GIẢI ĐỀ DỰ ĐOÁN IELTS WRITING 2022 BY NGOCBACH

GIẢI ĐỀ DỰ ĐOÁN IELTS WRITING 2022
BY NGOCBACH
Task 1:
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Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: illustrations>flow chart; show>illustrates; how

chocolate is produced>steps in the process of chocolate production
 Overview/summary paragraph: report the number of stages and refer to the
first and last stages
 Paragraph 3: report on stages 1-4, making use of the vocabulary given in the
illustrations
 Paragraph 4: report on stages 5-10, again making use of the vocabulary in the
illustrations
Report:
The flowchart illustrates the steps in the process of chocolate production.
Overall, there are ten stages in how chocolate is produced, beginning with the collection of
pods from cacao trees and ending with the production of liquid chocolate.
First, cacao trees, which are grown in South America, Africa and Indonesia, bear ripe red
pods, and these are then harvested and the white cocoa beans inside them are collected. Next,
the beans are fermented before being spread to dry in the sun.
At the fifth stage, the dried beans are put into sacks, ready for the next step which is
transportation by train, lorry or ship. The sacks are taken to the factory, where the beans are
roasted at a very high temperature of 350 degrees. After roasting, the beans are then crushed
and the outer shells are removed, Finally, the inner part of the beans is pressed to produce
liquid chocolate, and the process is complete.
156 words
Task 2: Some people think that hosting an international sports event is good for the
country, while some people think it is bad. Discuss both views and state your opinion.
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the task question. My opinion: it is bad

 Paragraph 2: advantages for the host country: health is promoted – youth take
up sport and want to copy their national heroes; the economy is promoted – a
chance for the host nation to attract tourists (eg. Olympic Games)
 Paragraph 3: disadvantages for the host county: (1) only a few sectors make
money – hotels, restaurants, sports merchandising. Most local people do not

benefit (2) they are a waste of public money, which should be spent on hospitals,
schools, welfare (eg Brazil and 2014 World Cup)
 Conclusion: It is bad for countries to host international sports events
Essay:
It is true that there are conflicting views about the benefits of hosting major international
sports events. While some argue that such events are advantageous for the host nation, I
agree with those who believe that they are a waste of money which could be better spent.
On the one hand, advocates of hosting international sports events focus on the stimulus
which they give to promoting health and economic prosperity. Health is promoted through
wide public interest in these events, in which new world records may be set, and a fierce
competitive spirit is fostered. Extensive sports coverage on TV fires the imagination of the
youth of the host country, all keen to take up sport and emulate their national heroes. In
terms of the economy, hospitality and tourism benefit from the influx of sports fans from all
over the world. An event such as the Olympic Games, for example, provides a kind of shop
window for the host nation to advertise its attractions for tourists.
On the other hand, I support the argument that too much value is placed on sport. Firstly,
such international events are simply an opportunity to make money for hotels, restaurants,
and businesses involved in sports merchandising. The vast majority of local people
experience no improvement in their standard of living. Secondly, if the government of the
host nation provides funding for these events, then it must curb public spending on hospitals,
schools and a welfare state to help the poor. For instance, the Brazilian government spent
money on building stadiums for the 2014 World Cup, and now it lacks money to deal with
the corona virus pandemic.
In conclusion, only a few benefit when a country hosts an international sports event,
whereas life simply becomes harder for most of its citizens.
297 words.
Vocabulary from sport and exercise:
 to set a record
Meaning: to achieve the best result ever achieved in a sport
Example: Real Madrid have set a record for the number of goals scored in a match.
 to foster a competitive spirit

Meaning: encourage the desire to beat others in a sports event
Example: The problem with encouraging sport at school is that it fosters a
competitive spirit among students, instead of teaching children simply to do the best
that they can in all aspects of life.

 sports coverage
Meaning: the activity of reporting news related to sport
Example: Many top sports stars are now known to millions of people around the
world because of global sports coverage by the media.
 to take up sport
Meaning: to start doing a sport, to start doing exercise
Example: Governments should provide sports facilities to encourage more people to
take up sport.
 a sports fan
Meaning: a person who takes a keen interest in sport
Example: While I think that it is healthy to be a sports fan, people should remember
that for most people, sport is just entertainment, not a matter of life and death.
 to place too much value on sport

Meaning: to regard sport as too important
Example: I would argue that schools place too much value on sport in the
curriculum, and participation in sport should be an out-of-school activity.
 sports merchandising
Meaning: the activity of selling products connected with a sport or sportsperson
Example: Sports merchandising is a multi-billion dollar business worldwide, in the
form of t-shirts and sports equipment.
Vocabulary from government:
 to provide funding for

Meaning: to give money to enable something to be done
Example: Providing funding for health care must be a priority of governments.
 to curb public spending on

Meaning: to restrict what the government spends on something
Example: I would argue that it is preferable to curb public spending on building
new roads rather than to impose spending cuts on education.
 a welfare state
Meaning: a taxation system which allows governments to provide for the economic and
social well-being of its citizens
Example: In order to eradicate poverty, I believe that a welfare state should be
established in all developing countries.

Other vocabulary:
 conflicting [adjective]:
Meaning: unable to exist together, because they cannot both be true
Example: We have received conflicting reports on the number of people who died in
the earthquake.
 advantageous [adjective]:
Meaning: of benefit, or useful in a particular situation
Example: It is advantageous to travel after the peak hour on public transport – the
fares are cheaper.
 advocate [noun]:
Meaning: a person who supports or speaks in favour of somebody or some public
policy
Example: Since she entered politics, she has been an advocate for more spending on
health services.
 stimulus [noun]:
Meaning: something which helps somebody or something to develop better or
more quickly
Example: The recent crisis has provided a stimulus for research into the
development of new vaccines to combat the corona virus.
 to fire one’s imagination [expression]:

Meaning: to make somebody feel very interested in something and excited about it
Example: Her poetry has fired the imagination of many young writers.
 to emulate [verb]:
Meaning: to try to copy somebody because you admire them
Example: His ambition is to emulate his hero, Lionel Messi, and to play football for
Barcelona.
 influx [noun]:
Meaning: the fact of a lot of money, people or things arriving at a place
Example: London received a large influx of visitors during the Olympic Games.

