International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume 119 No. 14 2018, 957-967
ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN CONSTRUCTION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECTS
P.SelvaPrasanth M.E1., S.Ranjitha2, R.Tharanyalakshmi2
1
Assistant professor/ Department of Civil Engineering – IFET College of Engineering
2
Final year student- IFET College of Engineering
ABSTRACT: The construction revolution for the past
twenty years had experienced a decline in productivity
when compared to other industrial revolution. To fight
against this circumstance, lean principles have been
introduced in the field of construction. Lean construction
is a new construction management philosophy which
caused a revolution in the manufacturing planning,
supply and assembly. This method was evolved from
lean manufacturing principles to reduce the production of
waste. The goal of our project is to apply the lean
techniques in small scale construction projects such as
residential buildings. This project deals with the various
lean tools which includes Last planner system, Increased
visualization, Total Quality management, 5S process and
Just in time. These tools helps us to improve the short
term scheduling effort and communication. The essence
of lean construction is increased by the elimination of
nonvalue adding activities from the construction.
Keywords: Lean construction, Last planner system,
Increased visualization, Total quality management, 5S
process, JIT, Non value adding activities, small scale
construction.
INTRODUCTION: Lean construction, as defined by the
Lean Construction Institute (LCI), is a production
management-based project delivery system emphasizing
the reliable and speedy delivery of value. The lean
approach is a consideration of the environment which is
becoming an increasingly important part of the
construction culture. The basic five principles of lean
thinking are value, value stream, flow, pull and
perfection. It changes the focus of management to be
proper. The customer value and the key processes will be
focused for its continuous improvement. The formulation
of the theoretical foundation of lean construction in the
construction management process from lean production
concept was introduced by The International Group of
Lean Construction. It delivers a complex, uncertain and
quick project results which is carried over by this new
project delivery system. Up to 30% of construction cost
are due to factors such as mistakes, delays, inefficiencies
and poor communication through surveys. Improvement
of delivery system will be more. It is also defined as a
absolute way to enhance the production system in order
to obtain maximum amount of product value by
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minimising waste of material, time and effort. The
quality of product will be decreased due to poor
workmanship and improper management. The main
objective of the lean construction principles is “Use less
of everything and drive more value”.
AIM:
1. The aim of our project is to implement the lean
construction tools in residential building projects
such as apartments, compact homes, villas, etc.
2. In order to minimise the waste and duration of the
project period when compared to conventional
method, the usage of lean construction should be
adopted.
3. The understanding between the contractors, labours
and the client can be improved which enhances the
smooth functioning of the business.
4. The quality of the construction should be achieved
efficiently. The barriers in implementing lean
construction should be identified through survey.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the implementation of
lean construction in residential building are
1. To eliminate the nonvalue adding activities in the
construction site
2. To enhance the flow of work by minimising the
waiting period
3. To reduce cost and duration of the project
4. To avoid the unnecessary labour movement and
material handling
5. To provide safety for the workers in the site
6. To eradicate the poor management control
7. To manage the resource related activities very
effectively
PURPOSE: The purpose of our project are as follows
1. The performance level of the construction project
will be improved
2. Involvement of the workers in the project can be
increased by effective deliverance of the logical
sequence by using pull approach method
3. Proper scheduling for the standardised work
completion is adopted
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
4. Just in time approach helps in materials
distribution in a proper way
5. Daily hurdle meetings assures the proper
execution of the work
SCOPE: The scope of our project are as follows
1. To implement the method of lean construction
not only for larger constructions but also for
small scale
2. constructions such as compact homes, villas,
apartments, etc,.
3. To reach this lean concepts all over the
developing countries
4. To improve the value creation that is what the
client really wants successfully from the owner
5. To eradicate the waste completely during
construction and to increase the profit
ADVANTAGES: The points that enhances the view of
lean construction are as follows
1. Continuous improvement in construction
industry
2. Focus on smart work through companies
management rather than hard work by adopting
strategic plans for future
3. Reduces waste production in the field which is
useful in increasing the profit
4. Reduces the cost of the project
5. Customer satisfaction can be increased
6. Better and smooth communication among owner,
customer, labours and over all
7. Productivity increases
PROJECT OVERVIEW: After the proper study of
various literatures on lean construction, the questionnaire
was prepared. All the questions were framed in
numbering format such as 5 for larger occurrence of
problem, 4 for lower than that and so on. The various
construction companies were visited and survey was
made. The proper explanation for the questions were
