template Manager
▪ Use different 3D objects to quickly build your model: • Each space you create in the model is automatically assigned generic room
Rectangular, Non-Rectangular, Spherical, Hemispherical, information which is organised by the Building Template Manager
Cylindrical, Pyramid • All information is editable – you can even create your own library of templates
▪ Full range of editing features: cut, move, copy, paste, • The templates contain information such as occupancy profiles, constructions,
rotate, push/pull, merge, split surface colours and building control information
▪ Shading surfaces can be assigned: adjacent buildings, • You can access the relevant parts of the room information from VE application, and
topographical shades, local shades add additional information specific to that application.
▪ Windows, doors or holes can be defined on any surface • The process is extremely fast and efficient, minimising the risk of data entry errors
ModelIT ▪ Components can be added from the library or created:
tables, chairs, trees, columns etc.
• Rooms can be grouped for easy assignment and editing of data
• The system allows you to fast start projects or help prepare project bids without
enables you to build a 3D ▪ Attributes can be modified for individual rooms or groups significant data input
analysis model with or of rooms
without CAD data. It is ▪ Rooms can be assigned to different modelling ‘layers’ for
the principle modelling easy inspection
tool within the Virtual ▪ Geometry can be visualised and edited from standard
Environment. Any views; plan, front, back, right, left, axonometric
information stored can ▪ Locks and snaps make it easy to draw and modify rooms:
be easily shared and grid, endpoint, midpoint and nearest point
manipulated within any ▪ Site location and model orientation can be easily set and
VE application. modified
▪ Ruler & protractor tools
▪ Open Street Map (OSM) connection allows the import of
surrounding buildings and geometry
▪ ShapeFile and gml import support
▪ VE Start page includes starter geometry and schematic
geometry wizard (select from standard floor plan layouts)

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
Fast Track Functions
•Rooms within models can be conveniently
grouped to help analysis and assignment of data
•Room and surface attributes are automatically
calculated, displayed and are editable on
integrated views when selected: name, ID, floor
area, wall area, eternal opening area
•Percentage glazing, sill/window heights or
window arrays can be changed globally
•Automatic pitched roof generator
ModelIT •Floor and ceiling height editor
enables you to build a 3D •Partition tool to quickly split existing zones
analysis model with or •Duplicates of repeated window/door arrays can
without CAD data. It is be created to quickly transfer duplicated
the principle modelling information
tool within the Virtual •Drag Face function allow volumes to be resized
Environment. Any quickly
information stored can •DXF trace over function
be easily shared and •Storey extruder to create multiple stories from
manipulated within any a single zone or multiple spaces
VE application. •Zone split to take any existing zone/s and
partition vertically into different spaces for
stratified zone or floor/ceiling plenums
•Option to assign constructions and/or Macroflo
properties to openings based on current
selection criteria
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
ModelViewerII Visualisation Options
▪ Fly through capability
▪ Dynamic pan, zoom and orbit control
▪ View from any perspective or distance
▪ Textures, rendering and sketch style
options
▪ X-ray display mode
▪ View colours can be customised
▪ Easily export images & videos for use in
client demonstrations
▪ Simplified camera path functionality for
video creation and reporting
▪ Adjustable sky background
▪ Ability to turn on/off grid lines to give
perspective and scale
Solar Shading / Solar Arc Options
▪ View real time shadows on 3D Model –
choose the date and time you want
▪ Visualize sun position in the sky in relation to
the 3D Model. You can choose to toggle on or
off views which show: azimuth, altitude,
defined time, sun rise and sun set times,
autumn equinox, summer & winter solstices
▪ Video animations can be created across time
periods
▪ Both can be viewed on a minute by minute
basis across the year
▪ Modify the size of both the arc and the sun to
match the model footprint, should the default
settings not be suitable
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
ApacheSim is
comprised of the following
tools:
1. Apache
2. ApacheEngine
3. Vista & VistaPro
4. ApacheView
5. ApachePro
6. ApacheLocate
7. Constructions Database
Calculations are based on
first-principles models of
heat transfer process and are
driven by real weather data.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Data Entry Options
▪ Extensive database of global weather
▪ Data detailing layer-by-layer thermo-physical properties of building elements
▪ Comprehensive data on glazing systems including angle-dependent
transmissivity and absorptivity
▪ Option to define electrochromic properties of glazing and shading devices that
dynamically vary in response to model conditions within simulation
▪ Ability to define renewable energy generators: PV (parametric, free standing
and high concentration), wind generators and CHP systems
▪ Sensible and latent gains from lights, equipment and occupants
▪ Natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and infiltration
▪ Plant operation profiles and efficiency characteristics
▪ Powerful facilities for assigning and editing time-varying room data such as
plant, casual gains and air exchanges
▪ Database of constructions
▪ Time-series profiles
▪ Tabular Edit interface for entering properties of thermal templates, room
thermal properties, HVAC systems and constructions. Gives ability to quickly
enter data, review inputs and includes option to export and import *.csv files
(e.g. Excel)
▪ Faster project setup using Master Template and Design Options features. The
Master Templates feature delivers bulk data copying & rapid automatic seeding
of data in to a project while the Design Option feature provides a means to
make specific and targeted changes to specified data in a project
▪ Sub-metering options within ‘Energy Sources & Meters’ – create meters for all
the fuels that exist in the model then sub-meter and collate this information in
VistaPro

