Unit 5

UNIT 5
ADVANCED BUILDING SIMULATION AND ENERGY
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE
19ARC709L PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
EVALUATION TOOLS
TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABLE
FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS PRESENTATION BY: PRASHANTHINI RAJAGOPAL
M.ARCH 2 ND YEAR – SEM III ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH 2 YEAR – SEM III
ND
UNIT 5: ADVANCED BUILDING SIMULATION
AND ENERGY
BUILDING TEMPLATE MANAGER
BTM Window
The Building Template Manager window can be opened by selecting Templates > Building
The Building Template Manager (BTM) is the Template Manager from the <VE> menus. The following window will then be displayed
room template manager for the <Virtual
Environment> programs. It allows for easy
designation of common zone features and
conditions when constructing a <Virtual
Environment> model.
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M.ARCH 22 YEAR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
M.ARCH ND YEAR––SEM
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AND ENERGY
The Building Template Manager is split Room Attributes

up into 6 template types: This contains data relating to lettable area.
❑ Room Attributes
❑ Constructions
❑ MacroFlo Opening Types
❑ Thermal Conditions
❑ Electric Lighting
❑ Radiance Surface Properties
Lettable Floor Area - This is the percentage of

the floor area that is lettable.
Circulation Floor Area - This is the percentage

of the floor area that is classed as circulation.
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Constructions
This section is where the opaque and glazed constructions are
specified for templates.
It should be noted that the constructions template can only be

used when drawing new geometry or importing from file. We
cannot apply a construction template to existing rooms within the
model.
Opaque Glazed
This section contains drop down This section contains drop
lists for the following which are down lists for the following
used to select the desired which are used to select the
construction: desired
❑ Roof construction:
❑ Ceiling ❑ Rooflight
❑ External Wall ❑ External Glazing
Apache Constructions Database
❑ Internal Partition ❑ Internal Glazing
Pressing this button opens up APcdb to allow for
❑ Ground Floor
creation /removal / editing of constructions.
❑ Door
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Constructions
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Thermal Conditions
This section is where room thermal conditions are assigned to
templates.
There are five tabs for thermal conditions

data:
❑ Building Regulations - for VE Compliance
module
❑ Room Conditions - Heating & Cooling
❑ System - Apache Systems data
❑ Internal Gains - Casual Gains
❑ Air Exchanges - Infiltration & Ventilation
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Building Regulations Room Conditions
This tab allows the template to be associated with an NCM This tab contains controls for setting default room
activity template for Building Regulations compliance. heating attribute data.
Data entered here will only affect VE Compliance and
other thermal modules (ApacheCalc, ApacheSim) will
remain unchanged.
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Heating
Heating Profile This user can set the percentage profile
group that defines the operation of the heating/cooling
system. Note that for heating to operate, the percentage
profile must exceed 50%. In most cases, prior to creating a
template, the user should define profiles using APpro.
These profiles will then appear in this and any other
Percentage Profile Group dialogue box.
Simulation Heating Setpoint This is the setpoint for

heating/cooling control. This value must be less than or
equal to the Simulation Cooling Setpoint at all times. The
heating/cooling setpoint can be constant or it can follow a
timed profile which can be defined using APpro.
Heating/Cooling Zone (INACTIVE) This allows you to set a

default heating zone to which spaces will be assigned for
the purposes of thermal calculations. *** Room grouping
schemes provide this functionality ***
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DHW
Here we defined the DHW using either the occupancy
profile or another predefined controlling scheduling
profile.
Consumption pattern
Here we can chose to control the DHW by either: Linked
to space occupancy profile (default) OR Independent
profile
Pattern of use profile If “Independent profile” selected

above then this is where we specify the scheduling profile
that describes the pattern.
DHW consumption The actual DHW consumption we