given to the respondent of the company. The work flow
of the construction project was visualised. Through
probable analysing, the barriers in the work were
identified.
The analysis helped us to understand that there was no
clear view about lean construction techniques in the
companies. The major drawbacks were observed and
suitable solutions were given for eliminating the flaws in
the work progress. The various lean tools were split by
specific elements with their principles. The application of
tools in the project can improve the construction flow. If
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the input of lean in managing is increased, then the
performance outcome can be increased.
The issues in conducting the work can be
rectified by the different tools such as
 Last planner system for production planning and
designing (which is also called as collaborative
planning)
 Increased visualization for safety commitments
 5S process for sorting, shining, set in order, sustain
and standardize
 First run studies for planning, doing, acting and
checking
 Just In Time for enhancing the flow of materials and
its supply
 Total quality management for commitment of
labours with respect to various work specifications
DATA COLLECTED:
FIELD STUDY: The construction site should be visited
before initiating the work. The soil condition should be
analysed by the engineer should be verified thoroughly.
The materials which are selected based on the size of the
project, climatic condition, material flow, economic
factors, transportation facilities etc., also be checked.
Although the major problems arise due to situations
faced by the crew members such as insufficient space for
storing materials in nearby site (in crowded area), labour
accommodation (when labours are hired from far
distance), material supply chain and its availability,
uncertain thefts, work delay etc., are identified.
WORK PLAN FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
PAPER WORK:
 Plot sale agreement
 Construction agreement
 Contract specification
 Time duration
 Labour cost
 Material cost
 Other contingencies
 Secure financing
 Preparation of drawing plan as per client
requirement
 Approval of drawing and estimation from
client
 Approval from City Development Authority
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
PLOT WORK:
 MARKINGS OF BOUNDARIES – The physical
marker is used to identify the boundary of the
property with its direction. Several types of markings
which are used such as pillars, corners and obelisks.
It shows the fixing position of boundary where the
land starts.
 CLEANING- Before initiating the construction the
obstructions in the construction area is removed and
the soil is made firm. The tree roots, organic matters
were removed to avoid structural damages.
 PREPARATION OF SITE LAYOUT- After
cleaning grading must be done to prevent flowing of
water for the better foundation. Cutting and filling
that is levelling of soil is done at required area. The
soil is stabilised to reduce the settling effect because
the settlement of foundation may cause development
of cracks on the building.
EARTHWORK
 STRIP TOP SOIL- The removal of top soil
containing soil nutrients after the removal of existing
vegetations. The soil is made firm. The soil is either
sand or gravel proper striping is done for further
construction process.
 FOUNDATION MARKING- It is the initial stage
of construction where the outline of foundation is
marked using pegs, white powder and strings. The
dimensions of the plan are easy to set through
markings.
 EXCAVATION- Either the soil is soft or hard the
excavation must be done for required depth with
appropriate equipment. In small size buildings (when
there is no further construction after the ground
floor) the excavation is not required and belt can be
provided in such a case.
FOUNDATION: In the foundation, the columns were
raised as per room dimensions. A better structure
depends on the foundation which is provided. The type
of footing can be choose with respect to the soil
properties. The column acts as a support for the load
bearing wall and roof. After filling the excavated area, a
water proofing agent known as damp proof course is
provided above the ground to prevent the entry of
dampness. It act as a barrier to prevent moisture
condition raising by capillary action of water. It may
provided either in horizontal or vertical direction.
MASONRY WORK: It is mainly done in constructing
load bearing and non-load bearing wall which are known
as masonry units. The masonry walls can be laid by using
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different materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, stone
etc., Cement or lime mortar are used for appropriate
bonding of blocks. Generally masonry is a high durable
form of construction.
LINTEL PROVISION: A structural horizontal which is
provided that spans the opening or space between two
vertical supports. It is also a decorative element which is
architective or combined ornamental structured elelment.
It is used in openings such as doors, windows, etc,.
which acts as a actual supporting. The different types of
lintels are there such as timber, steel, concrete, stone,
brick and reinforced concrete lintels. For bearing
provision some specifications must be adopted like
10cm, height of lintel beam, 1/10th to 1/12th of span of
lintel.
ROOFING: It is a covering of a building structure at the
top position of building which acts as a protection or
shelter. It is a part of building envelope. The feature of
roofing depends on the following factors like type of
building, architectural design, availability of roofing
materials, and local culture of construction. It depends on
method of supporting.
ELECTRICIAN WORK: The electrical work plays a
vital role in building construction. In trend, these works
are adopted during the construction itself as a internal
fittings. The wiring works are not visible outer in recent
techniques. It should possess the Indian Standard codal