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
▪ Building and System performance indicators include:
Output Options 1. Totals of room and ventilation loads: heating cooling, humidification,
ApacheSim’s output database can be browsed to interrogate dehumidification
every aspect of building thermal performance, from individual 2. HVAC Loads
surface temperatures to annual energy consumption. 3. Systems energy form Idealised plant heating and cooling energy or from
ApacheHVAC linked simulation
Results accessible via graphical views of the building with 4. Energy Consumption: Annual, Monthly, hourly
interrogation of data possible at a hierarchy of levels: 5. Carbon Emissions for system and building; option to breakdown by fuel
1. Building 6. Tariff analysis: operational cost reductions linked to energy consumption
2. Room & fuel tariffs
ApacheSim is 3. Surface
4. Opening
▪ Multiple results can be displayed simultaneously or aggregated.
▪ Psychrometric Charts with options to display room thermal comfort and HVAC
comprised of the following
▪ Multiple tables and graphs are produced for results analysis node state display or simulation weather file data
tools:
including monthly summaries, ranges or user-specified ▪ Results can be exported to other windows applications for use in reports,
1. Apache
synopses presentations and further analysis
2. ApacheEngine
▪ Chart axes can be user defined and results plotted as ▪ Content Manager provides a central area to access and store all VE reports.
3. Vista & VistaPro
absolute values or else divided by floor area or room volume VistaPro can generate the following reports:
4. ApacheView
1. Room performance indicators include: 1. Heating and Cooling Report - Provides a monthly summary of the building
5. ApachePro
2. Room temperatures: air, mean, radiant, dry, resultant systems energy consumption, CO2 consumption, basic comfort checks
6. ApacheLocate
3. ISO comfort indices: predicted mean Vote (PMV) and and peak loads breakdown.
7. Constructions Database
percentage of people Dissatisfied (PPD) 2. Room and Zone Loads Report for ApacheHVAC - Generate loads report for
4. Room Loads: heating, cooling, humidification, ASHRAE methods loads analysis run for Rooms, HVAC Zones or HVAC
Calculations are based on
dehumidification System Sizing analyses.
first-principles models of
5. Loads breakdowns: casual and solar gains, conduction 3. Energy Report - Gives a graphical summary of the energy simulation
heat transfer process and are
and ventilation losses, plant inputs results including; Energy End Use Consumption breakdown (Site Energy,
driven by real weather data.
6. Surface temperatures Source Energy and CO2), Annual Energy Usage dashboard, Energy Use
7. Energy Consumption: Annual, Monthly, hourly Intensity (EUI) chart and Energy Flows Sankey, associated Costs overview
and view of Peak Electricity & Fossil Fuel consumptions alongside any
Generators onsite.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
RADIANCE
This application uses sophisticated ray-tracing
techniques to produce a physically accurate
representation of light distribution. It
can take into account:
•Position of your building and site
•Time of day and date
•Sky conditions
•Material properties
•Shading surfaces
•Adjacent buildings
Simulations can include detailed complex
geometry and a wide variety of material
types. Both luminance (what your eye sees)
and surface or working plane illuminance
(what the surface receives) can be analyzed.