want to define
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Plant (auxiliary energy) Model settings
The plant (auxiliary energy) can be linked to either the Solar Reflected Fraction This is the fraction of solar
heating or cooling profiles or indeed set independently by radiation which, once transmitted by the glazing room, is
assigning a controlling profile. then rereflected out of the window. The value of solar
fraction lost depends primarily on internal surface
Plant profile (control) Here we set whether we want to emissivity and room geometry. As a general rule, windows
link the control to one of the following: Set to heating which have a high room view factor will have higher solar
profile Set to cooling profile Set independently re-reflected fractions. For ApacheCalc only.
Profile schedule Only active when “Set independently” Furniture Mass Factor In ApacheSim the thermal mass of
above. This allows the selection of any profile weekly the air in a room is calculated as the product of the room
modulating profile. volume, the air density and the air specific heat capacity
at the room conditions. See the Apache User Guide for
more information.
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System HVAC System
This tab contains controls for setting default This is where the system that controls the room and supply air
room cooling attribute data condition (set in Apache Systems) is chosen for the current
template. This choice dictates the efficiency and primary
energy use of the system chosen for heating, cooling, air
supply, extraction and any auxiliary mechanical ventilation.
Auxiliary System
This is where the system that controls the supply air condition
for any auxiliary ventilation (set in Apache Systems) is chosen
for the current template. This choice dictates the efficiency and
primary energy use of the system chosen for heating, cooling,
supplying and extracting the auxiliary system air.
DHW System
This is where the system that controls the domestic hot water
(set in Apache Systems) is chosen for the current template. This
choice dictates the efficiency and primary energy use of the
system chosen for heating
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System outside air supply
Minimum Flow Rate The supply air condition is set in the
Apache Systems dialog. It is the air supply that will be tempered
by the system plant and the results will be seen separately from
the room load.
Variation Profile This is the variation profile that will be applied

to the system air supply. The modulating profile can be set in
APpro.
Additional Free Cooling Flow Capacity This indicates the

maximum intake of outside air that is available for free cooling.
In the case of a naturally ventilated room, a value of 5 ach would
be typical to model ventilation by window opening. In the case
of an air conditioned room, where the outside air is brought in
via the system, it would be usual to express the value in l/(s·m2 )
and a value of 0.5 in l/(s·m2 ) would be typical. Note that this
figure represents the additional outside air intake over and
above the minimum ventilation level.
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Internal Gain Parameters
Type
There are seven types of casual gains available for selection:
❑ Fluorescent lighting
❑ Tungsten Lighting
❑ Miscellaneous
❑ Machinery
❑ Cooking
❑ Computers
❑ People
Gain Units The units by which internal gains are defined. W/m2
or W for all gains other than People which is set a W/P or W.
Lighting gains have the additional option of lux. Holes and
windows added on a surface will reduce the floor area to be
used in a W/m2 calculation. Using the W option can be used to
bypass this procedure, specifically for high level zones where a
floor may be set as a 100% hole.
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Internal Gain Parameters
Occupant Density This value is used to calculate the number of people
per room. Clicking on the column header will allow the column to be
sorted numerically or reverse numerically.
Maximum Power Consumption This is the default peak rate of energy

(or fuel) consumption of the device being described. Most casual gains
(such as lights and small machines) consume energy (or fuel) as well as
emitting heat.
Radiant Fraction This represents the amount of sensible gain that is
released as radiant heat (the remainder is assumed to be convective).
Fuel Where the default casual gain being defined has an associated
power, or fuel consumption, this item defines the type of fuel that it
uses. For example, lights would normally use electricity, but cooking
might use gas or electricity.
Variation/DImming Profile This contains a control to set the

modulating profile group reference that describes the
variation/dimming of the heat gain throughout the year.
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AIR EXCHANGES
This tab is used for entering default room air exchange settings
(infiltration, natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation).
Air Exchange Parameters

Type There are three types of air exchange available for selection: 1.
Infiltration 2. Natural Ventilation 3. Auxiliary Ventilation
Exchange Reference The reference name which the user can enter
for an air exchange.
Variation Profile This contains a control to set the modulating profile

group reference that describes the variation of the selected air
exchange type throughout the year.
A/C Rate Units The units of an air exchange can be selected by the
user from the drop down list.
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AIR EXCHANGES
Maximum A/C Rate This value is the maximum number of air
changes for a given profile group, i.e. the air-change rate assumed at
those times when the defined profile has a value of 100%, or when
there are no profiles used (as in Apache Heat Loss calculations).
Adjacent Condition The condition may be set to either: External Air –

air at outside temperature. External Air + Offset Temperature – air at
outside temperature plus a temperature offset. Temperature From
Profile – a fixed temperature defined by a temperature profile.
Temperature Offset This sets the offset temperature to be used in

conjunction with the outside air temperature for the associated
adjacent condition. This setting is only displayed if the adjacent
condition is set to External Air + Offset Temperature.
Temperature Profile This contains a control to set the absolute