provisions. So the planning must be in proper way. Those
electrical services are handled carefully during provision.
CARPENTRY WORK: The carpentry work denotes the
wooden work needed for the residential construction. It
includes doors, windows, lintel provisions etc., The
absolute fittings and jointings are provided for those
structures.
PLUMBING WORK: It advance a wide application
everywhere in construction to convey the fluids by using
differnet plumbing systems such as pipes, valves, tanks,
plumbing fixtures and some other apparatuses. The
plumbing infrastructure reveals the good sanitation. The
various materials used in plumbing are steel, copper and
plastics. Septic tanks and sewage connections through
pipe fittings are enough strong to convey it
systematically. The jointings are made by casting,
welding and extrusion for tubes.
EXTERIOR FINISHES: It acts as a protective covering
or coating for the external walls of a building from rain,
heat, frost and other external factors. The appearance will
be pleasant and decorative finishes as a whole. The
materials used for finishing the surfaces are plaster,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
mortar, metal cladding, ceramic tiles, glass etc., It also
fills the gaps or any voids presence in the surface of
structure. An important purpose for plastering are fire
resistor and excess environmental changes.
FLOOR FINISHES: Any finishing materials provided
in a floor to make it as a walking surfaces. The flooring
depends on the following factors such as cost, endurance,
effectiveness, comfort, noise insulation and cleaning
effort. It should posses better slip resistance factor. The
flooring also depends on the client desires. Depend on
the nature and usages of building various follrings are
adopted.
PAINTING: It is applied in solid surface both in the
external and internal surfaces of the building structure. It
will provide a aesthetical view of appearance. Also the
painting acts as a protective layer to prevent the structure
from environmental conditions, weather impacts, water
proofing, termite attack and increses the surface
durability.
INTERIOR TRIM: Any trim provided around the
windows, doors, stairs, baseboards and as a internal
finish. It is also referred to be molding or millwork for
framing. The most common types of interior trim are as
follows- Shoe molding, Baseboard, Head jamb, Base cap,
Head casing, Side jamb, Side casing, Chair railing,
Wainscoting, Crown, Ceiling medallion, Grille, Stool,
Apron and Plinth block.
PLUMBING TRIM: It is a final stage of plumbing
work preliminary to terminal inspection. It includes pipe
connections in fittings, fixtures and appliances.
EXTERIOR LANDSCAPING: It deals with the visible
appearance in external surface of the building. The area
of land must be landscaped for aesthetical views. It
includes gardening, water bodies, lightings, landforms
and terrain provisions. The layout and the outcomes will
be good while landscaping contractor adopting the work.
HARDWARE FIXINGS: The hardwares in building
includes the fasteners like bolts, nuts, screws, spikes and
other metal fittings which usually supports the fixtures
like windows, doors and cabinets. The other materials are
taps, faucets, sanitaries, door hinges, door handles,
latches, switch plates and door knockers. It is often
available in following materials like brass, steel,
aluminium, iron, plastic and stainless steel. The
hardwares are grouped under following categories such
as Bathroom hardware, Door hardware, Safety and
Security hardware, Cabinet hardware, Plumbing
hardware, Furniture hardware and Curtain hardware.
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HANDOVER TO CLIENT: After the completion of all
the works in structure with appropiate plannings, a whole
structure must be inspected. If any fails to be occurred,
the work must be terminated properly. Atlast the
structure must be handover to the client with
satisfication.
COMPANIES VISITED: The various companies
visited to propagate a study on the conventional method
of construction and the understanding of lean concepts in
business administration are as the following
 Kishoure Construction
 AG Construction
 Panimalar Builders
 Alaya Construction
The questionnaire has been raised to the companies and
the highlighted problems faced by them are analysed
properly. The respondent plays an important role in
answering the questions based on their real time
experience. The work flow can be analysed by supply
chain of the materials and labours which is major part in
the completion of the project work. The process of
construction is considered as the manufacturing process
and the finished work is considered as product. The
exclusion of non-value adding activities is very important
on the business phase. The idea of the organisation plan
should be considered as a part of managing power. The
build in character of the project work with respect to
customer satisfaction is found out through this
experiment. The completion of work within the time and
job satisfaction along with perfection in the work up to
expectance level is very much required for a business to
run successfully.
KISHOURE CONSTRUCTION: Even though
Kishoure construction is one of the blooming companies
in Villupuram it has some uncertain conditions which
requires additional care to get rectified. In this
construction, frequent waste categories are identified
such as Rework, Unnecessary material handling,
Excessive surveillance, Clarifications required highly in
their working environment. Rather than these wastes,
material wastes and damaged material also be found as
major waste categories. According to their Management
related, poor management control and excessive
bureaucracy, paperwork are found. In their Resources
related, shortages, misuse, poor quality and theft are
major problems faced. In their Information related,
delaying of project, unclear works are occurred.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

