Unit 3

UNIT 3
MODELLING FOR ACTIVE

SYSTEMS
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
Understanding Building Performance Benchmarks
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
UNIT 3: MODELLING FOR ACTIVE SYSTEMS
The sustainability performance of a building can be

viewed from two basic perspectives, and we have
used two simple terms to describe them:
Design
In-use
▪The sustainability performance which the physical
▪The measured operational sustainability performance of the
fabric and components of the building has been
building when it is in use by occupiers.
designed to achieve, e.g., the performance
▪Operational performance is affected by both how occupiers
specification of the insulation, heating and cooling
utilise a building and how the owner runs shared services. The
systems, or lighting systems.
interface between the two parties is important in determining
▪Refurbishment or significant maintenance
how efficiently the overall building is operated.
programmes present opportunities for the owner to
improve systems such as heating/cooling or lighting
and upgrade the sustainability performance of the
physical fabric of the building and its plant.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
The benefits of sustainability benchmarking Sustainability

benchmarking of a property or property portfolio brings a
number of benefits to its users, as it:
1.Enables an organization to assess its impact on the

environment at both an individual building and portfolio
level - This may be in terms of CO2 emissions, fuel
consumption, waste generation or water consumption, etc.,
of individual buildings or portfolios, and can be reported in
absolute and/or normalised terms.
2.Facilitates a greater understanding of how a portfolio is

operating - The benchmarking process will identify high
impact and low impact buildings, leading to a greater
understanding of why certain buildings may consume more
than others. For example, a highly intensive building within a
portfolio may simply house energy intensive activities, such
as a server room. The key question is whether the building is
performing optimally.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

3.Identifies where action is appropriate and where greatest savings

can be made - A greater understanding of the sustainability profile
of a building or portfolio will highlight poor-performing and well-
performing buildings, identifying the areas where action is
required and where the greatest improvements/cost-savings can
be made.
4.Enables an organisation to set and monitor realistic targets -

Once an organisation understands how a specific building or
portfolio is operating, appropriate targets can be set and the
performance against these targets monitored. Sustainability
benchmarking will also identify where performance improvement
programmes have been successful and what changes have been
achieved, thereby helping plan the most appropriate allocation of
resources for improvements.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

5. Enables for the comparison of buildings and portfolios

between peer groups - Commercial property owners will be
able to compare assets within their portfolios, as
well as against other owners’
properties/portfolios. Sustainability
benchmarking would also enable fund
managers or potential investors to compare
across funds or property portfolios.
6. Assists legislative and regulatory

compliance - Benchmarking also creates a
robust framework that can help facilitate
preparation for compliance with emerging
legislation
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

7. Helps improve asset value - There seems to be an

increasing trend among investors to take sustainability
factors into account in their decision- making processes.
Furthermore, the increasing volume of legislation and
mandatory standards for the environmental performance
of buildings, as well as occupiers’ rising aspirations for
greener buildings, would seem to indicate that green
factors will play a greater role in the way buildings are
valued in years to come. Sustainability benchmarking
should therefore assist valuation as well as investment
processes and decision-making in the future.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Stages in developing a benchmark
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
UNEP Sustainable Buildings & Climate Initiative (SBCI) –

proposed sustainability indicators
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Issues and Challenges in Operational Sustainability Benchmarking
1 . Data collection
▪Collecting accurate, consistently measured and verifiable data is the
first step to develop an appropriate and robust benchmarking process
that will enable performance and progress to be measured, monitored
and managed and, most importantly, help focus behavioral changes to
achieve the best results in terms of sustainability performance.
▪Unfortunately, a lack of data may lead to situations whereby it is not
possible to employ the most effective. However, organizations can
start by using available data, however limited it may be, and increase
and improve the sophistication and robustness of the process over
time.
▪It is important, at the outset, to clearly define the scope and purpose
of the benchmarking exercise and the intended areas for incentivizing
behavior. Following this, organizations should carefully consider the
indicators they wish to report (e.g., annual kgCO2 per m2
) and accordingly identify the type of metrics and associated data that
needs to be collected.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
2. Measuring performance
A number of critical aspects must be accounted for when

