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Handouts PIPE Day 2
Handouts PIPE Day 2
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2. Adiabatic Process: No heat gain. No heat loss. The system is perfectly insulated
3. For Any Process: Is a process where there is no change in mass (m1 = m2)
Dh cp
D. =
DU c v
T2
D. Dh = m cp (T2 - T1) E. DU = m cv (T2 - T1) F. Ds = mc ln
v T1
T2
E. DU = mcv(T2 - T1) F. Ds = mcp ln
T1
6. Constant temperature process (T2 =T1) Another term: Isothermal process, Hyperbolic process
P1 V2 V P
B. W = P1V1 ln = P1V1 ln = mRT ln 2 = mRT ln 1
P2 V1 V1 P2
P1 V2 V P
C. Q = P1V1 ln = P1V1 ln = mRT ln 2 = mRT ln 1
P2 V1 V1 P2
V2 P1
D. Dh = 0 E. DU = 0 F. Ds = mR ln = mR ln
V1 P2
T2
D. Dh = mcp(T2 - T1) E. DU = mcv(T2 - T1) F. Ds = mcn ln
T1
1. Carnot Cycle
Is the most efficient thermodynamic cycle. P - V diagram T - s diagram
Formulas: 4 QA
QA
Temperature, T
1
T= 4
T=c
c
B. QR = heat rejected = T2(s1 – s4) 1
S=
S=c S=c
c
3 T=c
c
3 2
QR T=c 2
Q Q W QR
D. Ds = A = R =
T1 T2 T1 - T2 Volume, V Entropy, s
2. Otto Cycle
Is a spark-ignition type of engine.
Formulas:
k -1 TDC BDC
k -1
T2 æ V1 ö T2 æ P2 ö k
P1V1k = P2V2k =ç ÷ =ç ÷
T1 çè V2 ÷ø T1 çè P1 ÷ø
P2
P1
( )
= rk k
T2
T1
( )
= r k k -1 rp = (rk )k
V=C pi
c
Isen
tro V=C QR
rk = compression ratio = V1 / V2 = V4 / V3 pic
C. W = work = QA - QR
D. e = cycle efficiency
W Q A - QR W 1 1
e = = = = 1- = 1 - k -1
QA QA W + QR k -1
rk
r p k
V1
E. rk = compression ratio = = 1+ c where: c = clearance volume
V2 c
W W
F. Pm = mean effective pressure = = where: V1 = mRT1 / P1
VD V1 - V2
PROBLEMS:
1. Air is compressed adiabatically from 30oC to 100oC. If mass of air being compressed is 5 kg. Find the change of
entropy.
A. 1.039 KJ/oK B. 0.746 KJ/oK C. 0 D. 1.245 KJ/kg
2. Two kilogram of air in a rigid tank changes its temperature from 32oC to 150oC. Find the work done during the
process.
A. 236 B. 170 C. 195 D. 0
3. A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-°R and k = 1.26. If 20 Btu are added to 10 lbs of this gas at
constant volume when initial temperature is 90°F, find the final temperature.
A. 97°F B. 104°F C. 154°F D. 185°F
4. Helium gas is compressed in an adiabatic compressor from an initial state of 14 psia and 50oF to a final
temperature of 320oF in a reversible manner. Determine the exit pressure of Helium.
A. 38.5 psia B. 40.5 psia C. 42.5 psia D. 44.5 psia
CARNOT CYCLE
1. A Carnot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300oK and 1500oK, and produces 600 KW of net
power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is:
A. 0 B. 0.4 KW/K C. 0.5 KW/K D. 2.0 KW/K
2. A Carnot cycle has a maximum temperature of 550 oF and minimum temperature of 100 oF. If the heat added is
4200 Btu/min, find the horsepower output of the engine.
A. 34.53 B. 40.56 C. 44.13 D. 65.40
OTTO CYCLE
1. A spark-ignition engine operates on an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 9 and a temperature limits of 30oC
and 1000oC. If the power input is 500 KW, calculate the mass flow rate of air.
A. 1.99 kg/s B. 2.19 kg/s C. 2.39 kg/s D. 2.59 kg/s
2. An ideal gasoline engine operates with an initial cycle temperature of 48oC and exhaust temperature of 150oC.
The change in temperature during combustion is 150oK. Calculate the ideal thermal efficiency.
A. 32% B. 33% C. 34% D. 35%