Unit 4

UNIT 4
POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
EVALUATION TOOLS
TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE
FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
M.ARCH 2 ND YEAR – SEM III ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2 YEAR – SEM III
ND
UNIT 4: Post Occupancy Evaluation
Purpose of Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Defining POE
• Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) -
Feedback about how buildings perform and
how they interact with their users
• Provide useable information: – To help
manage the building – To be feedback into
the brief for the next building project
Role of POE - Manage Facilities by:

• Understanding how they are performing
• How users´ needs are changing
• Managing response to organisational
change
• Feeding into the ´Brief´ for the next project
• Improving process of project delivery
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M.ARCH 22 YEAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH ND YEAR––SEM
SEMIII III
• Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is the process of

understanding how well a building meets the needs of
clients and building occupants.
• POE provides evidence of a wide range of
environmental, social and economic benefits core to
sustainability.
• It can also address complex cultural issues such as
identity, atmosphere and belonging.
There are three different kinds of reviews integral to POE:

■The effectiveness of the procurement process itself
■The performance of the built fabric and construction
details
■The operational effectiveness of the building – in this
case the ‘users’ need to be defined Once objectives have
been set POE can be planned and resourced
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Purpose of POE:
• Applying sign skills more effectively

• Improving commission process
• Improving user requirement
• Improving management procedures
• Providing knowledge for design
guides and regulatory prcocesses
• Targeting of refurbishment
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Post-Occupancy Evaluation will:
• Highlight any immediate teething problems that can be addressed and solved
• Identify any gaps in communication and understanding that impact on the
building operation
• Provide lessons that can be used to improve design and procurement on future
projects
• Act as a benchmarking aid to compare across projects and over time.
Occupant and client consultation
• Environmental comfort and control over environmental conditions
• Building impact on productivity and performance, staff and user retention
and motivation
• Customer experience and user satisfaction with amenities, image and
layout
• Review of design, procurement, construction and handover processes.
Monitoring of environmental conditions - including temperature, noise, light, air

quality, ventilation and relative humidity.
Assessment of design quality using BRE's DQM -a structured method for assessing
design quality and building performance against industry benchmarks and good
practice.
Sustainability and utility audits - to measure and demonstrate the environmental
performance of buildings in use, to inform property management and energy
efficiency strategies
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Components of Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Techniques and methods for post occupancy evaluation
Three Approaches: Indicative, Investigative and Diagnostic

POE
(1) Indicative POE, it is suggested, are cursory analyses that

may include “quick walkthrough evaluations involving
structured interviews with key personnel, group meetings with
end users as well as inspections”
(2) Investigative POE are considered to be more in-depth
analyses, utilising interviews and questionnaires, usually across
a number of buildings of the same or similar type.
(3) Diagnostic POE are regarded as being the most
sophisticated of the methodologies. They tend to have a broad,
system wide focus on a number of comparable facility types,
focusing on a broad range of technological and anthropological
areas of research. Preiser suggests that this type of in-depth POE
produces “high validity and generalisability of data collected...
(that has) the potential of being transformed into guidelines” for
use in the public realm
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Four General Typologies
(1) “building-behaviour research, or the

accumulation of knowledge;
(2) information for pre-design
programming for buildings for which design
guides or prototypes may be useful;
(3) strategic space planning – i.e.
building assessment as part of ‘workspace
change to bring space more in line with
strategic business goals’
(4) capital asset management – POE as a
tool in developing performance measures for
built space.”
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Estimating Predicted Mean Vote – PMV of thermal comfort
• Thermal comfort is largely a state of mind, separate from equations

for heat and mass transfer and energy balances.
• However, the perception of comfort is expected to be influenced by
the variables that affect the heat and mass transfer in our energy
balance model.
• The most common approach to characterizing thermal comfort for
the purposes of prediction and building design has been to correlate
the results of psychological experiments to thermal analysis
variables.
• That is, human subjects with various clothing levels and performing
different activities are placed in environments with different air
temperatures and surface temperatures, different humidities, and
different airflow velocities and patterns.
• The subjects are then asked to express their level of comfort.
• The level of comfort is often characterized using the ASHRAE thermal
sensation scale.
• The average thermal sensation response of a large number of
subjects, using the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale, is called the
predicted mean vote (PMV).
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Estimating Predicted Mean Vote – PMV of thermal
comfort
The method developed by Fanger (1972) and
adapted in ISO Standard 7730 is based on the
determination of the PMV index (Predicted
Mean Vote) calculated from an equation of
thermal balance for the human body, involving
the terms of internal generation and heat
exchanges with the surrounding environment.
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comfort
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2ND YEAR – SEM III
comfort
Fanger’s PMV correlation is based on the identification