   
6 6
5
4
5
3
2
4 1
0
3

1
Fig 4 Chart of information related works at Kishoure
0
construction
UNNECESSARY MATERIAL HANDLING
UNCOMPLETED WORK
REWORK

UNNECESSARY LABOUR MOVEMENT

EXCESSIVE SUPERVISION
EXCESSIVE SPACE
DEFECTS
INTERRUPTIONS
MATERIAL WASTED

EXCESSIVE SURVEILLANCE

DELAYS
INEFFECTIVE WORK

DAMAGED MATERIAL

EXTRA PROCESSING
CLARIFICATIONS NEEDED
ABNORMAL EQUIPMENT WEARING

AG CONSTRUCTION: In this construction, only the

delaying of project and completion of the project would
be delayed sometimes. It is due to the situation across the
work when it was adopted. Except the delaying other
categories were slightly varied but no problem evolved
due to their proper planning. According to their
Management related, only the poor management control
was done. In their Resources related, excessive amount
was needed due to material cost in the market. Also the
Information related, it was seemed to be late and unclear
in their processing.

4.5
Fig 1 Chart of frequent waste categories at Kishoure 4
construction 3.5
3
6 2.5
5 2
4 1.5
3
2 1
1 0.5
0 0
UNNECESSARY LABOUR…
UNNECESSARY…

ABNORMAL EQUIPMENT…
EXCESSIVE SURVEILLANCE
DEFECTS

DAMAGED MATERIALS

EXCESSIVE SUPERVISION

DELAYS
EXTRA PROCESSING
INEFFECTIVE WORK

EXCESSIVE SPACE
UNCOMPLETED WORK
REWORK

INTERRUPTIONS
MATERIALS WASTED

CLARIFICATIONS NEEDED

Fig 2 Chart of management related jobs at Kishoure

construction

6
4 Fig 5 Chart of frequent waste categories at AG
2 construction
0

Fig 3 Chart of resource related works at Kishoure

construction
  

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

   
3.5 only the slight defective or damages may occur in any of
3 their projects.
2.5
2
1.5
6
1
0.5
0 5

3
5 5 5
2 4
Fig 6 Chart of management related jobs at AG
construction
1 2
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 0
4

DELAYS
UNNECESSARY MATERIAL HANDLING
EXCESSIVE SURVEILLANCE

EXCESSIVE SPACE
UNCOMPLETED WORK
REWORK

INTERRUPTIONS

UNNECESSARY LABOUR MOVEMENT

EXCESSIVE SUPERVISION

EXTRA PROCESSING
CLARIFICATIONS NEEDED
ABNORMAL EQUIPMENT WEARING
INEFFECTIVE WORK
DEFECTS

DAMAGED MATERIAL
MATERIAL WASTED
3
2
1
0

Fig 7 Chart of resource related works at AG construction

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5 Fig 9 Chart for frequent waste categories at Panimalar
1
0.5
0
builders

6
5
4
3
Fig 8 Chart of information related jobs at AG
2
construction
1
PANIMALAR BUILDERS: In this construction 0
company, the major frequent waste categories identified
BUREAUCRACY,PAPER
MANAGEMENT
REQUIREMENT