temperature profile group for the associated adjacent condition. This
setting is only displayed if the adjacent condition is set to
Temperature From Profile.
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Radiance Surface Properties
This section is where the Radiance surface properties are assigned to
templates.
Opaque This section contains drop down menus for the following
which are used to select the desired surface:
❑ Roof
❑ Ceiling
❑ External
❑ Wall
❑ Internal Partition
❑ Ground Floor
❑ Door
Glazed This section contains drop down menus for the following
which are used to select the desired surface:
❑ Rooflight
❑ External Glazing
❑ Internal Glazing
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MODELIT
The Viewport In order to simplify things we will only use the single
viewport option. By default we get the following view:
The red cross-hair in the centre of the viewport is the

model origin (0, 0), also note the "View Selection" is
set to "Plan".
Click on GRID button to pop-up the "Grid Settings"

window which shows the current grid.
Click on the LOCK button to pop-up the "Locks"

window which shows the current status.
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MODELIT
Create Prism This option is activated by the PRISM button in the
model toolbar. This pops-up the "Shape Settings" window, from this We click the left mouse button near to the
we can name our prism, and define the base plane level (0m) and model origin, remembering that in the locks
the height of the prism (3m). Note the "Segments" field is inactive settings the grid option is active. This selects the
since it does not apply. point (0,0) as the first corner of the prism. As we
move the cursor a rubber-band rectangle will
follow the cursor with its origin fixed at the (0,0)
vertex. When the cursor is positioned at the
diagonally opposite corner position we can click
the left mouse again to create the prism. If you
move the cursor around you will see that it does
not matter which corner of the prism we create
first. If we make a mistake in selecting the first
corner of our prism we can cancel this by clicking
the right mouse button. Having created this
prism the command remains active until we
select some other option.
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MODELIT
Here is our first diversion: Cancel the "Shape Settings"
window. Go to the view toolbar and click on the "View You will notice that in the "Axon" view a lot of the
Selection" options and select the "Axon" option. The image toolbar options are no longer active e.g. the shape
in the viewport changes to this view of the prism. options (Extrude, etc.) and editing options (copy,
move, etc.). These options are only available in a 2D
view e.g. "Plan", "Front", etc.
If you look at the "Model Browser" (by default at the
left of the ModelIT workspace) you will see that the
prism we have created has been added to the
"Model".
When we go back into the

"Plan" view, you will notice
that the view has
automatically been re-
scaled to fit the prism:
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MODELIT
Create Extruded Shape This option is activated by the
EXTRUDE button in the model toolbar. This pops-up the
"Shape Settings" window, from which we can edit the
required parameters (same as prism).
We digitize the shape using the left mouse to click on
the required grid points (the right mouse can be used to
delete the last vertex). When we have digitized the last
point (as shown above) we can either use the "Close
Shape" button to complete the extrusion, or clicking on
the first vertex has the same effect.
Time for another diversion:

We have created two objects – a prism and an extruded
shape. If we click on the "Model Viewer" button we get
the following window pops-up:
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MODELIT
This gives a "solid" view of the objects we have
created, since the default view is not very interesting
we can change this by dragging the left mouse button
from left to right to rotate the view (press and hold
the left mouse button while moving).
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MODELIT
Adding Glazing to a Model Select the extruded shape, click the "Move
Down One Level" button to move from the Model level to the Surface
level. When you do this the viewport will change to only show the
selected object (usually in "Axon"), and the selected object will expand in
the "Model Browser"
Select the required surface (either by selecting from the viewport or from
the "Model Browser"), go down another level using the "Move Down One
Level" button to move from the Surface level to the Opening level. Again
the viewport changes to show the selected surface in a normalized view.
You will notice that the "Add Door", "Add Window" and "Add Hole"
buttons are now active. Click on the "Add Window" button (by default it is
in "Rectangular" mode). In the viewport click on the grid point which is
the bottom left corner of the required window and then the top right
corner (the rectangular window will rubber-band from the first vertex).
The window can be created from any corner to the opposite.
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MODELIT
Adding Glazing to a Model
We remain in this mode until we select another option. Create
two more windows on this surface:
We can now go back up a level using the "Move Up One Level"

button
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MODELIT
Applying "Simple Model" to Application To run
SunCast on the simple model we have just created,
select the "Solar" option from the "Application" tab
and then select "SunCast". This starts "SunCast" (in
this version of the SunCast runs as an external
application) and automatically opens the current
project.
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THERMAL TEMPLATE
Creating Profiles To set up thermal templates for the project, we will
first create profiles, using the APpro (Apache Profiles Database)
utility. Profiles describe the time variation of thermal input
parameters. Examples of their use include scheduling plant
equipment, modulating casual gains and ventilation rates, specifying
the timing and degree of window opening and defining time-varying
set-points and supply temperatures. Profiles are of two types:
Modulating profiles are used to modulate inputs such as gains,