Task 1: The diagrams illustrate the design of a single and double room study
area.
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: illustrate>show; design>layout; study area>room
with study facilities
 Summary/overview paragraph: (1) double room is more expensive (2) it has
windows, more cupboards, desks and beds.
 Paragraph 3: compare the cost and size of the rooms
 Paragraph 4: compare the kitchens, beds and windows
 Paragraph 5: compare the centre of the rooms and location of the desks
and TV.
Report:

The diagrams show the layout of a single room and a double room with study facilities.
Overall, although more expensive, the double room has windows and more cupboards,
desks and beds than the single room.
The single room costs £200, whereas the double room is much dearer at £350 per week.
While both rooms are 6m wide, the double room has a length of 4m, compared with
just 2.5m for the single room.
In the single room, there are 2 bookshelves between the bathroom and kitchen, but the
double room has a table outside the kitchen. Both kitchens have a stove, sink and
microwave. On the opposite wall, the double room has two beds, each one by a window,
compared with one bed for the single room.
In the centre of the single room, there is only a cupboard, while a study desk and a TV
occupy opposite walls. In contrast, there are 2 cupboards, a TV and extra bookshelves
in the middle of the double room, which has 2 study desks and a bookshelf on the other
walls.
179 words

Đề thi 15/01/2019
Task 1: The diagram shows the small-scale production of smoked fish
Note:
I am unable to edit the diagram. Please delete 2 mistakes in the diagram. The words
‘small scope about the production of smoking fish’ and ‘smudging’ are incorrect in this
context. You can simply delete them.
In the process of smoking in the vat, the fish are hung on wires to ‘smoke’. This is not
clear in the diagram, but this is the process that is carried out. If it is possible to label
these wires, it will help students.
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: diagram>flow-chart; production of smoked
fish>process of smoking fish
 Summary/Overview paragraph: (1) there are 8 stages (2) name the first
stage and the last stage
 Paragraph 3 (before smoking) – cleaning, placing in salt water, cooking for
5 minutes

 Paragraph 4 (smoking process) – smoking, add colouring, pack in boxes,
transportation.
Report:
The flow-chart illustrates the different stages in the small-scale process of smoking fish.
Overall, it is clear that the process has 8 stages, beginning with the preparation of the
fish and ending with the delivery of the finished product.
First, the fish are cleaned with a knife and prepared ready for the production process,
before being placed in a container of salt water for 30 minutes. Next, they are cooked
for 5 minutes in hot salted water, and the fish are then removed.
The process of smoking is now ready to start. In a vat, the fish are hung by wires on
top of some material which burns and produces smoke. The vat is covered with wood,
so that the smoke cannot escape. After 30 minutes, the fish are smoked and ready for
the next stage, which is the addition of yellow colouring. The smoked fish are then
packed in closed containers and, finally, transported in trucks to where they will be sold.
163 words.
Task 2: Nowadays, many people cannot read or write. What problems does this
cause? What measures can governments take to solve these problems?
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the statement in the question. There are serious
problems, but governments can take measures to solve them.
 Paragraph 2: problems (1) individuals cannot understand important
information , such as official documents. They may lose rights

 Paragraph 3: solutions (1) provide literacy classes (2) government staff with
responsibility to help people who are illiterate (3) governments in
developing countries must ensure basic education for everyone.
 Conclusion: the problem is serious, but there are steps which governments
should take.
Essay:
It is true that even today, illiteracy is widespread. While this presents serious
difficulties for individuals and society, there are steps that governments should take to
deal with the problem.
When people can neither read nor write, they are disadvantaged in important ways. In
terms of the individual consequences of illiteracy, dealing with bureaucracy is a
nightmare. Reading and writing – or even adding a signature to – an official document
is often necessary, for example when people have to apply for social welfare benefits.
From the perspective of society in general, it is difficult to integrate economic migrants
into society who are perhaps illiterate in their home countries, or are unable to read and
write in the language of the host country. This makes the task of constructing a
multicultural society difficult if minority groups are forced to do sweated labour, simply
because they are illiterate and excluded from better-paid jobs.
There are, however, policies which national and local authorities can adopt to improve
matters. Firstly, resources should be allocated to provide basic literacy classes in local
colleges or social and community centres to help people to learn to read and write.
Secondly, government departments must employ staff who have specific responsibility
for helping illiterate people to cope with the confusing mass of official paperwork. In
this way, they will not be discriminated against, for instance by losing welfare rights
to which they are entitled. Finally, governments even in developing countries must
ensure that everyone has the right to a basic education which enables them to read and
write.

In conclusion, although illiteracy is a serious problem, there are steps which
governments should take to help those who can neither read nor write.
282 words
Vocabulary from Society:
 to integrate into society

Meaning: to become accepted as a member of a social group, especially when a
person comes from a different culture
Example: Children from minority groups often find it easy to integrate into society
because they attend schools which are multicultural.
 economic migrants
Meaning: people who move from their own countries to a new country in order
to find work or to have a better standard of living
Example: As a result of global inequalities of wealth, many economic migrants
have fled to developed countries.
 a multicultural society
Meaning: a society which includes people of different origins, traditions and
languages
Example: Immigration has led to the development of multicultural societies in
the US, Europe and Australia.
 minority groups
Meaning: small groups within a community that are different because of their
origin, religion, language or traditions

Example: Children from minority groups are sometimes victims of bullying at
school.
 sweated labour
Meaning: hard work that is done for low wages in poor conditions; the people
who do this work
Example: Conditions of sweated labour still exist in many developing countries.
 social and community centres