of a skin temperature and sweating rate required for
“optimal” comfort conditions, using the data from
Rohles and Nevins (1971).
1
The metabolic heat loss is the difference between the
metabolic generation and that converted to work (e.g.,
2 lifting, running).
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comfort
With these conditions specified, Fanger correlated
PMV as a function of the thermal load, L, on the 4
body, defined as the difference between the rate of
metabolic heat generation and the calculated heat
loss from the body to the actual environmental
conditions assuming these optimal comfort
conditions. The convection and radiation heat
transfer are functions of clothing temperature, which
is affected by skin temperature. The evaporative
losses are directly influenced by skin temperature.
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comfort
The humidity ratio of the air in equilibrium with The above equation for thermal load uses three other
the skin under comfort conditions, Wsk,req, is the parameters that must be determined – fcl, hc, and hr.
saturated humidity ratio evaluated at the required There is no definitive set of values for all applications.
skin temperature. When Fanger developed his original correlation, he used
the following approximations to these parameters:
In the above equations, the clothing temperature
is not directly known. However, the clothing
temperature can be easily calculated from the
required skin temperature, the air temperature, 6
mean radiant temperature, and the thermal
resistances.
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comfort
Finally, Fanger, developed the following
correlation between PMV and the thermal
load. The predicted mean vote is the average
response of a large number of people. Given
the subjective nature of comfort, there will
actually be a distribution of satisfaction
among a large group of people. Figure to the
right shows an empirical relationship
between the percentage of people dissatisfied
(PPD) with a thermal environment as a

7
function of the PMV.
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Estimating Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied – PPD of thermal
comfort
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Estimating Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied – PPD of thermal
comfort
https://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
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Assessing the buildings based on their energy and water usage
Which data is needed?

Which data is available?
From whom? (target client) How to present results?
Method should distinguish between:

• Climate related energy demand (EPBD)
• Occupancy energy demand (behavior and appliances)
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METHODOLOGY
The methodology for assessment of building
energy performance data, can be focused
from two perspectives:
• (Top-down) What can be expected when

different data are available for the EPB
assessment, e.g. Heating, Cooling,
Ventilation, Appliances, Lights, Hot Water
and location-based data
• (Bottom-up) What is required as input to

the method if an EPB value with uncertainty
of x% is requested?
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Use metering data (electricity, gas, heat,

water, …) advantage is that a growing
amount of data is coming available and
hence improved accuracy.
Objective
1 - Split building related energy use from
occupants energy consumption
• EPB energy use; heating, cooling,
ventilation, DHW and light
• Non-EPB energy use; appliances, gains,
behaviour, …
2 – Benchmark the usage between similar

neighbours
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PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
1. Obtain the consumption meter readings of multiple users.

2. Determine the energy resources (electricity, gas, heat)
used for cover the heating and cooling demand of each
user.
3. Obtain the additional info (administrative info, weather,…)
based on user location.
4. Model the consumptions using exogenous variables
• Exogeneous variables could be outdoor temperature,
solar radiation, wind speed, weekday, hour of the day,
day of the year,…
• Some coefficient should be used from holistic
reference buildings.
• Regression and Generalized Additive Models (GAM)
should be used.
• Model coefficients characterize the performance of
the dwelling
• Model residuals would be considered as non-EPB
energy use.
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5. Using a clustering technique, determine the