POOR MANAGEMENT

POOR PLANNING
UNNECESSARY

in their environment were excessive surveillance and

EXCESSIVE

CONTROL

supervision. The material storing during the project was

EXCESSIVE
CONTROL

WORK

highly required. In the congested area, it is highly

complicated to store the material in a place. According to
their Management related, excessive management control
is required. Also the bureaucracy and paperwork is
necessary. In their Resources related, the major problem
was excessive amount is required to complete the project Chart of management related jobs at Panimalar builders
due to market price values. In their Information related,

  

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

   
4.5 6
4
3.5 5
3
2.5 4
2
1.5 3
1
0.5
0 2

UNNECESSARY LABOUR…
UNNECESSARY MATERIAL…

ABNORMAL EQUIPMENT…
DEFECTS

DAMAGED MATERIAL

DELAYS
EXTRA PROCESSING
EXCESSIVE SURVEILLANCE
EXCESSIVE SUPERVISION
EXCESSIVE SPACE
UNCOMPLETED WORK

INEFFECTIVE WORK
REWORK

INTERRUPTIONS

CLARIFICATIONS NEEDED
MATERIALS WASTED
Chart of resource related works at Panimalar builders

2.5
2
Fig 10 Chart for frequent waste categories at Aalaya
1.5
construction
1
0.5
0 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Chart of information related jobs at Panimalar builders BUREAUCRACY,P
MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT

POOR PLANNING
REQUIREMENT
UNNECESSARY

EXCESSIVE

APERWORK
CONTROL

CONTROL

EXCESSIVE

AALAYA CONSTRUCTION: In this construction, the

POOR

frequent waste categories which were highly possible

such as excessive surveillance, supervision and space
required for materials storage in the construction site.
Also the damaged materials were obtained due to
improper purchasing. According to their Management Fig 11 Chart of management related jobs at Aalaya
related, the most complicated thing was the excessive construction
management control and also poor management control.
In their Resources related, excessive amount for project
rather than estimation, poor quality of material handling,
misusing the materials were found. In their Information
related, defective and damages of the structures were
slightly occurred.

  

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

   
6 improvement of the process. The process involved in
Last Planner system are as the following
5
4 1. Master schedule
2. Phase schedule
3 3. Look ahead schedule
2 4. Weekly work plan
1
INCREASED VISUALIZATION: The increased
0 visualization is generally done to enhance the quality of
the project along with the safety factor. It comes under
controlling process in a firm. The standards are
established and the measure of actual performance is
taken into account. The actual performance of the work
is compared with the standard schedule. The results of
the comparison are considered and corrective actions are
Fig 12 Chart of resource related works at Aalaya made to control the prospect. The control made over
construction progress helps in enhancing productivity standards, cost
standards, time standards and quality standards. The
supervisor should possess the ability to use the power
and also the ability to handle the labours with good
4.5 motivation. The power of motivation can encourage the
4
3.5 working denomination with full involvement. The
3 empowered lay man is responsible the safety note in the
2.5
2 construction site. The various process involved in the
1.5 increased visualization are as the following
1
0.5 SAFETY COMMITMENTS: The safety commitments
0
are vital role for the workers in their working
environment. The need for safety lies a significance for
the life issues. Some of the rules to be adopted by the
management are as follows,

1. Restriction on entry to site of non-essential personnel

Fig 13 Chart of information related jobs at Panimalar
constructions
LEAN CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
LAST PLANNER SYSTEM: Production planning
system designed to produce predictable work flow and
rapid learning in programming, design, construction and
commissioning of projects is known as Last planner
system. In USA it is known as pull planning system and
in UK the system is well known as collaborative system.
The team that are ambitious, challenged and ready to
change with the circumstances suits this kind of system.
A strong reinforced coaching is required for adoption of
this last planner system. The idea of the work flow
according to the schedule is insisted into the minds of the
workers through orientation programs. The
implementation of the techniques are evaluated from the
result. The co-operation of the labours with the team
leaders or engineers is very much required for the greater
2. Establish controlled entry points to site
3. Coordinate operations of various trades working in
the same areas
4. Provide fundamental site rules and orientation
training to all persons at risk
5. Establish adequate lay down areas
6. Everyone is obligated to refuse unsafe work
7. All injuries are preventable
8. All levels of supervision are accountable for safety
performance
9. Our work is never so urgent or important that we
cannot take time to do it safely
SAFETY SIGNS: The most popular construction site
warning signs are,
1. Construction site keep out warning signs
2. Danger Men at work warning signs
3. Asbestos removal in progress warning sign
4. Movement and equipment warning sign