measuring performance. The operational performance of a
building can be represented in both absolute and normalised
terms.
A. Absolute Performance - Absolute performance can be an

important means of understanding the overall impact of a
portfolio/organisation, e.g., total CO2 emissions per year or
comparing a consistent portfolio over time. The main concern
with absolute measures of performance is that care has to be
taken to take account for the dynamic nature
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B. Normalised Performance - Normalised indicators take into

account the dynamic nature of the real estate market and allow
comparisons of portfolios and buildings’ performance over time.
Normalisation is achieved by relating the impact of a
performance metric (e.g., CO2 , or litres of water) to another
driving variable, such as floor area or density of occupation of a
building. For example, emissions could be presented for an office
building in terms of CO2 per m2 , or CO2 per full time equivalent
employee (FTE) or per workplaces. Deciding which normalisation
metric to use for assessing sustainability performance and
developing benchmarking tools can be challenging, as the results
ultimately can have an influence on the appropriate behaviour to
improve building performance.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Comparing and benchmarking performance

In order to compare performance across
properties on a like-for-like basis, buildings
need to be categorised into similar peer
groups and special uses should be
considered.
Categorization of buildings
In defining the parameters for benchmarking,
it is fundamental to establish categories of
buildings in order to enable comparison
between assets of similar characteristics
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing Occupant Satisfaction
▪ To meet targets, Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is

a useful diagnostic tool and system which allows
facility managers to identify and systematically
evaluate critical aspects of building performance
based on the employees’ day-to-day experiences.
▪As complement to technical monitoring or lifecycle

analyses, surveys have a great potential of gaining
relevant feedback from the occupants as a basis for
various improvements in energy efficiency regarding
day-to-day operations.
▪Experiences show that there is often a gap between

the calculated and the metered energy consumption
for a variety of reasons which can be assessed by
continuous monitoring. This is expected as well in the
wide field of comfort.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
The data collected by the survey can be divided up

into subjective and objective variables. The objective
variables measured include gender, age group, type of
work, office type, proximity to windows and exterior
walls, and various types of control over workspace
environment, such as window blinds etc.
The subjective variables measured include occupant

satisfaction and self-reported productivity with the
following IEQ categories: office layout, office
furnishings, thermal comfort, air quality, lighting,
acoustics, cleaning and maintenance, overall
satisfaction with building and overall satisfaction with
workspace etc.
Satisfaction can be based on various parameters –

Thermal or IEQ comfort, spatial design based comfort,
safety etc
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing Occupant Satisfaction - Examples
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Occupant satisfaction can be measured even

before the project starts or need to modify
existing structure. This type of survey
understands the aspects that occupants are
expecting from the design.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Occupant satisfaction can also be

measured in relation to other
buildings to make a comparison.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Correlations scores can be generated

between a building’s performance and the
occupant satisfaction.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality refers to the air quality within and

around buildings and structures as it relates to the health
and comfort of its occupants.
Indoor air quality is affected by temperature, humidity,

ventilation, and chemical or biological contaminants
found within the air inside a building.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Immediate Effects
Some health effects may show up shortly

after a single exposure or repeated exposures
to a pollutant. These include irritation of the
eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness,
and fatigue. Such immediate effects are
usually short-term and treatable. Sometimes
the treatment is simply eliminating the
person’s exposure to the source of the
pollution, if it can be identified. Soon after
exposure to some indoor air pollutants,
symptoms of some diseases such as asthma
may show up, be aggravated or worsened.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Long-Term Effects
Other health effects may show up either

years after exposure has occurred or
only after long or repeated periods of
exposure. These effects, which include
some respiratory diseases, heart
disease and cancer, can be severely
debilitating or fatal. It is prudent to try to
improve the indoor air quality in your
home even if symptoms are not
noticeable
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Primary Causes of Indoor Air Problems
Indoor pollution sources that release gases or