Meaning: places where people who live in the same area can meet for events or
to do different activities
Example: Elderly people who live alone are able to make friends and enjoy life
more if local authorities provide social and community centres.
 to discriminate
Meaning: to treat one person or group worse/better than another in an unfair way
Example: It is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of race, sex or religion.
Vocabulary from Government:
 to adopt policies
Meaning: to start to use particular policies
Example: In order to deal with traffic congestion, the government must adopt
policies to restrict the use of private cars.
 national and local authorities

Meaning: government organizations acting at a national level or within a
smaller, local area

Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both national and local
authorities.
 to allocate resources to
Meaning: to make money and materials available to do something
Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public
transport, this will reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.
Other vocabulary:
 illiteracy [noun]:
Meaning: the fact of not knowing how to read or write
Example: Illiteracy is a serious problem in Brazil, where over 10% of the
population cannot read or write.
 disadvantaged [adjective]:
Meaning: not having things, such as education or enough money, that people
need in order to have a good life
Example: He lives in a disadvantaged area of the city, where there are no
schools and everyone is poor.
 bureaucracy [noun]:
Meaning: the system of complicated official rules or ways of doing things
organised by a government
Example: One of the problems of moving to another country is having to deal
with the bureaucracy.
 nightmare [noun]:
Meaning: a dream, or an experience, that is very frightening or unpleasant
Example: When she became sick, her holiday turned into a nightmare.

 to cope with [phrasal verb]:
Meaning: to deal successfully with something difficult
Example: To be a chef in a busy restaurant, you must be able to cope with the
stress of the job.
 paperwork [noun]:
Meaning: the written work that is part of a job, such as filling in forms or writing
reports or letters
Example: Many government departments are trying to reduce the amount of
paperwork in order to cut their costs.
 welfare [noun]:
Meaning: practical or financial help provided by the government to help people
in need
Example: The government is introducing a new welfare programme to help poor
people.
Task 1: Glass recycling

Report Plan:
Paraphrase paragraph: describe what the diagram shows, using some
different vocabulary.
Summary paragraph: number of stages [3]; refer to first and last stages
[bottles collected/new bottles to supermarkets/shops]
Paragraph 3: stage 1
ANSWER
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the recycling of waste glass
bottles.

There are three main stages shown in the diagram, beginning with the
collection of the used glass bottles and ending with the delivery of
products in new bottles to retail outlets such as supermarkets.
In the first stage, waste bottles are deposited at collection points, where
they are loaded onto trucks for delivery to a glass recycling facility.
Stage 2 begins with the process of cleaning the bottles with high pressure
water and they are then separated into clear, green and brown glass. This
is then broken into pieces in the glass factory and passed through a
furnace, where they are burned at a temperature of 600 to 800 degrees
Celsius. This recycled glass is now in liquid form, and it is joined with new
liquid glass ready for moulding into a bottle shape.
In the final stage, the new bottles are used for different products, ready for
sale in supermarkets or shops.
166 words.
Written by Ngoc Bach
Task 2: Some teachers think that international student exchange would be

beneficial for all teenage school students. Do you think that its advantages
would outweigh its disadvantages?
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: (1) refer to the statement (2) my opinion – the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages
 Paragraph 2: disadvantages: (1) financial costs – poor families (2)
some teenagers may be too immature for such an experience
 Paragraph 3: advantages: (1) students studying a foreign language
(2) other students – new cultural experience, new friendships
 Conclusion: the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
Essay:

It is true that some teachers consider that all their teenage students would
benefit from an international student exchange scheme. While such a
scheme might not be a valuable experience for every student, I think that
for the great majority its advantages would outweigh its disadvantages.
On the one hand, there are a few potential drawbacks if schools organise
an international exchange programme for all teenage students. Firstly,
there are considerable costs involved, and not every family may have the
money to spare for travel or other expenses which would be incurred. For
example, in the UK single-parent families are quite common, and they
usually have to manage on a limited budget. Secondly, some teenagers
are relatively shy and immature and may not be ready for the challenge
of living with a family overseas. Not every adolescent develops at the
same pace in terms of confidence and independence.
On the other hand, there are enormous advantages to be gained, which
outweigh the disadvantages. For teenagers studying languages, an
international exchange offers the chance to immerse themselves in the
language of their host family. They will make much more rapid progress
than is possible in the classroom. However, not only language students
would benefit. Experiencing a different culture really broadens the
horizons of all young people, exposing them to a culture shock that will
encourage them to develop critical thinking skills and habits. Sometimes,
these students may even form lifelong friendships as a result of such
exchanges.
In conclusion, I believe that the vast majority of teenage students would
benefit from participation in international exchange programmes, despite
some drawbacks in individual cases.
271 words
Vocabulary:
 potential [adjective]:
Meaning: that can develop into something or be developed in the future
Example: There are potential problems, such as road safety, if driverless
cars are introduced.
 to spare [verb]:

Meaning: to make something such as money or time available to
somebody or for something, especially when it requires an effort to do this
Example: I haven’t any money to spare this week to buy your birthday
present.
 to incur [verb]:
Meaning: if you incur costs or expenses, this means that you have to pay
for them
Example: You will incur bank charges if you don’t pay your credit card
bills.
 single-parent families [noun]:

Meaning: families in which one person takes care of their child or
children without a husband, wife or partner
Example: As a result of changes in society, single-parent families
are no longer considered unusual.
 to manage [verb]:
Meaning: to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult
Example: Despite the busy roads, we managed to arrive at the airport on
time.
 immature [adjective]:
Meaning: not developed, behaving in a way that is typical of people who
are much younger
Example: His behaviour is very immature for a boy of 16, running around
the classroom and shouting.
 to immerse oneself [verb]:

Meaning: to become completely involved in something
Example: She immersed herself in her studies, and finished top of her
class.
 host family [noun]:

Meaning: a family which offers their home for an international student to
stay

Example: Mary is staying with a host family in Canada for a year, and the
family has a daughter of the same age as Mary.
 to broaden one’s horizons [expression]:

Meaning: to increase your knowledge and experience
Example: Spending a year in a school overseas broadened his horizons.
 expose [verb]:
Meaning: to let somebody discover something by giving them experience
of it
Example: Our teacher takes us to art galleries and museums to expose us
to the culture of our country and other countries, too.
 culture shock [noun]:

Meaning: a feeling of confusion or anxiety that somebody may feel when
they live or visit another country
Example: He had never left his village before, so he experienced a big
culture shock when he visited Hanoi.
 critical thinking [noun]:

Meaning: the process of analysing information and experiences in an
objective way, in order to make a judgement about them
Example: Critical thinking skills enable students to evaluate information
about all their school subjects.
 lifelong [adjective]:
Meaning: lasting or existing all through your life
Example: John is a lifelong supporter of Real Madrid football club.