  

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
FIRST RUN STUDIES: First run studies (as lean
construction defines) are used to redesign critical
assignments, part of continuous improvement effort and
include productivity. Studies and review work methods
for redesigning and streamlining the different functions
are involved. The criteria or change occurs by first run
studies are,
1. Actions on the site
2. Team effort
3. Knowledge
4. Communication
5. Relation with other tools
5S PROCESS: The objective of 5S is to create a neat
and orderly workplace with “a place for everything and
everything in its place”. The material, man power,
machine, money and method are the basic 5Ms involved
in any construction process. The key elements of any 5S
program are:
1. Sort – go through the tools, materials and equipment
and keep only what is necessary to complete the
work. All else is eliminated or stored offsite
2. Shine – clean up the workplace so it is an efficient
place where people are proud to work
3. Set in Order – label and organize the space so it’s
clear where everything belongs. A “shadow board”
for tools hung on the wall is a perfect example of
this.
4. Standardize – use standardized work to keep the
space organized and maintain the progress
5. Sustain – sustain the improvement by empowering
individuals to take responsibility for the space and
develop new improvements regularly.
DAILY HURDLE MEETINGS: The main approach
dealt in lean construction is daily huddle meetings which
is contributed to increase work flow ability. The major
reasons for adopting huddle meetings in construction site
are as follows,
1. Field office huddles generally takes more time. Trade
crew leaders need to leave the place of the work,
travel to the field office and once the huddle is
complete travel back to the place of the work for
inducing correct way of approach in the construction.
Lean thinkers will recognize that extra travel as
waste of time and money. An additional time
consideration is that field office meetings are often
sit-down meetings, and sit-down meetings have a
way of inviting necessary conversation with the
workers.
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Special Issue
2. Field office huddles limit the opportunity to see
concerns first hand. If a trade crew leader needs help
with completing an operation or making an
adjustment to the workflow for the following day it
is much easier to work through and agree on an
adjustment when everyone can directly see the work.
3. Huddles in the field make the daily planning and
learning more visible to the crews. It’s important for
people to see that workflow reliability is a concern
and that leaders are engaged in supporting the work
of the crews. People cannot see that when the
meetings are behind closed doors.
4. Huddles in the field are one more opportunity to be
in the field observing the work. Seeing what is
happening in the field is a far better way of
understanding how to improve workflow than seeing
what is happening on a computer screen or plan
table.
5. Huddles in the field are an opportunity to mentor
newer and assistant superintendents. Many projects
will require more than one daily huddle at certain
stages of the construction. This is a chance for the
senior superintendent to let less senior members of
the team gain leadership experience.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: The quality of
the project can be increased by improving supervision at
the site and by using good quality materials. Setting
objectives of the project according to the work
requirement and future goals is very important. The
availability of the material at the work place itself or near
by is the important factor to be considered on planning.
The reduction of cost is the main aim of the owner but
good quality materials may lead to increase in the
investment for a project. This can be avoided by making
bond between the builders and the suppliers. The
performance depends upon the quality of the material
used.
CONCLUSION: The issues in conducting the work can
be rectified by the different tools such as
1. Last planner system for production planning and
designing (which is also called as collaborative
planning)
2. Increased visualization for safety commitments
3. 5S process for sorting, shining, set in order, sustain
and standardize
4. First run studies for planning, doing, acting and
checking
5. Total quality management for commitment of
labours with respect to various work specifications
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

   
REFERENCES
[1] Vinaya D.more, Dr.Shrikant Charhate and
Madhulika Sinha (2016) - Lean construction
techniques in Indian Construction Industry:Some
Analysis.
[2] Shaik Md Sami Pasha, B. Harish Naik (2016)- An
analysis of lean construction in Tamilnadu
construction industry.
[3] U.Vimal Kumar, Ganapathy Ramasamy (2016)- A
critical study of various lean techniques in practice
and developing a framework for different
construction building projects.
[4] Giorgio locatelli, Mauro Mancini, Giulia Gastaldo,
Federica Mazza (2013)- Improving Projects
Performance With Lean Construction: State Of
The Art, Applicability And Impacts.
[5] J.Rajprasad, Shuaibu Saminu, S.Harish Babu
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