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DAA1713
 At the end of the lecture, student will be
able to:
 Use Newton’s second law of motion, F = ma,
to develop the force equation.
 Relate the force equation to impulse–
momentum.
 Use the force equation to determine:
1. force exerted on a stationary object
2. force exerted on bends in pipelines, and
3. force on moving objects
 Whenever the magnitude or direction of the
velocity of a body is changed, a force is required
to accomplish the change.
 Newton’s second law of motion is often used to
express this concept in mathematical form; the
most common form is:

(4-1)

 Force equals mass times acceleration.

Acceleration is the time rate of change of
velocity.
 In fluid flow problems, a continuous flow is
caused to undergo the acceleration, and a
different form of Newton’s equation is desirable.
 Because acceleration is the time rate of change
of velocity, Eq. (4–1) can be written as

(4-2)

 The term m/Δt can be interpreted as the mass

flow rate, that is, the amount of mass flowing in
a given amount of time.
 M is related to the volume flow rate Q by the
relationship
(4-3)

 Then Eq. (4–2) becomes

(4-4)

 This is the general form of the force equation for

use in fluid flow problems because it involves
the velocity and volume flow rate, items
generally known in a fluid flow system.
 The force equation, Eq. (4–4), is related to
another principle of fluid dynamics, the impulse–
momentum equation.
 Impulse is defined as a force acting on a body for
a period of time, and it is indicated by

 When conditions vary, the instantaneous form of

the equation is used:
 Momentum is defined as the product of the mass
of a body and its velocity.
 The change in momentum is

 In an instantaneous sense,

 Now Eq. (4–2) can be rearranged to the form

 Here we have shown the impulse–momentum

equation for steady flow conditions.
 In an instantaneous sense,
 In general, if three perpendicular directions are
called x, y, and z, a separate equation can be
written for each direction:
(4-5)
(4-6)
(4-7)

 In a particular direction, say x, the term Fx

refers to the net external force that acts on the
fluid in that direction.
Below is the procedure for using the force equations:
1. Identify a portion of the fluid stream to be considered
a free body. This will be the part where the fluid is
changing direction or where the geometry of the flow
stream is changing.
2. Establish reference axes for directions of forces.
Usually one axis is chosen to be parallel to one part of
the flow stream. In the example problems to follow,
the positive x and y directions are chosen to be in the
same direction as the reaction forces.
3. Identify and show on the free-body diagram all
external forces acting on the fluid. All solid surfaces
that affect the direction of the flow stream exert
forces. Also, the fluid pressure acting on the cross-
sectional area of the stream exerts a force in a
direction parallel to the stream at the boundary of the
free body.
Cont’d
4. Show the direction of the velocity of flow as it
enters the free body and as it leaves the free
body.
5. Using the data thus shown for the free body,
write the force equations in the pertinent
directions. Use Eq. (4–5), (4–6), or (4–7).
Substitute data and solve for the desired
quantity.
 When free streams of fluid are deflected by
stationary objects, external forces must be
exerted to maintain the object in equilibrium.

Fig. 4.1
A 25-mm-diameter jet of water having
a velocity of 6 m/s is deflected 90° by
a curved vane, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
The jet flows freely in the
atmosphere in a horizontal plane.
Calculate the x and y forces exerted
on the water by the vane.
In a decorative fountain,
0.05 m3/s of water
having a velocity of 8
m/s is being deflected
by the angled chute
shown in Fig. 4.2.
Determine the reactions
on the chute in the x
and y directions shown.
Also calculate the total
resultant force and the
direction in which it
acts. Neglect elevation
changes.
Fig. 4.2
4.2
CONT’D SOLUTION 4.2

Acting 75ͦ from

 Figure 4.3 shows a typical 90° elbow in a pipe
carrying a steady volume flow rate Q.
 To ensure proper installation, it is important to
know how much force is required to hold it in
equilibrium.

