Name- Shivangi Choudhary. Class- E. Program-BA.LLB.

PRN- 19010223109. BATCH- 2019-24. SUB- political science

Answer-1 Diplomacy is indeed the practice of using negotiation and communication to handle
sensitive international business. It is the simplest form of negotiations. It is an ancient practice
adopted by states to avoid conflict and unpleasant situations with other states; it can be
considered the polar opposite of war in that its goal is to promote peaceful relations among states
while attempting to achieve desired goals and interests that are desirable for all parties involved
while also being sustainable. Through diplomacy, nations interact with each other in order to get
the best result without any violence.
During the French Revolution, the term ‘diplomacy’ was established, and it originally had
negative overtones of aristocracy, deception, secrecy, privilege, and an obsession on war and
coalition.
Over the time diplomacy has evolved from old to new diplomacy. Old diplomacy what is also
known as European diplomacy was more of a secret deal-making diplomacy. Contrast to this is
new diplomacy which is open in nature. New diplomacy involves participation of governments,
diplomats, non-state actors and even citizens unlike old diplomacy which only involved the
participation of diplomats selected by the Monarch.
The main element of old diplomacy was that it was formal and elite in style and attitude, with
international contacts being the prerogative of monarchs and their ambassadors. Diplomats had
great powers vested in them due to a lack of quick communication, and they used to use their
authority without fear. Diplomats in the traditional type of diplomacy were expected to follow
etiquette and keep conversations and their conclusions completely confidential. The procedure
was kept highly private and was carried out on a bilateral basis. This diplomatic approach was
quite restricted and reflected expansionist notions and personal ambitions, such as land
acquisition for state expansion. Diplomacy was also concerned with general questions of war and
peace. Because secret negotiations resulted in secret treaties and agreements, it was viewed as a
source of numerous issues.
New diplomacy, which emerged after the close of World War 1, is seen as a solution to future
issues. The transition from old diplomacy to new diplomacy was a significant change that
allowed individuals to participate in discussions about the state’s foreign policies. It is
multilateral in nature and truly global in scale, as evidenced by the founding of the League of
Nations at the conclusion of World War 1 and the United Nations at the conclusion of World
War 2. It is more democratic in character and less formal in terms of rules and procedures.
Because public opinion is such a crucial aspect of this type of diplomacy, it relies on propaganda
to obtain popular favor. New diplomacy, unlike old diplomacy, is bound by international and
domestic legal limits and is focused on peaceful dispute resolution and the avoidance of war.
There are no secret treaties or agreements, and the function of diplomats has diminished
significantly as a result of effective channels of communication that allow heads of state to be
actively involved in issues and speak with one another.

Answer-2
a) In the given situation, National Power principle plays the most important role.
NATIONAL POWER
National Power is the ability or capability of a nation to secure the goals and objectives of
its national interests in relation with other nations. It involves the capacity to use force or
threat of use of force or influence over others for securing the goals of national interest.
It is further elaborated that as far as involvement of capacity to use force or threat or any
other influence over others in order to secure goals and objectives of national interests. In
other words, this may also mean voluntary commitment of nationals to ensure positive
achievements of national interests. National Power has a non-stable, dynamic character
and as such it has to be continuously or at least periodically and regularly evaluated for
understanding the role of the nation in international relations. National power is always
dynamic. A powerful nation can become less powerful or more powerful in future.
National Power is the ability or capacity of a nation to influence or change the behavior
of other nations with a view to secure the goals of its national interest. It is a relationship
in which a powerful nation is in a position to achieve its desired goals of national interest
in international relations. National Power of a nation is measured in terms of its ability to
secure its goals and objectives in international relations. National Power is both a Means
as well as an End in International Relations. It is the Ability to Secure Goals of National
interest.

b) Methods to achieve National Power-

Each nation uses its national power for securing its national interests, and goals of foreign
policy. It is used by the nation through four basic means Persuasion, Rewards,
Punishment and Force.
• Persuasion is a very effective method of exercising national power. The art of
persuasion consists in defining and logically explaining a particular problem or issue
or dispute to other nations or any other nation. An attempt is made to persuade other
nations to adopt a particular and desired view or perception of the nature of issues
involved in any bilateral or multilateral problem or dispute or issue. Here the attempt
is to convince others about the reasonableness and justness of the policies of the
nation. Diplomacy basically uses persuasion as a method of securing support for the
foreign policy that it represents.
Example: establishment of ambassy and tour of diplomats.
• The second popular method of exercising power is the offering of rewards. These
rewards can be material or economic or psychological. A nation can give material
help to another nation in times of crisis or even otherwise. The practice of giving
economic aid and easy loans or grants-in-aid is another method of winning support
and inducing a change in the behavior of other states. The token support or grant of
certain honors to the statesmen, philosophers, artists, scientists and educationists of
other nations also serve as psychological rewards intended to keep the other states
friendly and cooperative.
Eg;- The USA is currently rewarding Pakistan for supporting US operations against
terrorists in Afghanistan.
• A third way of exercising power is punishment. A powerful nation can inflict
punishment on an offending or unhelpful state by imposing economic sanctions or
norms or policies or placing trade restrictions or ensuring a denial of a possible
reward. Denial or reduction in foreign aid or loan or refusal to export certain items or
technology can be used by a powerful nation for inflicting a punishment or pressure
on other nations. Thus, punishment can be used by a powerful nation for exercising
its power over other states. In actual practice the powerful nations use threat of
punishment as a method and refrain from actual imposition of punishment.
Eg;- Economic sanction by UN on countries or the step of USA to cut all the trading
relationship with Pakistan in order to control terrorism.

• The fourth way is Manipulation it is the subtle and insidious use of power by rulers
over the governed and, in effect, is a form of ideological mind control. There are
“three faces of power” in the literature, and manipulation often occurs without the
conscious awareness of or objection from the manipulated when we talk about the
third face of the power. For example, ruler uses power over citizen to make citizen do
what citizen does not want to do and determines and shapes citizen’s wants without
citizen discerning the manipulation.

• The fifth method of exercising power is the actual use of force or physical violence.
By the use of military power or physical force, a powerful nation can compel a
desired change in the behavior of another nation. As a method of exercising power,
force is related to punishment.

• Last is Dominance. Dominant power is when power is used to disadvantage, impose,

influence, coerce, control, exploit or manipulate in a way that undermines the
humanity, wellbeing and freedom of another group or individual. The effect of using
power in this way is dehumanization, marginalization and exploitation.