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Input Options
▪ Parameters
1. Date & time
2. Sky conditions (from selection of internationally recognised conditions)
3. Working plane (if required)
4. Eye & focus positions (apply graphically or numerically)
5. Glare threshold
6. Inclusion / exclusion shading surfaces: adjacent buildings, topographical shades, local
shades
7. Option to choose sky resolution to speed up calculation of daylight coefficients
▪ Surface Properties
1. Integrated to project construction database
2. Apply colour – including components and shading surfaces
3. Select material properties from a pre-defined list
4. Create patterns of varying textures
5. Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF)
Components
1. Add from the global components library and amend if required
2. Create your own
3. Define which to include / exclude
▪ Image Properties
1. Field of view
2. Size
3. Quality
▪ Luminaires (if using in conjunction with LightPro)
1. Define which to include / exclude
2. queue any number of simulations and run at pre-defined times for increased efficiency
(e.g. outside office hours)
3. include components such as tables, chairs and people to make images more realistic
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction
to Building Performance Simulation Tools
Output Options
▪ Lux Levels (Illuminance)
1. Rendered image or tabular text
2. Figures displayed at any point on the image –
grid
3. At a defined working plane height
4. Contour line, contour band and false colour
images
5. Jpg & bmp file format export
▪ Daylight factors (Illuminance)
1. Rendered image or tabular text
2. Figures displayed at any point on the image –
grid
3. At a defined working plane height
4. Contour line, contour band and false colour
images
5. Jpg & bmp file format export
▪ Glare (Luminance)
1. Rendered images with glare indices overlay
2. Table showing Guth Index, CIE Index, Unified
Glare Index
3. Daylight glare probability index
4. Jpg & bmp file format export
▪ Climate Based Daylighting Metrics
1. Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI)
2. Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)
3. Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)
4. Coloured analysis bands and contours can be
shown on 3D ModelViewer
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
FlucsDL Output Options
▪ 3D model visualisation of Light Level
plots
1. select rooms to display
2. select room surfaces, working planes and
task areas to display
3. display as contour lines, false colour,
threshold or as grey-shaded grid cells
4. Foot Candle or Lux options
▪ 3D model visualisation of Daylight Factor
plots
1. select rooms to display
2. select room surfaces, working planes and
task areas to display
3. display as contour lines, false colour,
threshold or as grey-shaded grid cells
▪ Display of Light Levels and Daylight
Factors can be toggled independently
▪ Summary Table showing minimum,
maximum and average levels, plus
uniformity and diversity information
▪ Threshold Table showing individual room
threshold levels and building area-
weighted % above threshold
▪ Results easily exported, copied or printed
for use in client reports
PRESENTATION
PRESENTATIONBY:
BY:PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINIRAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR
PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction EVALUATION
to Building Performance Simulation Tools