particles into the air are the primary cause of
indoor air quality problems. Inadequate
ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels by
not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute
emissions from indoor sources and by not
carrying indoor air pollutants out of the area. High
temperature and humidity levels can also
increase concentrations of some pollutants.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Pollutant Sources
• Tobacco products
• Building materials and furnishings
as diverse as:
◦ Deteriorated asbestos-
containing insulation
◦ Newly installed flooring,
upholstery or carpet
◦ Cabinetry or furniture made of
certain pressed wood
products
• Products for household cleaning
and maintenance, personal care, or
hobbies
• Central heating and cooling
systems and humidification devices
• Excess moisture
• Outdoor sources such as:
◦ Radon
◦ Pesticides
◦ Outdoor air pollution.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
One important goal of an indoor air quality program is to minimize people's exposure to pollutants from
these sources. Some of the key pollutant categories include:
• Biological contaminants. Excessive concentrations of bacteria, viruses, fungi (including molds), dust
mite allergen, animal dander and pollen may result from inadequate maintenance and housekeeping,
water spills, inadequate humidity control, condensation, or may be brought into the building by
occupants, infiltration, or ventilation air.
• Chemical pollutants. Sources of chemical pollutants include tobacco smoke, emissions from products
used in the building, accidental spill of chemicals, and gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen
dioxide, which are products of combustion.
• Particles. Particles are solid or liquid substances which are light enough to be suspended in the air,
the largest of which may be visible in sunbeams streaming into a room. However, smaller particles that
you cannot see are likely to be more harmful to health. Particles of dust, dirt, or other substances may
be drawn into the building from outside and can also be produced by activities that occur in buildings,
like sanding wood or drywall, printing, copying, operating equipment and smoking.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Inadequate Ventilation
If too little outdoor air enters indoors,

pollutants can accumulate to levels that
can pose health and comfort problems.
Unless buildings are built with special
mechanical means of ventilation, those
designed and constructed to minimize the
amount of outdoor air that can "leak" in
and out may have higher indoor pollutant
levels.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Outdoor air can enter and leaves a building by: infiltration,

natural ventilation, and mechanical ventilation.
In a process known as infiltration, outdoor air flows into

buildings through openings, joints, and cracks in walls, floors,
and ceilings, and around windows and doors.
In natural ventilation, air moves through opened windows and
doors. Air movement associated with infiltration and natural
ventilation is caused by air temperature differences between
indoors and outdoors and by wind.
Finally, there are a number of mechanical ventilation devices,
from outdoor-vented fans that intermittently remove air from a
single room, such as bathrooms and kitchen, to air handling
systems that use fans and duct work to continuously remove
indoor air and distribute filtered and conditioned outdoor air to
strategic points throughout the house.
The rate at which outdoor air replaces indoor air is described
as the air exchange rate. When there is little infiltration,
natural ventilation, or mechanical ventilation, the air exchange
rate is low and pollutant levels can increase.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Design, Maintenance and Operation of Building
Ventilation Systems
• Ventilation system design. The air delivery capacity

of an HVAC system is based in part on the projected
number of people and amount of equipment in a
building. When areas in a building are used differently
than their original purpose, the HVAC system may
require modification to accommodate these changes.
For example, if a storage area is converted into space
occupied by people, the HVAC system may require
alteration to deliver enough conditioned air to the
space.
• Outside air supply. Adequate supply of outside air,
typically delivered through the HVAC system, is
necessary in any office environment to dilute
pollutants that are released by equipment, building
materials, furnishings, products and people.
Distribution of ventilation air to occupied spaces is
essential for comfort.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Design, Maintenance and Operation of Building

