THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2015)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2015 IPA

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive

Nasal

Trill

Tap or Flap

Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back

Close
Bilabial Bilabial Examples:

Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial

Close-mid
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar

Palatoalveolar Velar Velar

Open-mid
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative

OTHER SYMBOLS
Voiceless labial-velar fricative
Voiced labial-velar approximant
Open
Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Voiced alveolar lateral flap

Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS

Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress

Affricates and double articulations
Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols Secondary stress
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Epiglottal plosive Long
Half-long
DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Extra-short
Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental
Minor (foot) group
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical
Major (intonation) group
Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal
Syllable break
More rounded Labialized Nasalized
Linking (absence of a break)
Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
Advanced Velarized Lateral release LEVEL CONTOUR
Extra
Retracted Pharyngealized No audible release or high or Rising

Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized High Falling

High
Mid rising
Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative)
Low
Low rising
Syllabic Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising-
low falling
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root
Downstep Global rise
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall

Typefaces: Doulos SIL (metatext); Doulos SIL, IPA Kiel, IPA LS Uni (symbols)