Task 1: The plan below shows a typical American and Japanese office.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
make comparisons where relevant
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: plan>diagram; shows>compares
 Overview/summary paragraph: (1) Japanese office – the Department
Manager is in the centre (2) American office – conference rooms are part of
the plan
 Paragraph 3: compare where the Department Managers and Section
Managers sit
 Paragraph 4: compare where the workers sit and mention the conference
and other rooms in the American office.
Report:
The diagram compares the layout of a typical office in Japan and America.
Overall, it is clear that the Department Manager occupies a central position in the
Japanese office. In the American office, conference rooms are included in the plan.

In the Japanese office, the Department Manager sits in front of the large window in the
centre. The American office, however, has two windows, one on each side of the room,
and the desk of the Department Manager is in the corner of the room on the right. While
in the Japanese office the Section Managers sit in front of the Department Manager, the
Section Managers in the American office sit at the side of the Department Manager, but
also in front of one of the windows.
There are two conference rooms, a printer/copier room and a storage area in the
American office, on the left side. In contrast, these are absent in the Japanese office.
The desks of the workers in the Japanese office are in front of the Section Managers,
whereas the American office workers occupy separate individual desks. Finally, there
is a chair outside the Japanese office for people waiting to enter the room.
197 words
Task 2: Some people believe that all wild animals should be protected. Others
say that only a few wild animals should be protected. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the question statement. My opinion: some wild
animals, but not all, should be protected
 Paragraph 2: moral argument for protecting all wild animals from
exploitation or slaughter – examples, elephants, whales
 Paragraph 3: practical argument for only protecting animals in danger of
extinction. Need to regulate numbers of many species – example, rats.
 Conclusion: impossible to save all wild animals, so give priority to
endangered species.
Essay:
It is true that people hold different opinions about the extent to which wild animals
should be protected. While it is difficult to justify the protection of every wild animal,
I believe that some wild animals ought to be protected.
On the one hand, some people put forward the moral argument that humans have no
right to kill any animal in the wild. They argue that it is a violation of animal rights.
They believe that it is necessary for everyone to treat animals humanely, and they

correctly condemn the many forms of animal exploitation, animal suffering and even
animal slaughter in the world today. For example, animal lovers will argue the need
to eliminate poaching of elephants in Africa or India and to establish more wildlife
reserves. In terms of the oceans, there is an international campaign for an end to the
practice of whaling.
On the other hand, I tend to agree with those who argue that only animals on the brink
of extinction should be protected. Their views combine practical and moral arguments.
Although they recognise the ethical dilemmas, they believe that the numbers of some
species of animals must be regulated. Rats, for example, are everywhere and they are
a danger to human health, contaminating food and water and carrying diseases. If their
numbers were not reduced, the consequences would be serious. Therefore, people
should mainly be concerned with protecting rare or endangered species of wild animals.
In conclusion, because it is impossible to protect every species of wild animal, I believe
that priority should be given to saving those species which are in danger of becoming
extinct.
272 words
Vocabulary from animal rights:
 in the wild
Meaning: in a natural environment not controlled by people
Example: Animals in the wild are able to exhibit their natural behaviour.
 a violation of animal rights

Meaning: an action that harms or acts against animal rights
Example: Animal lovers contend that showing cruelty to animals is unjustifiable
because it is a violation of animal rights.
 to treat animals humanely

Meaning: to be kind to animals and treat them in such a way that they do not
suffer
Example: Some people feel that animals in zoos are not treated humanely.
 animal exploitation
Meaning: the use of animals in order to get an advantage from them
Example: Animal exploitation can take various forms, including the testing of
new drugs and cosmetic products on animals.
 animal suffering
Meaning: physical or mental pain that an animal is feeling

Example: Some people believe that experimenting on animals is a way that we
can fight and find cures for diseases, so they believe that this takes priority over
animal suffering.
 animal slaughter
Meaning: the killing of animals for meat
Example: Some vegetarians are opposed to eating meat because they do not agree
with the slaughter of animals.
 animal lovers
Meaning: people who like animals very much, and feel love for them
Example: Many people who claim to be animal lovers nevertheless eat meat.
 to eliminate poaching
Meaning: to stop all illegal hunting of wild animals
Example: In wildlife reserves, guards should be employed to eliminate
poaching and protect endangered species of animals.
 wildlife reserves
Meaning: protected areas for wild animals
Example: The creation of wildlife reserves is essential to save animals such as
tigers from extinction.
 the practice of whaling

Meaning: the activity of hunting and killing whales
Example: In order to protect these beautiful creatures, the practice of whaling
must be banned completely.
 ethical dilemmas
Meaning: a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two
different things, relating to beliefs about what is morally right and wrong
Example: Governments are facing ethical dilemmas surrounding the use of
laboratory animals in experiments.
Vocabulary from the environment:
 on the brink of extinction

Meaning: an animal or plant which has almost disappeared from the planet
Example: Before the captive breeding program in zoos, the giant panda was on
the brink of extinction.

 endangered species
Meaning: plants or animals that only exist in very small numbers, so that in
future they may disappear forever
Example: One example of an endangered species is the lowland gorilla, which
has almost disappeared as a result of the destruction of its forest habitat.
Other vocabulary:
 to condemn [verb]:
Meaning: to express very strong disapproval of something, especially for moral
reasons
Example: The government issued a statement condemning the killings.
 to contaminate [verb]:
Meaning: to make a substance or place dirty
Example: The drinking water of the city was contaminated by chemicals from
a factory.
 priority [noun]:
Meaning: something that you think is more important than other things, and
therefore should be dealt with first
Example: The priority of the new government is to improve the health service.
Task 1: The diagrams illustrate the process of building an igloo.