Ventilation Systems
• Outdoor air quality. When present, outdoor air pollutants

such as carbon monoxide, pollen and dust may affect indoor
conditions when outside air is taken into the building's
ventilation system. Properly installed and maintained filters
can trap many of the particles in this outdoor supply air.
Controlling gaseous or chemical pollutants may require more
specialized filtration equipment.
• Space planning. The use and placement of furniture and
equipment may affect the delivery of air to an occupied
space. For instance, the placement of heat generating
equipment, like a computer, directly under an HVAC control
device such as a thermostat may cause the HVAC system to
deliver too much cool air, because the thermostat senses that
the area is too warm. Furniture or partitions that block supply
or return air registers can affect IAQ as well, and need to be
positioned with attention to air flow.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Design, Maintenance and Operation of
Building Ventilation Systems
• Equipment maintenance. Diligent

maintenance of HVAC equipment is essential
for the adequate delivery and quality of
building air. All well-run buildings have
preventive maintenance programs that help
ensure the proper functioning of HVAC
systems.
• Controlling other pollutant pathways.
Pollutants can spread throughout a building
by moving through stairwells, elevator shafts,
wall spaces and utility chases. Special
ventilation or other control measures may be
needed for some sources.
• Use of IAQ sensors - In the IoT world, the
use of sensors can play a huge role in
analysing the pollutant quality and
concentration.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing the types of HVAC supporting
the buildings
HVAC System Selection
System selection depends on three

main factors including the building
configuration, the climate conditions
and the owner’s desire.
Some criteria can be considered such
as climate change, building capacity,
spatial requirements, cost such as
capital cost, operating cost, and
maintenance cost, life cycle analysis,
and reliability and flexibility.
Selection has a few constraints:
available capacity according to
standards, building configuration,
available space, construction budget,
the available utility source, heating
and cooling building loads.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
▪ The psychrometric chart shows graphically the ▪ Why study of psychrometry is important:
parameters relating to water moisture in air. This 1. people feel comfortable over a
application note describes the purpose and use of the narrow range of temperature and
psychrometric chart as it affects the HVAC engineer humidity
or technician. 2. machines (especially electronic
▪ The psychrometric chart indicates the properties of machines) operate over a specific
this water vapor through the following parameters: range of temperature and humidity
1. Dry bulb temperature 3. to calculate the amount of heating or
2. Wet bulb temperature (also known as saturation cooling required for a certain space
temperature) requires knowledge of the moisture
3. Dew point temperature content of the air
4. Relative humidity
5. Moisture content (also known as humidity ratio)
6. Enthalpy (also known as total heat)
7. Specific volume (the inverse of density)
▪ If you know any two of the parameters, you can find the
other five values from the chart.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
1. Dry bulb (DB) temperature
We measure the temperature of the air with a thermometer. Traditional
thermometers have a bulb that contains a liquid that expands, and a tube indicating
the temperature on a scale. As the liquid expands, it rises up the scale. This
measurement is called the dry bulb temperature because the end of the
thermometer that is making the measurement has no moisture on it. The
temperature of the air is measured in °F or °C. This temperature is shown as the
horizontal axis of the chart.
2. Wet bulb (WB) temperature

The wet bulb temperature is measured by having the bulb of the thermometer moist.
The moisture evaporates, lowering the temperature recorded by the thermometer.
Less moisture in the air will result in a faster rate of evaporation and therefore a
colder reading. When the air sample is saturated with water (that is, it has 100%
relative humidity), no water can evaporate from the moist tissue so the WB
temperature will read the same as the DB temperature. This temperature is therefore
also referred to as the saturation temperature. This temperature is indicated by
diagonal lines on the chart.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
3. Relative humidity (RH)

This is the ratio of the fraction of water vapor in the air to the fraction of
saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure. RH is dimensionless,
and is usually expressed as a percentage. 100% RH indicates the air is saturated
and cannot hold any more moisture. Lines of constant relative humidity are
shown as exponential lines on the psychrometric chart. The line at 100% is
referred to as the saturation line.
4. Absolute Humidity (AH)
Absolute Humidity
The amount of moisture actually present in unit mass or unit volume of air, in
terms of gram per kilogram (g/Kg) or gram per cubic meter (g/m3). The
absolute humidity is the vertical axis of the chart.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
5. Enthalpy (total heat)
Enthalpy (usually designated as h) is the total amount of heat energy of the moist air and
therefore includes the amount of heat of the dry air and the water vapor in the air. In the
approximation of ideal gases, lines of constant enthalpy are parallel to lines of constant WB
temperature. Thus the enthalpy is indicated by diagonal lines on the chart
Enthalpy is measured in BTU per pound of dry air or Joules per kilogram of air.
6. Specific volume
Specific volume is therefore the volume per unit mass of the air sample. This is shown as
diagonal lines on the chart.
Measured by cubic feet per pound of dry air or cubic meters per kilogram of dry air.
7. Dew point (DP) temperature