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction to Performance Audit: Introduction EVALUATION

to Building Performance Simulation Tools

ASSIGNMENT TASK

1. Choose any one Simulation

software and create a presentation
for yourself in the form of a tutorial
PPT presentation.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to EVALUATION

thermal generation in a built form

▪ Building thermal simulation tools predict

the thermal performance of a given
building and the thermal comfort of its INPUT FOR THERMAL SIMULATAION ENGINE
occupants.
▪ In general, they support the
understanding of how a given building
operates according to certain criteria and
enable comparisons of different design
alternatives
▪ Evaluation of thermal comfort involves
assessment of at least six factors:
1. Human activity levels
2. Thermal resistance of clothing
3. Air temperature
4. Mean radiant temperature
5. Air velocity
6. Vapor pressure in ambient air

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to EVALUATION

thermal generation in a built form

Based on the evaluation in this study of various tools,

some information required for thermal simulation
includes as input data such as:
1. Building geometry, including the layout and
configuration of the space (surfaces and
volumes)
2. Grouping of rooms in thermally homogenous
zones
3. Building orientation
4. building construction, including the thermal
properties of all construction elements
5. Building usage including functional use,
internal loads and schedules for lighting,
occupants, and equipment, heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system
type
6. Operating sharacteristics, space conditioning
requirements, utility rates, and weather data.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to EVALUATION

thermal generation in a built form

WORKFLOW MODEL The result of the thermal simulation engine is an
integrated model or comprehensive information
and it should allow another program to read or to
analyze further. The output data or the
simulation result may be presented in a text,
graph or code.

The output results may include:

• Assessment of the space and building thermal
performance for compliance with regulations
and targets;
• Overall estimate of the energy used by the
space and for the building and an overall
estimate of
the energy cost;
• Time-based simulation of the energy use of the
building and time-based estimate of utility costs;
• Lifecycle estimate of the energy use and cost
for the building.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION

Introduction of simulation strategies related to

thermal generation in a built form

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to EVALUATION

thermal generation in a built form

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

▪ Prediction of light behavior is ideal for calculation with computers.
Formulas stating it take
▪ considerable time to solve by hand. Complexity grows proportionally to
that of the scene being computed.
▪ Lighting simulation can still be divided into two main areas, even
though they mutually benefit from developments in each of them.
▪ The first one is photorealistic rendering, involved with production of
artistic images.
▪ The second field, and focus of this review, is physically based
visualization (also known as predictive rendering). It deals with accurate
representation and prediction of reality under given conditions and
following physical laws

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Daylight Autonomy and Useful Daylight Index

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Lighting Metrics:
1) ILLUMINANCE is a photometric term that quantifies light incident on a plane or a surface and
can include contributions from electric light and daylight. The Illuminating Engineering Society
(IES) recommends horizontal and vertical illuminance targets to ensure adequate illumination and
safety for occupants of various ages. Illuminance is expressed in lux (lumens per square meter) or
footcandles (lumens per square foot). 1 footcandle = 10.76391 lux.

Material Properties to be
defined by the designer :
1. Reflectance
2. Transmittance
3. Roughness
4. Colour
5. Object type

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Lighting Metrics: 2) USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINANCE (UDI) is the annual occurrence of illuminances that is
1) ILLUMINANCE within a “useful” range for occupants.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Lighting Metrics:
4) UNIFORMITY is the ratio of minimum illuminance to average illuminance
3) DAYLIGHT FACTOR (DF) is the ratio of the illuminance at a point on a plane in a room due to
(EMIN/EAVE). For side-lit rooms, uniformity should be in the range of 0.3 – 0.4.
the light received from a sky of assumed or known luminance distribution, to that on a
For top-lit spaces such as an atrium, a uniformity of 0.7 could be expected. In the
horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of this sky. Direct light is excluded from
example below, light-redirecting blinds are ‘throwing’ light further into the room
both values of illuminance, so a cloudy sky is modeled (e.g. CIE Overcast Sky). DF calculations
while eliminating the excessive direct daylight under the window. A Bidirectional
provide the same results regardless of time of day (shown below) or orientation. DF is
Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF) is assigned to the window to represent
expressed as a percentage.
the daylight redirecting blinds.

0-2% DF is inadequately light and so electric lighting is required

2-5% DF is adequately light, but electric lighting may be required during some of the time
>5% DF is a well-lit space and electric lighting should not be required during daytime periods.
Glare may be an issue.