ventilation rates and window opening, and to schedule plant. They
take the form of a time series of values in the range 0 - 1.
Absolute profiles are used to specify the time variation of variables

such as setpoints and supply temperatures. They take the form of a
time series of a physical variable (most commonly temperature).
Profiles should be created for daily, weekly and annual usages

patterns. To start APpro, click the Apache Profiles Database button.
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THERMAL TEMPLATE
Creating Profiles
Profiles should be created for weekly and
(optionally) annual usage patterns. There are pre-
built (system) weekly profiles for you to choose
from.
If you want to review a particular weekly group,

double-click it and you will see the daily profiles for
each day of the week.
If you want to review a particular daily profile,

double-click the required day of the week and you
will see the daily profile graph:
To use system weekly profiles in your project, select

the profiles shown below using your mouse and
the key, then click the Import button. They will be
copied to the Project Profiles window.
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THERMAL TEMPLATE
Back in the Template Manager Window, click on Add Template to
create another constructions template and change the name of
this template to ‘Constructions template 1’.
Make sure the Constructions Template 1 is selected. In the

element category drop-down lists, select the wall and window
constructions you created earlier in the External Wall and External
Glazing categories. The constructions in each category shown
below are now the ‘active’ constructions for this template.
If required, when drawing rooms in ModelIT, you could then select

the required thermal and construction templates to apply to
subsequently drawn rooms. To do this, in the room Shape Settings
window in ModelIT, click on the Room Templates button to
expand the list of template types. From the drop down lists for the
Constructions templates and the Thermal Conditions templates,
select the required template names. These are then the ‘active’
templates which will apply to any rooms subsequently drawn
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THERMAL TEMPLATE
Editing the thermal information for one selected room If you
Assigning thermal templates to selected rooms
wish to change the thermal information for a selected room,
From the Thermal Template drop down list, select
you can do this by first selecting the required room. Let’s select
the Offices template and then click on OK to assign
the Studio. Next, click the Query button. Note that the Query
the information in this template to the selected
facility will only be available if one room only is selected.
rooms. Repeat the process by applying the Server
Rooms template to the three ground floor rooms.
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THERMAL TEMPLATE
Weather Data
There are three tabs on the APlocate window, one
for location and site data, one for design weather
data (used by ApacheCalc and ApacheLoads only)
and the other for simulation weather data (used by
ApacheSim only). APlocate has a selection wizard
that assists the user in selecting weather data.
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RUNNING APACHESIM
Performing a dynamic thermal simulation using The results file will hold all the results from the
ApacheSim Make sure you are in the Apache view in simulation. Vista, the results analysis tool, will open this
the Thermal group of applications. At the bottom of file when the simulation is complete and you can view
the Apache View, click the ApacheSim (Dynamic the results in different ways. The default results file
Simulation) button. The Apache Simulation window name will be <project name>.aps. We will use the
will appear default name for this tutorial.
Once the simulation is complete the Virtual Environment

view will automatically switch from the Apache View to
the Vista view. In Vista you will be able to review the
results from the simulation
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FLUCSDL
Preferences Dialogue Box

This dialogue box is displayed when you select Preferences on the Settings
menu.
❑ Analysis dialogue box - select a style for the Analysis dialogue box – this may
be displayed in one of 3 styles – a dialogue box with all the items on one
page, a property sheet with 6 pages, or a “wizard” with 6 pages (equivalent
to those on the property sheet). The wizard may be simpler to use for
beginners but requires more mouse clicks. The dialogue box is quicker for
experienced users.
❑ Results display - select the sections you want in the analysis results.
❑ Daylight threshold table – select whether you wish to display a general
purpose table of threshold areas or one suitable for LEED NC 2.2 Credit 8.1.
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FLUCSDL
Analysis Dialogue Box The Analysis dialogue box allows you to run
an analysis calculation. It may take one of two styles, depending on
the preference you have set using the Settings > Analysis option.
Dialogue Box Style The first style (default) is a single-page dialogue