Report Plan:

 Paraphrase paragraph: diagrams>pictures; illustrate>show;
process>different steps involved; building>constructing
 Overall/summary paragraph: number of stages (13); mention the first and
last steps
 Paragraph 3: describe steps 1-7: making the shape using snow
 Paragraph 4: describe steps 8-13: the steps to finish the construction
Report:
The pictures show the different steps involved in constructing an igloo.
Overall, there are 13 stages, from finding hard-packed snow to cutting ventilation holes
in the wall and roof of the finished igloo.
Using a snow saw, blocks are cut in hard-packed snow. Large blocks are used for the
base. Next, the edges of the blocks are smoothed and placed to form a circle. Then, an
entrance is made by digging a hole under the circular wall. The last opening on the top
is filled by a large block, carefully cut to the exact size.
After that, snow is thrown on the igloo and packed into all the crevices or gaps. Inside
the igloo, the walls are smoothed by hand. Next, the entrance is built and the hole is
covered with snow blocks. Finally, ventilation holes which allow air to enter are cut in
the walls and roof, and the igloo is finished.
153 words.
Task 2: The world of work is changing rapidly and people cannot depend on the
same job or the same conditions of work for life. Discuss the possible causes for
these changes and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work
in the future.
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: agree that work is changing, and say that there are ways to
prepare for these changes.
 Paragraph 2: cause for changes: new technology (1) manufacturing
industries – mechanisation (example: product design) (2) service industries
– online shopping/self-service checkouts (example: order pickers in
warehouses replace shop staff)

 Paragraph 3: suggestions (1) employees – flexible work hours or change
location (2) employers – provide training to update employees skills
 Conclusion: technology has resulted in many changes at work, but people
must find ways to adapt.
Essay:
It is true that in the modern workplace, employees can no longer rely on keeping the
same job, or even the same working conditions, for life. While there are some important
reasons for this, there are also ways in which people might prepare for work in the
future.
The most important cause for such changes is the introduction of new technology. In
terms of manufacturing, few workers can expect to have a steady job. This is an
inevitable consequence of mechanisation and, while this increases labour productivity,
it also reduces the need for workers. In product design, for instance, advances in
technology, using computer software packages, have resulted in the loss of conventional
skills of creative drawing. In service industries, online shopping and self-service
supermarket checkouts result in fewer staff. Order pickers, working alongside robots,
in vast warehouses like Amazon mean fewer assistants in stores to provide personal
service to customers.
However, people must prepare for the future world of work. One suggestion is that
workers should be prepared to welcome change by accepting the need for flexible
working hours, or even moving to another area or country to find employment.
Another suggestion is that employers ought to play their part by providing vocational
courses and training at work, so that their employees can learn new skills. For example,
a person serving customers in a store would also be able to tackle administrative work
requiring them to be computer literate.
In conclusion, although leading-edge technology has changed how people work,
employers and employees must find ways to adapt to such changes.
261 words
Vocabulary from work:
 to have a steady job
Meaning: to have a job which you are unlikely to lose, but which is usually the
same routine
Example: Although some people prefer to change jobs, others prefer to have a
steady job and a set daily routine at work.

 labour productivity
Meaning: the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods,
and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is
needed to produce them
Example: Wage rates depend on levels of labor productivity.
 flexible working hours

Meaning: hours of work that can be changed by agreement between the
employer and the employee
Example: For some employees, flexible working hours are more important even
than a high salary.
Vocabulary from traditional vs modern:

 an inevitable consequence
Meaning: certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
Example: Some people suppose that the loss of traditional cultures is an
inevitable consequence of technological development.
 conventional skills
Meaning: traditional and common skills
Example: Technology can contribute positively to keeping alive conventional
skills and ways of life.
 to welcome change
Meaning: to accept change with enthusiasm
Example: While it is important to welcome change, the public must try to
preserve all that is worthwhile from the past.
Vocabulary from technology:

 advances in technology
Meaning: the improvement or development in technology
Example: Recent advances in medical technology are making a great
contribution to the search for a cure for Aids.
 online shopping
Meaning: shopping while connected to the internet
Example: For people who are physically disabled, or even for people who are
simply very busy, online shopping is convenient and may also be cheaper.
 supermarket checkouts

Meaning: the place where you go to pay for the things that you have bought
Example: Personal service in shops has been replaced by the impersonal
experience of superstore shopping and queues at supermarket checkouts.
 to be computer literate
Meaning: able to use computers well
Example: In today’s competitive job market, it is essential to be computer-
literate.
 leading-edge technology
Meaning: the most advanced position in technology
Example: Manufacturers of electronic devices always advertise their products as
having the latest leading-edge/cutting-edge technology.
Vocabulary from education:
 vocational courses
Meaning: courses which provide students with the skills and knowledge that
they need to do a particular job
Example: Governments should extend the provision of vocational courses for
those who want to learn a trade, for example as electricians, plumbers or
mechanics.
Other vocabulary:
 mechanisation/mechanization [noun]:
Meaning: changes made to a process, so that the work is done by machines, not
people
Example: For many years, we have seen the increasing mechanisation of farm
work.
 service industries [noun]:

Meaning: the part of a country’s economy that provides services to customers
Example: More and more of the workforce are now working in service
industries, such as sales, advertising, banking or tourism.
 order pickers [noun]:

Meaning: people used to pick goods from storage and package or deliver them
for customers
Example: John and Mary work as order pickers for Nike in the large warehouse
outside the city.
 to tackle [verb]:

Meaning: to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or
situation
Example: The climbers are determined to tackle the highest mountain in the
world this year.