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Lighting Metrics:

5) VERTICAL SKY COMPONENT is a measure of the amount of sky visible from a center point of
a window, though excludes direct light (i.e. uses a CIE Overcast Sky). A window that achieves
27% or more is considered to provide good levels of daylight. VSC is often viewed from the
exterior of the model building and is particularly appropriate in a congested or urban
environment. Windows shown is green below pass the VSC threshold.
6) SPATIAL DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY (sDA) is the annual sufficiency of daylight levels in
a space. sDA examines the percentage of an analysis area (e.g. working plane) that
meets a minimum illuminance level (e.g. 300 lux) for a specified fraction of the
operating hours per year (e.g. 50% of the operational hours of the year).

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to visual EVALUATION

comfort of a built form

Lighting Metrics:

7) LUMINANCE measures light that is leaving a surface in a particular
direction and considers the illuminance on the surface and the
reflectance of the surface. Luminance is sometimes referred to as
brightness and is measured in candelas/m2 (also known as nits) or
candelas/ft2. (also known as foot-lambert). 1 cd/ft2 = 10.76391 cd/m2.
8) DAYLIGHT GLARE PROBABILITY (DGP) is a robust glare metric whereby
glare sources are detected by contrast ratios with direct daylight considered,
as are specular reflections. DGP is a newer Glare metric (2006) when
compared against older glare metrics such as UGR, DGI, CGI & VCP.

DGP ranges are:

<0.35 = Imperceptible Glare

0.35-0.4 = Perceptible Glare
0.4-0.45 = Disturbing Glare
>0.45 = Intolerable Glare

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to embodied EVALUATION

energy performance of different components and parameters

Embodied energy is the total energy required for
the extraction, processing, manufacture and
delivery of building materials to the building site.
Energy consumption produces CO2, which
contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, so
embodied energy is considered an indicator of the
overall environmental impact of building materials
and systems.

When selecting building materials, the embodied

energy should be considered with respect to:
1. The durability of building materials
2. How easily materials can be separated
3. Use of locally sourced materials
4. Use of recycled materials
5. Specifying standard sizes of materials
6. Avoiding waste
7. Selecting materials that are manufactured using
renewable energy sources
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to embodied EVALUATION

energy performance of different components and parameters

TABLE 1 demonstrates in simple steps the

potential for design professionals and
consultants to influence the embodied
impacts of a building along the project
stages. Specifically, it lays out the key
work stages of the design and
construction of a building project and the
most common decisions and tasks of
design professionals and

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to embodied EVALUATION

energy performance of different components and parameters

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to embodied EVALUATION

energy performance of different components and parameters

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Introduction of simulation strategies related to embodied EVALUATION

energy performance of different components and parameters

Tools Available for Embodied Energy

Calculations:
1. Interactive databases or web-
based element catalogues
2. LCA-based design tools
3. Building information modelling
(BIM)