most common non-EPB energy use patterns
for each user User activity/occupancy
patterns
6. Benchmark the EPB indicators against similar
users (similar year of construction, normalized
by dwelling area, similar economic or cultural
level, similar user activity/occupancy, similar
building type…). An aggregation to district
level or other administrative units.
7. Assess to retrofit, renew or manage the
energy usage using the results of the
benchmarking.
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A metering strategy shall be developed that enables Energy consumption by end use (kWh/m2 /year)
total electricity, heat, gas and water usage in i). Heating
individual dwellings to be captured for annual ii). Cooling
reporting, as applicable. The metering strategy iii). Auxiliary
should also enable the total electricity, heat, gas, iv). Lighting
water and renewable energy of common parts to be v). Hot water
captured for annual reporting, as applicable vi). Equipment
Energy production by technology (kWh/m2 /year)

i). Photovoltaic systems
ii). Wind turbines
iii). CHP generators
iv). Solar thermal systems
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OPERATIONAL ENERGY: ❑ When presenting the operational energy

a. Total energy consumption, thermal (kWh/m2 /year) calculation results, provide ‘high’, ‘medium’
b. Total energy consumption, electricity (kWh/m2 /year) and ‘low’ energy use estimations for all
c. Energy consumption by end use (kWh/m2 /year) applicable end uses, where reasonable.
i). Lighting ❑ It is intended that the operational energy
ii). Small power predictions will enable a greater
iii). Lifts and escalators understanding of the gap between design
iv). Catering stage energy consumption (regulated and
v). Server Rooms unregulated) and in-use performance.
vi). Other equipment
vii). Domestic hot water, thermal
viii). Domestic hot water, electricity WATER REPORTING
ix). Heating, thermal
x). Heating, electricity Metering should allow information on
xi). Cooling the following:
xii). Fans/AHU 1. Net water usage
xiii). Pumps/controls/heat rejection 2. Net recycled water
xiv). Renewable generation, thermal 3. Net rainwater harvesting
xv). Renewable generation, electric
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Collection of data which is required by the performance evaluation software
❑ Multitude of software are there to

process the data. For qualitative
analysis of questionnaires or survey,
software such as SPSS can come in
handy.
❑ For quantitative analysis metering and

monitoring equipment are used to
process the data
❑ Data required requires planning of

what is the goal to be achieved from
the post occupancy evaluation
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❑ FUNCTIONAL PERFRMANCE ELEMENTS
▪ Functional performance deals addresses the

functionality and efficiency level of the features in
buildings and facilities.
▪ Functional elements include accessibility, spatial
capacity for activities, and adequacy of necessary
facilities. Other elements include utilities,
telecommunications, responsiveness to change over
time, and efficiency of communication and circulation.
These elements are directly connected to the activities
within a building.
▪ They are required to be in conformity to the specific
needs of the occupants
▪ This direct connection between a building's functional
aspects and the needs of its users is probably the
reason for its receipt of noteworthy attention in POE
studies
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❑ Technical performance elements
▪ Technical performance elements deal with survival

attributes, such as structure, sanitation, fire safety, and,
ventilation, and health
▪ From an environmental perspective, technical performance
addresses the issues of indoor environmental quality (IEQ),
which affect the comfort, health, and productivity of
occupants
▪ IEQ elements include thermal comfort (HVAC system and
natural ventilation system), indoor air quality, visual
comfort (the quantity and quality of lighting, glare, control
of shadows, luminance, and adequate luminance), and
acoustical comfort (acoustic comfort relates primarily to
providing conditions in a building that facilitate clear
communication of speech between its occupants).
▪ Noise control can be provided through walls, floors,
windows, and doors that provide adequate reduction of
sound from adjacent activities
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❑ Behavioral performance elements
▪ Behavioral performance elements create a link

between occupants’ activities and the physical
environment.
▪ Typical behavioral performance issues include the
effect of area size and number of persons that share it
upon a building’s occupant, and the effect of
functional distance between spaces upon the
frequency of use.
▪ Moreover, occupants’ comfort is also affected by the
configuration of circulation routes on social
interaction, and the features that affect the building's
image and outlook
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DESIGN QUALITY
1. Building layout
▪ The layout of space, furniture, and storage and the