box as shown here:
Property Sheet Style The second style is a property

sheet that has 5 pages:
❑ The Illuminance page

❑ The Margin page
❑ The Calculation quality page
❑ The Day lighting page
❑ The False ceiling page
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FLUCSDL
Illuminance Page
Illuminance Type Specify the type of illuminance to calculate for working planes
and task areas. Note all other surfaces always use planar illuminance:
1. Planar (“horizontal”). This is the simple illuminance on the receiving plane.
Usually this is a horizontal plane, hence the term “horizontal”.
2. Perpendicular (“vertical”). This is the illuminance on a plane passing through
the point and perpendicular to the receiving plane. Typically the latter is a
horizontal plane, hence the term “vertical”. It is used mainly for environments
where there are many vertical surfaces to be illuminated, mostly facing in the
same direction, e.g. a control room with many display terminals.
3. Cylindrical. This is the average illuminance over the surface of a cylinder
whose axis passes through the point and is perpendicular to the receiving
plane. Effectively this means that only the component of the incidence angle
parallel to the cylinder axis is taken into account.
4. Semi-cylindrical. Similar to cylindrical illuminance, but the cylinder is cut in half
by a plane parallel to its axis. This means it is treated in the same way as
cylindrical illuminance, except that there is a cut-off when the component of
the incidence angle perpendicular to the cylinder axis exceeds +/- 90 degrees.
5. Scalar. This is the average illuminance over the surface of a sphere.
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FLUCSDL Calculation Quality Page
Margin Page
Quality slider Use this to select from a number
Working Surface Margin of predetermined quality settings. The text
Enter the margin to be left uncalculated below will change as you move the slider to
at the edges of working surfaces. Because give you more detail about the quality setting.
the grid size is constant, the calculations
will be inaccurate when the working Advanced button This will show the Advanced
surface is close to a room surface. The Quality Settings dialogue box, where you can
CIBSE-recommended margin is 0.5m. set the calculation quality at a higher level of
detail.
Include room components toggle button

Select this if you have placed components in
the room, and you need these to be taken into
account.
Include a ground plane toggle button Select
this if you wish a ground plane to be included
in the calculation.
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FLUCSDL
Day Lighting Page
Sky model Select the sky model to use - the CIE Standard
Overcast Sky, the Uniform overcast sky, or the CIE Clear sky.
The first two are defined as functions of the value of Zenith
Luminance, Lz, entered below. The last one does not need
these values – instead it is a function of latitude, longitude,
date and time. The latitude and longitude may be set in the
Settings->Location… menu option. The date and time must
be selected below
Zenith Luminance Enter the zenith luminance Lz of the sky

model. The luminance Lγ,a at elevation γ and azimuth a is Date and time This is needed if you select the CIE Clear
given by: For the CIE Standard Overcast Sky: Lγ,a = Lz (1 + 2 Sky model. Select the date either by selecting the day
sin(γ))/3 For the Uniform Overcast Sky: Lγ,a = Lz The next or month text and entering the text or using the spin
field will be calculated automatically if you enter a value buttons.
here.
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FLUCSDL
SIMULATION
Simulations can be made for daylight factor and illuminance.

Threshold can be calculated.
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ADVANCED BUILDING SIMULATION AND ENERGY

The Building Template Manager is split Room Attributes

Lettable Floor Area - This is the percentage of

Circulation Floor Area - This is the percentage

It should be noted that the constructions template can only be

There are five tabs for thermal conditions

Simulation Heating Setpoint This is the setpoint for

Heating/Cooling Zone (INACTIVE) This allows you to set a

Pattern of use profile If “Independent profile” selected

DHW consumption The actual DHW consumption we

Variation Profile This is the variation profile that will be applied

Additional Free Cooling Flow Capacity This indicates the

Maximum Power Consumption This is the default peak rate of energy

Variation/DImming Profile This contains a control to set the

Air Exchange Parameters

Variation Profile This contains a control to set the modulating profile

Adjacent Condition The condition may be set to either: External Air –

Temperature Offset This sets the offset temperature to be used in

Temperature Profile This contains a control to set the absolute

The red cross-hair in the centre of the viewport is the

Click on GRID button to pop-up the "Grid Settings"

Click on the LOCK button to pop-up the "Locks"

When we go back into the

Time for another diversion:

The window can be created from any corner to the opposite.

We can now go back up a level using the "Move Up One Level"

Modulating profiles are used to modulate inputs such as gains,

Absolute profiles are used to specify the time variation of variables

Profiles should be created for daily, weekly and annual usages

If you want to review a particular weekly group,

If you want to review a particular daily profile,

To use system weekly profiles in your project, select

Make sure the Constructions Template 1 is selected. In the

If required, when drawing rooms in ModelIT, you could then select

Once the simulation is complete the Virtual Environment

Preferences Dialogue Box

Dialogue Box Style The first style (default) is a single-page dialogue

Property Sheet Style The second style is a property

❑ The Illuminance page

Include room components toggle button

Zenith Luminance Enter the zenith luminance Lz of the sky

Simulations can be made for daylight factor and illuminance.

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