Fig. 4.3
Calculate the force that must be
exerted on the pipe shown in Fig. 4.3
to hold it in equilibrium. The elbow is
in a horizontal plane and is connected
to two 4-in Schedule 40 pipes carrying
3000 L/min of water at 15°C. The
inlet pressure is 550 kPa.
Linseed oil with a specific gravity of 0.93 enters the reducing
bend shown in Fig. 4.4 with a velocity of 3 m/s and a
pressure of 275 kPa. The bend is in a horizontal plane.
Calculate the x and y forces required to hold the bend in
place. Neglect both the energy losses in the bend and the
weight of the elbow and the water in it. (Ans: Rx = 3683 N, Ry
= 765 N)

Fig. 4.4
Figure 4.4.1
Figure 4.4.1
 The vanes of turbines and other rotating
machinery are familiar examples of moving
objects that are acted on by high-velocity
fluids.
 A jet of fluid with a velocity greater than that
of the blades of the turbine exerts a force on
the blades, causing them to accelerate or to
generate useful mechanical energy.
 When dealing with forces on moving bodies,
the relative motion of the fluid with respect
to the body must be considered
Figure 4.5 shows a jet of water with a velocity v1
striking a vane that is moving with a velocity v0.
Determine the forces exerted by the vane on the
water if v1 = 20 m/s and v0 = 8 m/s. The jet is 50
mm in diameter.

Fig. 4.5
4.5-b
1. Compute the forces in the vertical and
horizontal directions on the block shown in
Figure 4.6. The fluid stream is a 0.044 m
diameter jet of water at 16ºC with a velocity of
7.6 m/s. The velocity leaving block is also 7.6
m/s. (Ans: Rx=45.6 N, Ry=170.18 N)

Fig. 4.6
2. A 0.051 m diameter nozzle is attached to a hose
with an inside diameter of 0.1 m. The resistance
coefficient K of the nozzle is 0.12 based on the
outlet velocity head. If the jet issuing from the
nozzle has a velocity of 24.4 m/s, calculate the
force exerted by the water on the nozzle.(Ans:
Rx=1560N)
3. Calculate the force required to hold a flat plate in
equilibrium perpendicular to the flow of water at
25 m/s issuing from a 75-mm diameter nozzle.
(Ans: Rx = 2.76 kN)
4. Calculate the force exerted on a stationary curved
vane that deflects a 0.025-m-diameter stream of
water through a 90° angle. The volume flow rate is
0.009 m3/s. (Ans: Rx = 165 kN, Ry = 165 kN)
5. Calculate the force on a 45° elbow attached to an 8-inch
steel pipe carrying water at 25°C at 0.184 m3/s. The outlet
of the elbow discharges into the atmosphere. Consider
the energy losses in the elbow. (Ans: Rx = 426 kN, Ry =
741.5 kN)

6. Seawater (sg = 1.03) enters a heat exchanger through a

reducing bend connecting a 4-inch copper tube with a 2-
inch tube. The pressure upstream from the bend is 825
kPa. Calculate the force required to hold the bend in
equilibrium. Consider the energy loss in the bend.,
assuming it has a resistance coefficient K of 3.5 based
on the inlet velocity. The flow rate is 0.025 m3/s.
(Ans: Rx = 6305 N, Ry = 1743 N)
7. A vehicle is to be propelled by a jet of water
impinging on a vane as shown in Figure 4.7. The
jet has a velocity of 30 m/s and issues from a
nozzle with a diameter of 200 mm. Calculate the
force on the vehicle if it is stationary.
(Ans: Rx = 55.6 kN, Ry = 7.32 kN)

Fig. 4.7
8. Shown in Figure 4.8 is a
small decorative wheel
fitted with flat paddles so
the wheel turns about its
axis when acted on by a
blown stream of air.
Assuming that all the air
in a 15-mm-diameter
stream moving at 0.35
m/s strikes one paddle
and is deflected by it at
right angles, compute the
force exerted on the
wheel initially when it is
stationary. The air has a
density of 1.20 kg/m3. Fig. 4.8
(Ans: Rx = 2.6 × 10-5 N)
 Force equation and impulse-momentum equation
are developed from the Newton’s second law of
motion, F = ma.
 Force equation is used to compute the force
exerted by a fluid as its direction of motion or
its velocity is changed.
 Force equation :

can be used to calculate the force exerted on a

stationary object, bends in pipelines, and
moving objects