Task 1: Graph
The graph shows the amount of fossil fuel energy generated in Europe between
1981 and 2001.
Energy generation by fossil fuel source in

Europe
60
50
(
t
r u 40
i n petroleum
l i 30
l coal
t
i s 20 natural gas
)
o
n 10
0
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: shows>compares; the amount of fossil fuel energy
generated in Europe> European energy production according to 3 fossil
fuel sources; between 1981 and 2001> from 1981 to 2001
 Overview/summary paragraph: (1) petroleum was the most important
energy source (2) the figures for energy production from natural gas
overtook the figures for coal
 Paragraph 3: report trend and select figures for petroleum
 Paragraph 4: contrast trends and select figures for coal and natural gas
Report:
The line graph compares European energy production according to three fossil fuel
sources from 1981 to 2001.
Overall, petroleum was the most important source of energy generated in Europe over
the period. Natural gas overtook coal as a source of energy production.
In 1981, 35 trillion units of energy were generated from petroleum. There was a
gradual increase to 40 trillion units in 1986. The figures then rose significantly from
39 trillion units in 1991 to 45 and 50 trillion units in 1996 and 2001 respectively.

The energy produced from coal in 1981 totalled 30 trillion units, a little lower than the
figure for energy from petroleum. However, the figures then fell steadily to just 17
trillion units in 2001. In contrast, the energy generated from natural gas increased
sharply from the 1981 figure of 8 trillion units. By 1991 it had reached 20 trillion
units, almost equalling the amount of energy produced from coal. It then overtook
coal as an energy source, reaching a peak of 33 trillion units at the end of the period,
more than four times the 1981 figure.
183 words
Task 2: Many people think that it is unnecessary to teach children handwriting

skills in this technology age. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the task question. My own opinion – children
should continue to learn handwriting
 Paragraph 2: learning touch-typing is a useful skill (1) children use their
computers for social networking sites (2) it is useful for many jobs when
they leave school – e.g. corresponding by business e-mails
 Paragraph 3: reasons to continue to learn handwriing skills
 Conclusion: handwriting should still be taught as a basic skill
Essay:
It is true that many people believe that it is only important for children to be computer
literate and that handwriting skills have become obsolete. While the digital revolution
has reduced dependence on handwriting, I believe that it is still necessary for children
to learn to write legibly and accurately by hand.
On the one hand, I admit that teaching children to touch-type, instead of writing by
hand, would be a very useful skill in today’s world. For example, young people
commonly communicate via social networking sites, such as Facebook, Instagram or
Twitter. Typing skills are equally relevant for preparing youngsters for work,
improving their job prospects when they leave school. Many jobs require such skills.
Business e-mails, for instance, are part of the efficient functioning of most
organisations.
On the other hand, there are compelling reasons why children should continue to
learn handwriting skills as part of the primary school curriculum. Firstly, many
children and even adults have to sit exams in which they have to present handwritten
answers. This has not yet been superseded by computer versions of exams, such as
IELTS. Therefore, students must not become over-reliant on their computers in all

situations. Secondly, learning handwriting is linked to learning to spell, basic reading
and grammar. A teacher who demands that students write notes by hand or present
handwritten homework cannot therefore be dismissed as behind the times or set in his
or her ways.
In conclusion, education has not yet become a world of virtual classrooms, and as
long as there are real classrooms, then handwriting must continue to be taught as a
basic skill which children should learn.
273 words
Vocabulary from technology:

 to be computer-literate
Meaning: able to use computers well
Example: In today’s competitive job market, it is essential to be computer-literate.
 to become obsolete
Meaning: to be no longer used because something new has been invented
Example: Technological innovation is now so rapid, that even the latest electronic
devices soon become obsolete.
 the digital revolution

Meaning: the advancement of technology to the digital technology available today
Example: The digital revolution has fundamentally changed the way that people
work, communicate, behave and even think.
 to be superseded by
Meaning: to be replaced by something which is better
Example: The latest technological innovations are usually soon superseded by
new and more advanced devices.
 to become over-reliant on
Meaning: to need something so that your survival or success depends too much on
it
Example: Businesses have become over-reliant on complicated computer systems,
so that if these systems fail the results will be disastrous.
Vocabulary from communication and personality:
 social networking sites

Meaning: a website on which you communicate with people who share your
interests
Example: Young people today waste too much time on social networking sites
such as Facebook or Twitter.
 behind the times

Meaning: refers to a person who is old-fashioned and has not adopted certain
modern customs, beliefs, or behaviors
Example: He was angry when they said that his accounting methods were behind
the times because he did not use computer software.
 set in his or her ways

Meaning: A person who is set in his or her ways is stubborn and committed to their
current way of doing things. They aren’t open to changing, even if the change would
be an improvement
Example: As people get older, they often become set in their ways and are reluctant
to try anything new.
 job prospects
Meaning: the chances of being successful and having more opportunities at work
Example: People with qualifications and experience usually have the best job
prospects.
 to sit an exam
Meaning: to take an exam
Example: Some students claim that they feel more motivated to study when they
have to sit an exam at the end of their course.
 a virtual classroom
Meaning: an online classroom in which participants can communicate and interact
with other students, view videos and actively engage with the study materials
Example: Many people argue that the virtual classroom will replace traditional
teaching methods, eliminating the need for teachers.