convenient circulation and accessibility to various
usable spaces within a building are of utmost
importance to residential satisfaction. Spatial
attributes, the sequence, location, relationships,
shape, size, and detail of spaces have been shown to
affect occupant behavior
▪ The interior layout of the building should be
efficient in terms of the arrangement of rooms in
each level in the building, the width of the corridors
for circulation, and the location and number of stairs
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DESIGN QUALITY
2. Interior and exterior appearance
▪ Appearance is one of the most important aspects of

building performance.
▪ It pertains to the aesthetic perception of the
building by the occupants.
▪ Common problems that affect exterior walls are
color fading, moisture and wind infiltration, spalling,
buckling, delamination, cracking, cleanability, and
erosion.
▪ The quality of construction and selection of building
materials should be compatible with, and
complement, the existing physical environment
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DESIGN QUALITY
3. Access to facilities– accessibility
▪ This refers to the building's closeness to the

facilities on the campus, usually within a
walkable distance to teaching, recreational,
food-consuming, and car parking facilities
▪ These facilities include sports facilities, parking
lots, campus shuttle stations, worship centers,
grocery stores, food courts, medical centers,
libraries, and academic buildings
▪ The location of a building and its proximity to
places of interest are major factors in the
satisfaction of its occupants
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INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
1. Thermal comfort
▪ ASHRAE 55 (2004) defines thermal comfort

as “the state of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the surrounding thermal
environment.”
▪ The major influencers of thermal comfort
in an indoor space are the HVAC system
and natural ventilation system through
windows and other openings.
▪ Thus, comfort will be determined by the
ability to control both systems
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2. Indoor air quality
▪ IAQ is the quality of air within a facility or the

built environment. Anderson et al. (2014) define
IAQ as “the comfortable range of the
temperature, humidity, ventilation and chemical
or biological contaminants of the air inside a
building.”
▪ The major concern is indoor air pollution, which
can be the cause of asthma, allergies, and
irritation.
▪ Two of the most dreaded implications of poor
IAQ are sick building syndrome (SBS) and
building-related illnesses (BRI)
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3. Acoustic comfort
▪ “Acoustic criteria cover the ambient level of
sound, the transmission of sound between areas
and rooms, reverberation, and specific areas such
as machine noise and auditorium acoustics”
▪ Indoor and outdoor factors influence acoustical
comfort. Although indoor factors can be
controlled, outdoor factors are the primary
causes of discomfort, and its control depends on
the filtering level of the building envelope
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4. Visual comfort
▪ The Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America (IESNA, 2000) defines visual comfort as
“an essential human need that can affect task
performance, health and safety, and mood and
atmosphere.”
▪ The design of buildings and facilities creates
balance between artificial and daylighting,
whereby sufficient natural light is allowed
through transparent parts of the building
envelope
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5. Security and fire safety

▪ Security is defined as “the degree of resistance to, or
protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and
valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community,
nation, or organization”
▪ Fire safety is one of the earliest elements to be evaluated
systematically, likely because of enormous concerns for life
and property. Relevant criteria include the fire resistance of
the major structural elements of a building, fire
extinguishment and containment, flame spread, smoke
generation, the toxicity of burning materials, and the ease
of egress in case of a fire
▪ Security and fire safety are usually treated together as one
technical performance element because of their role in the
protection of life and the property from disastrous events
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Quality of building support services – QBSS

▪ Building services and infrastructures are an
integral part of the built environment and a
major influence on satisfaction and quality of
life of occupants.
▪ They include water supply, washrooms and
water closets, laundry, information
technology, and electrical services
▪ These facilities should be properly designed,
installed, maintained, and managed. Services,
such as electricity supply and warm water,
must be adequate for the level of use.
▪ The availability and adequacy of these
facilities coupled with the issues of the
cleanliness of washroom facilities are of
utmost concern
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Mutation of data collected from Passive and Active systems modeling UNIT 4: Post Occupancy Evaluation
and Generating Building performance with respect to the previous data
after the occupancy details added to the built form
▪ Buildings do not perform as modelled.