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III

Understanding energy analysis for building covering
approximate methods and correlation methods
APPROXIMATION METHOD
▪ Preliminary design of a complex system often involves
exploring a broad design space or region of design variable
values.
▪ Many detailed analysis programs are available for use in the
latter stages of design, but they can be extremely expensive
for exploring broad regions.
▪ One solution has been to simplify the simulations and
obtain data from more approximate simulations. For these
approximate simulations, accuracy is sacrificed to reduce
computational time.
▪ However, when it is desirable to explore a large design space
that includes broad ranges of design variables, repeated
approximate simulations still generate substantial
computational loads.
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
▪ The finite difference approach, used here for
approximate simulations (AS), is a numerical
technique for solving two- or three-
dimensional heat transfer problems.
▪ Finite difference models are based on
difference equations that approximate
continuous variables as quantities at discrete
points or nodes on a grid
▪ Approximation method subdivides a complex
problem space, or domain, into numerous
small, simpler pieces (the finite elements)
whose behavior can be described with
comparatively simple equations.
▪ In energy analysis, dynamic finite element
analysis is used as the forces applied to the
system change of time – for example the heal
flow through a system
PRESENTATION BY:
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Understanding energy analysis for building covering
approximate methods and correlation methods
APPROXIMATION METHOD
▪ The model needs not to be highly flexible for real-time
building energy modeling, in facilitating the building
operation and control design optimization.
▪ The update cycle granularity is generally within hourly-
basis or daily basis.
▪ As a result, the design operation bounds are usually
covered by the training data.
▪ A quick and accurate approximation model is preferable
than a cumbersome time-consuming model.
▪ Used for used for design optimization, design space
exploration, sensitivity analysis, what-if analysis and
real-time engineering decisions.
▪ Response surface methodology (RSM) is typically useful
in the context of continuous optimization problems and
focuses on learning input–output relationships to
approximate the underlying simulation by a surface
▪ Realistic Model
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
CORRELATION METHOD
▪ The correlation coefficient method is a measure
of the strength and direction of the relationship
between two variables, and it can take on any
value between –1.0 and +1.0.
▪ That is, the correlation coefficient can be
decomposed into its sign (positive or negative
relationship between two variables) and the
magnitude or strength of the relationship (the
higher the absolute value of the correlation
coefficient, the stronger the relationship).
▪ For energy analysis the correlation may be
taken for tested and simulated relation or
between the U-value and energy etc.
▪ Simplified correlation methods are powerful
tools to compare both the energy performance
of buildings and the efficiency of different
HVAC control systems.
PRESENTATION BY:
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Understanding energy analysis for analytical methods and
numerical methods
ANALYTICAL METHOD
▪ Analytical methods – which seeks to provide an exact
solution for a simplified model of reality.
▪ They are often static and do not seek a dynamic
representation of data.
▪ Answers contribute to a specific time of day and with
a singular heat flow calculation made for that time
alone
▪ These do not have dynamic computer based
simulations and are often conducted manually –
traditional designing
▪ The most extreme condition is often taken for
calculation, which does not give a year round picture
or performance of the energy consumption in the
building
▪ Energy calculations are often made with simplistic
formulas of heat transfer for a specific day and time.
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
▪ Input conditions are an approximate value based on
weather data file.
▪ Energy calculation (year) will not show an accurate
output as conditions change year-round (dynamic)
▪ The simplistic calculation used – heat flow path,
conduction, convection, solar transmittance, radiation
etc.
▪ Design solutions may be provided for the chosen time
and date of the study but may perform differently
during the other times – making design development
short lived.
▪ Example – Shading device made for the hottest day
and time – But how does this work on the other dates
or times?
▪ However, pre-design work may often take the help of
analytical method and later modifications made
through computer aided dynamic simulations.
PRESENTATION BY:
PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE
Understanding energy analysis for analytical methods and EVALUATION

numerical methods

NUMERICAL METHOD
▪ A variety of building energy analysis and
▪ Predictions of physical phenomena in buildings are
simulation tools are increasingly used to
carried out by using physical models formulated as a
determine peak heating and cooling loads, size
mathematical problem and solved by means of numerical
thermal plant, anticipate annual energy
methods, aiming at evaluating, for instance, the building
consumption and analyse thermal comfort.
thermal or hygrothermal performance by calculating
▪ Numerical solution techniques are considered the
distributions and fluxes of heat and moisture transfer.
most flexible for building energy simulation.
▪ Therefore, the choice of the numerical method is crucial
▪ When applied to the differential equations
since it is a compromise among (i) the solution accuracy,
modelling energy flows in buildings, they give rise
(ii) the computational cost to obtain the solution and (iii)
to a system of non-linear algebraic (difference)
the complexity of the method implementation.
equations.
▪ An efficient numerical method enables to compute an
▪ In order to evaluate numerical methods for
accurate solution with a minimum computational run
building energy simulation, the problem has been
time (CPU).
characterized mathematically and comprehensive
▪ A modelling approach that uses any numerical
test problems (equation sets) with these
methodology other than just simulation. This can include
characteristics have been prepared.
measurements, experimentation and calculation from
first principles

19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY:

PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI
PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III