This is the temperature of the air at which a moist air sample reaches water vapor saturation.
It is equivalent to a wet bulb temperature at 100% relative humidity. At this combination of
temperature and humidity, further removal of heat results in water vapor condensing into
liquid.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
SUMMARY OF LINES:
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART: PROCESSES
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
Design strategies can be found based on

the each reference point (hour) of the
year. The strategies are aimed at bringing
the reference point within the comfort
boundary.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
Classification of HVAC systems The

major classification of HVAC systems is
central system and decentralized or local
system. Types of a system depend on
addressing the primary equipment location
to be centralized as conditioning entire
building as a whole unit or decentralized
as separately conditioning a specific zone
as part of a building. Therefore, the air
and water distribution system should be
designed based on system classification
and the location of primary equipment.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
Four requirements are the bases

for any HVAC systems. They
need primary equipment, space
requirement, air distribution, and
piping
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
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the buildings
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
the buildings
BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN HVAC
SYSTEM
Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air

control
Air filter
Supply fan
Exhaust or relief fans and an air outlet
Outdoor air intake
Ducts
Terminal devices
Return air system
Heating and cooling coils
Self-contained heating or cooling unit
Cooling tower
Boiler
Control
Water Chiller
Humidification and dehumidification
equipment
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing the heat generated by the
typology of buildings
Different typology of buildings have various ways by

which heat can be generated. The following are the
various factors that plays a major role:
1.Choice of materials for the facade

2.Area, surface area and volume of the building
3.Occupancy levels
4.Equipment types
5.Equipment usage patterns
6.Need for certain environmental consideration
7.Lighting heat gain
It is not possible to determine that all buildings that

fall under a certain typology will behave similarly.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analysing the heat generated by the Interior usage and the
equipment involved in the activity of the buildings.
Internal Heat Gains Internal heat gains

correspond to heat that is generated in buildings
as part of their programmatic use. Internal heat
gains in buildings are typically divided in to
three groups:
• Heat from occupants

• Heat from electrical equipment and appliances
• Heat from electric lighting
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Internal Heat Gain from Occupants

• Same as individuals’ thermal comfort sensation varies,
building occupants generate varying amounts of heat and
moisture. Key factors that determine how much sensible
and latent energy a person releases are activity, age, and
gender.
• Sensible heat gains from occupants raise the indoor
temperature. Latent heat gains need to be considered if the
indoorair is actively dehumidified.
• ‘Occupancy load schedules’ are determined through two
factors: maximum occupancy heat gains and time of day
schedules.
• Maximum occupancy heat gains = (activity-related heat

gain/person) x occupancy density
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Internal Heat Gain from Occupants

• Same as individuals’ thermal comfort sensation varies, EXAMPLE:
building occupants generate varying amounts of heat and
moisture. Key factors that determine how much sensible Each person has 100 W of sensible
and latent energy a person releases are activity, age, and heat. Maximum occupant density is 45
gender. divided over 12 m x 12 m.
• Sensible heat gains from occupants raise the indoor
temperature. Latent heat gains need to be considered if the The resultant maximum occupancy
indoorair is actively dehumidified. heat gain is
• ‘Occupancy load schedules’ are determined through two
factors: maximum occupancy heat gains and time of day (100 W/person) x (45 person/144m2)
schedules. = 31 W/m2 = 0.31 person/m2
• Maximum occupancy heat gains = (activity-related heat

gain/person) x occupancy density
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Schedules
The maximum occupancy heat gain corresponds to heat

gains when everybody is at their work place. Since
occupants temporarily leave their building, ‘schedules’
are used in energy simulation software in order to
determine occupancy loads on different week days and
for different times of the day
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Equipment and Appliances
Heat gain due to a variety of equipment, including

computers, coffee machines, hot water pipes etc. Sun
Wind and Light (Chapter 4) provides lower and upper
margins for different building types:
Offices : 8 to 17 W/m2 (Studio load typically around 26