Other vocabulary:
 legibly [adverb]:
Meaning: in a way that is clear enough to read easily
Example: The examiner will give you a higher score if you write legibly.
 to touch-type [verb]:
Meaning: to type without looking at the keys of a computer or typewriter
Example: When she studied office skills at college, she learned to touch-type.
 compelling [adjective]:
Meaning: so strong that you must do something about it/them
Example: She feels a compelling desire to drink coffee when she wakes up.
 to dismiss [verb]:
Meaning: to decide that somebody/something is not important and not worth
thinking or talking about
Example: Vegetarians are no longer dismissed as strange or weird people.
Task 1: The bar chart shows the percentage of total world production in Asia,
Europe and the rest of the world between 1840 and 2000.
60
(
p
50
e
r 40
c Asia
e e 30 Europe
)
n
20 Rest of the world
t
a 10
g
0
1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: shows>illustrates; percentage>proportion;
world>global; between 1840 and 2000>in the period 1840-2000
 Overview/summary paragraph: (1) the total of global production in the
rest of the world increased, despite fluctuations (2) in Europe, this figure
declined
 Paragraph 3: select and contrast figures for 1840 and 1880

 Paragraph 4: select and contrast figures and trends for 1920, 1960 and
2000
Report:
The bar chart illustrates the proportion of total global production in Asia, Europe and
the rest of the world in the period 1840 – 2000.
Overall, it is clear that the percentage of total global production in the rest of the
world increased over the period, despite fluctuations. In contrast, the figure for
production in Europe declined.
In 1840, production in Asia accounted for over half of total world production, while
the figure for the rest of the world was only 10%. By 1880, although the proportion of
total world production in Europe remained constant at just under 40%, the figure for
the rest of the world overtook that of Asia, at 33% and 28% respectively.
During the twentieth century, the percentage of world production fell slightly in
Europe, whereas it increased in the rest of the world in 1960 to reach 36%, just ahead
of Europe and Asia. Finally, in 2000 the total of global production in Asia rose
sharply to 46%, compared with a significant decrease to 24% in the rest of the world.
Production in Europe witnessed a further gradual decline to 30%.
185 words
Task 2: Many people are now spending more and more time travelling to work
or school. Some people believe that this is a negative development while others
think there are some benefits. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the task question. My opinion: it is a negative
development.
 Paragraph 2: long journey times have forced the introduction of some
beneficial changes – flexible working hours, distance learning.
 Paragraph 3: long commuting journeys are a waste of time – (1) stress
about arriving late – personal example (classmates) (2) these journeys are
exhausting – people are too tired to enjoy their leisure
 Conclusion – this trend is a negative development
Essay:
It is true that commuting times to work or school are generally longer today than in
the past. While this trend may be beneficial from one point of view, I agree with
those who consider this a negative development.

On the one hand, the need to spend more time travelling to work or school has
provoked some beneficial changes. This problem has forced companies and education
authorities to take measures to deal with the situation. Firstly, the difficulties of
getting to work have prompted some employers to introduce flexible working hours.
Many employees prefer this flexibility, and it has proved helpful in particular for
working mothers who need to pick up their children after school. A second benefit is
in the field of education. Most universities now offer an option for distance learning,
recognising the fact that lengthy journeys deter many potential students. Now, the
virtual classroom enables studies to be done at home.
On the other hand, it is a waste of time to spend hours each day getting to or from
work or school. One problem is that everyone finds it more and more difficult to be
punctual, when faced with rush hour traffic jams, which is a stressful situation causing
daily anxiety. Many of my classmates, for example, tell me about their worries about
being late for lectures. Another problem is that people arrive exhausted at school or
the workplace and, in the evening, they arrive worn-out after a long journey home.
They are too tired to enjoy their leisure.
In conclusion, I believe that the problem of increased journey times to work or school
has forced the introduction of some beneficial changes. However, these long journeys
cause stress and fatigue, and they are clearly a negative development.
291 words
Vocabulary from transportation:

 commuting times
Meaning: the time taken travelling to and from work
Example: Firms should introduce flexible working hours to cut the
commuting times of employees.
 to be punctual
Meaning: to arrive at the correct time
Example: In order to attract more people to use public transport, it is essential
that it is clean, reliable, safe and punctual.
 rush hour traffic jams

Meaning: the time when most people are travelling to or from work/school and
so there is too much traffic on the roads.
Example: If factories and offices introduced flexible working hours, this would
help employees to avoid rush hour traffic jams to get to or from their place of
work.

 flexible working hours
Meaning: hours of work that can be changed by agreement between the
employer and the employee
Example: For some employees, flexible working hours are more important
even than a high salary.
 working mothers
Meaning: Mothers who have to go out to work as well as to look after children
Example: Workplace practices such as job-sharing and flexible working hours
have made life easier for working mothers.

 distance learning
Meaning: delivering education to students who are not physically at school/at
university
Example: Although she lives in a remote rural area, she is able to study for a
degree by distance learning.
 a virtual classroom
Meaning: an online classroom in which participants can communicate and
interact with other students, view videos and actively engage with the study
materials
Example: Many people argue that the virtual classroom will replace
traditional teaching methods, eliminating the need for teachers.
Other vocabulary:
 to prompt [verb]:
Meaning: to make somebody decide to do something/ to make something
happen
Example: The discovery of the bomb prompted an increase in security.
 to pick up [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to go somewhere and collect somebody who is waiting for you
Example: John said he would pick me up this evening in his car.
 anxiety [noun]:

Meaning: the state of feeling nervous or worried that something bad is going to
happen
Example: Waiting for exam results is a time of great anxiety.
 worn-out [adjective]:
Meaning: looking or feeling very tired, especially as a result of hard work or
physical exercise
Example: Can we sit down, please? I’m worn-out.
 fatigue [noun]:
Meaning: a feeling of being very tired
Example: I was falling asleep with fatigue, and I couldn’t keep my eyes open.