▪ There are many reasons for this, for example
change of scope, functions, assumptions,
weather, user behavior and so forth.
▪ A weakness of building simulation is the
necessity to predict the occupant behavior, in
order to predict the actual building
performance.
▪ Studies have found that even efficiently
designed and constructed buildings can
consume more energy and produce less
energy than originally expected
▪ One of the main issues found is that the
accuracy of the predicted performance is
reliant on the way the variables are used in
building simulation to predict occupant
behavior
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and Generating Building performance with respect to the previous
data after the occupancy details added to the built form
▪ The literature provides precedence to

predicting occupant behavior in influencing
simulation outcomes:
❑ Scheduling: Studying occupancy type and

hours
❑ External factor controls: Studying the effect
of temperature, humidity, wind and rain,
based on assumption of occupant behavior
❑ Assumption of occupants controlling
windows to achieve necessary ventilation,
lighting, solar gain rates as intended by
design
❑ How active and passive systems are
managed based on occupant behavior
based on the above
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▪ The occupant's choice of the type of controls to reach his/ her

comfort is based on its efficiency, ease and its potential unwanted
consequences.
▪ We have identified actions (such as adjusting the level of clothing,
opening a window and turning down the thermostat temperature)
and inactions (such as moving to a different location and
tolerating some discomfort) as differing strategies of occupants
‘behave’ (behaviour) towards the same thermal discomfort.
▪ These approaches, however, impact on the amount of energy use,
and thus, it is important to understand the relationship between
the building and its users’ living style and their energy use
behaviour
▪ HVAC systems, electrical devices and lighting that enable users
[occupants] to manage their own thermal and visual comfort, are
the key sources of energy consumption in buildings and variations
in using these systems can cause significant variations in the total
energy consumption in buildings, and hence, accounts for the gap
between actual use and predicted energy consumption.
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▪ Occupant behaviour can be said to the response

people have to an external or internal stimuli.
▪ They may adapt to the environment by the use of
passive and active systems
▪ A study by Sun and Hong in 2017, found that the
consumption range can be between 2% to 20% based
on the occupant behaviour style and their interaction
with energy conservation measures
▪ Better occupancy data and usage patterns can then be
used to model the building for simulation
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POST OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

Role of POE - Manage Facilities by:

• Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is the process of

There are three different kinds of reviews integral to POE:

• Applying sign skills more effectively

Monitoring of environmental conditions - including temperature, noise, light, air

Three Approaches: Indicative, Investigative and Diagnostic

(1) Indicative POE, it is suggested, are cursory analyses that

Four General Typologies

(1) “building-behaviour research, or the

• Thermal comfort is largely a state of mind, separate from equations

The method developed by Fanger (1972) and

adapted in ISO Standard 7730 is based on the

determination of the PMV index (Predicted

Mean Vote) calculated from an equation of

thermal balance for the human body, involving

the terms of internal generation and heat

exchanges with the surrounding environment.

Fanger’s PMV correlation is based on the identification

Finally, Fanger, developed the following

correlation between PMV and the thermal

load. The predicted mean vote is the average

response of a large number of people. Given

the subjective nature of comfort, there will

actually be a distribution of satisfaction

among a large group of people. Figure to the

right shows an empirical relationship

between the percentage of people dissatisfied

(PPD) with a thermal environment as a

Which data is needed?

Method should distinguish between:

• (Top-down) What can be expected when

• (Bottom-up) What is required as input to

Use metering data (electricity, gas, heat,

2 – Benchmark the usage between similar

1. Obtain the consumption meter readings of multiple users.

5. Using a clustering technique, determine the

Energy production by technology (kWh/m2 /year)

OPERATIONAL ENERGY: ❑ When presenting the operational energy

❑ Multitude of software are there to

❑ For quantitative analysis metering and

❑ Data required requires planning of

❑ FUNCTIONAL PERFRMANCE ELEMENTS

▪ Functional performance deals addresses the

▪ Technical performance elements deal with survival

❑ Behavioral performance elements

▪ Behavioral performance elements create a link

▪ The layout of space, furniture, and storage and the

2. Interior and exterior appearance

▪ Appearance is one of the most important aspects of

3. Access to facilities– accessibility

▪ This refers to the building's closeness to the

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

▪ ASHRAE 55 (2004) defines thermal comfort

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2. Indoor air quality

▪ IAQ is the quality of air within a facility or the

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

5. Security and fire safety

Quality of building support services – QBSS