W/m2 )
Education: 14 to 23 W/m2
Residential: 2to 6 W/m2
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Load
• The ideal load is the amount of heat that has to be

added or subtracted from a space for it to maintain the
zone air temperature at a certain level.
• Load is measured inkWh or BTU.
• Normalising the load to the conditioned area helps to
compare different spaces.
• The load of a space does not correspond to its energy
use which requires further conversion depending on
the HVAC equipment used.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Thermal Zone
Is a space or collection of spaces within

a building having sufficiently similar space conditioning
requirements so that those conditions could be
maintained with a single thermal controlling device. A
thermal zone is a thermal and not a geometric concept:
spaces need not be contiguous to be combined within a
single thermal zone.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
HVAC Zone
An HVAC zone is a physical space within the

building that has its own thermostat and zonal
system for maintaining thermal comfort. HVAC
zones are identified on the HVAC plans. HVAC
zones should not be split between thermal
zones, but a thermal zone may include more
than one HVAC zone.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

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MODELLING FOR ACTIVE

The sustainability performance of a building can be

The benefits of sustainability benchmarking Sustainability

1.Enables an organization to assess its impact on the

2.Facilitates a greater understanding of how a portfolio is

The benefits of sustainability benchmarking Sustainability

3.Identifies where action is appropriate and where greatest savings

4.Enables an organisation to set and monitor realistic targets -

The benefits of sustainability benchmarking Sustainability

5. Enables for the comparison of buildings and portfolios

6. Assists legislative and regulatory

The benefits of sustainability benchmarking Sustainability

7. Helps improve asset value - There seems to be an

Stages in developing a benchmark

UNEP Sustainable Buildings & Climate Initiative (SBCI) –

Issues and Challenges in Operational Sustainability Benchmarking

Issues and Challenges in Operational Sustainability Benchmarking

A number of critical aspects must be accounted for when

A. Absolute Performance - Absolute performance can be an

Issues and Challenges in Operational Sustainability Benchmarking

B. Normalised Performance - Normalised indicators take into

Comparing and benchmarking performance

▪ To meet targets, Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is

▪As complement to technical monitoring or lifecycle

▪Experiences show that there is often a gap between

The data collected by the survey can be divided up

The subjective variables measured include occupant

Satisfaction can be based on various parameters –

Occupant satisfaction can be measured even

Occupant satisfaction can also be

Correlations scores can be generated

Indoor air quality refers to the air quality within and

Indoor air quality is affected by temperature, humidity,

Some health effects may show up shortly

Other health effects may show up either

Primary Causes of Indoor Air Problems

Indoor pollution sources that release gases or

If too little outdoor air enters indoors,

Outdoor air can enter and leaves a building by: infiltration,

In a process known as infiltration, outdoor air flows into

• Ventilation system design. The air delivery capacity

Design, Maintenance and Operation of Building

• Outdoor air quality. When present, outdoor air pollutants

• Equipment maintenance. Diligent

HVAC System Selection

System selection depends on three

2. Wet bulb (WB) temperature

3. Relative humidity (RH)

4. Absolute Humidity (AH)

7. Dew point (DP) temperature

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART: PROCESSES

Design strategies can be found based on

Classification of HVAC systems The

Four requirements are the bases

Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air

Different typology of buildings have various ways by

1.Choice of materials for the facade

It is not possible to determine that all buildings that

Internal Heat Gains Internal heat gains

• Heat from occupants

Internal Heat Gain from Occupants

• Maximum occupancy heat gains = (activity-related heat