Task 1: The diagram shows the layout of part of a building, indicating the
position of the fire exits.
Report Plan:
 Paraphrase paragraph: shows>illustrates; layout>designed;
position>location; exits>escapes
 Overview/summary paragraph: (1) 2 stairs provide access to the fire exits
(2) a corridor gives access to the stairs
 Paragraph 3: Bedrooms 1-3 – people use Fire Exit A. Report the position
of the stairs
 Paragraph 4: Bedrooms 4-7 – people use Fire Exit B. Report the position
of the lift and the stairs
Report:
The diagram illustrates how part of a building is designed, including the location of
the fire escapes.
Overall, it is clear that two stairways provide access to the fire exits. A corridor
enables people in the bedrooms to reach the stairs.
The layout of this part of the building is rectangular. People who occupy bedrooms 1,
2 and 3 enter the central corridor and can then use the stairs which are marked in the
bottom left corner of the diagram. These stairs lead to Fire Exit A.
To the right of Bedroom 3 on the plan, there is a lift. However, in the event of a fire,
it is clear that this does not give access to Fire Exit B. The arrow indicates that people
should use the stairs next to the lift to reach that fire escape. The occupants of
Bedrooms 4, 5, 6 and 7 enter the corridor and then use the stairway which provides
access to Fire Exit B.
162 words

Task 2: People nowadays tend to take their family to another country when they
work abroad. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
Essay Plan:
 Introduction: refer to the task question. My own opinion – the advantages

outweigh the disadvantages
 Paragraph 2: disadvantages of moving alone to another country to work.
The partner/wife has to bring up the children alone, while the man may be
lonely and isolated
 Paragraph 3: the advantages are very great for the children (1) they have
new opportunities for education (2) the children have the support of both
parents
 Conclusion: the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
Essay:
It is true that different patterns of behaviour can be observed when people move to
another country for work purposes. While some prefer to do this on their own and
remit part of their salary to their family back home, many prefer to take their family
with them. I believe that the benefits of taking the family outweigh the drawbacks.
On the one hand, moving alone to another country may have negative influences on
individual families. If the man goes on his own to another country to find work, to
earn more money to support a family, this leaves the woman to cope with the task of
bringing up their offspring. It is very stressful to take on all the responsibilities of a
single-parent household, even if there are members of the extended family who can
help. The man himself, in the new country, may find himself lonely and isolated.
Despite having supportive work colleagues, he may still spend part of his wages on
drinking or gambling.
On the other hand, moving to another country as a family may benefit the children,
in particular. Firstly, although they may at first be out of their depth in school,
children very quickly pick up a new language. In the new country, there may be
opportunities to qualify for entrance to top-tier institutions, which may have been
denied them at home. They may be able to make the most of new educational
opportunities. Secondly, when the family stays together, the children receive the
emotional support that they need during their formative years.

In conclusion, I would argue that taking the family when going to another country to
work is far more advantageous than leaving a wife and children behind.
286 words
Vocabulary from family and children:
 patterns of behavior
Meaning: ways of acting and doing things (either positive or negative)
Example: Patterns of behaviour copied from parents often influence the way
that children grow up.
 negative influences on individual families

Meaning: negative meaning bad; influences meaning effects; on individual
families refers to each nuclear family - a couple and their children, rather than
families in general;
Example: Based on the research, the negative influences on individual families
could be lessened with more support from the government.
 to support a family
Meaning: to have enough money to be able to look after a family
Example: Young people often delay marriage because they do not earn enough
money to support a family.
 to bring up their offspring

Meaning: to bring up means to raise; this is what you do as a parent with your
children; you educate them, nurture them, etc.; offspring refers to your children;
Example: They are bringing up their offspring in a very strict household.
 a single parent household

Meaning: a family in which one person takes care of their child or children
without a husband, wife or partner
Example: As a result of changes in society, single parent households are no
longer considered unusual.
 an extended family
Meaning: a family group with many members, including parents, children,
grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins etc
Example: In the past, the extended family was a form of support when any
members were ill or suffered some misfortune.
 formative years

Meaning: A period of a person’s life, usually childhood, that has a big influence
on the person they become later in life
Example: UNICEF states that the early childhood years from birth through age
8 are formative years in terms of intelligence, personality and social behavior.

 supportive work colleagues
Meaning: people that you work with who give you help and encouragement
Example: A very important aspect of job satisfaction is having supportive
work colleagues.

 to be out of one’s depth
Meaning: to be unable to understand something because it is too difficult
Example: Streaming in schools enables pupils to study at the level which is
appropriate for them, and therefore students rarely find themselves out of their
depth.
 top-tier institutions
Meaning: leading or prestigious educational institutions
Example: The government has pumped huge amounts of money into a select
group of top-tier institutions in recent years.
Vocabulary from business and money:

 to make the most of something
Meaning: to make something appear as good as possible; to exploit something;
to get as much out of something as is possible.
Example: They designed the advertisements to make the most of the product's
features.
Other vocabulary:
 to remit [verb]:
Meaning: to send money to a place or person
Example: He remitted half of his salary to support his family back home in
Indonesia.
 to take on [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to decide to do something or to agree to be responsible for
somebody/something
Example: The doctor said that she was not taking on any new patients this year.
 to pick up [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to get information or a skill by chance, not by making a big effort
Example: She picked up Spanish when she was living in Mexico.


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 Paraphrase paragraph: illustrations>flow chart; show>illustrates; how

The flowchart illustrates the steps in the process of chocolate production.

 Introduction: refer to the task question. My opinion: it is bad

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Vocabulary from sport and exercise:

 to foster a competitive spirit

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 to place too much value on sport

Vocabulary from government:

 to provide funding for

 to curb public spending on

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 to fire one’s imagination [expression]:

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Vocabulary from Society:

 to integrate into society

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 social and community centres

Vocabulary from Government:

 national and local authorities

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Task 1: Glass recycling

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Written by Ngoc Bach

Task 2: Some teachers think that international student exchange would be

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 single-parent families [noun]:

 to immerse oneself [verb]:

 host family [noun]:

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 to broaden one’s horizons [expression]:

 culture shock [noun]:

 critical thinking [noun]:

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 a violation of animal rights

 to treat animals humanely

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 the practice of whaling

Vocabulary from the environment:

 on the brink of extinction

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Task 1: The diagrams illustrate the process of building an igloo.

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 flexible working hours

Vocabulary from traditional vs modern:

Vocabulary from technology:

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Vocabulary from education: