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Año Autor Refractario Nano %

2017 Salman Ghasemi MgO-C TiO2 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 wt

2020 Velappan S. silicon carbide TiO2 0.5–3 wt.

2016 Salman Ghasemi CaO Fe2O3 8 wt

MgO–CaO 35 wt%
2016 Salman Ghasemi CaO ZrO2 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt

2017 Salman Ghasemi Dolomite ZrSiO4 2 and 3 wt

2017 Hassan Gheisari magnesite-dolomite SiO2 0.5, 1,1.5, 2, and 2.5 wt

2017 Salman Ghasemi magnesite-dolomite Fe2O3, Al 2O3, and Cr2O 0.5 to 4 wt by 0.5 steps

2018 Hassan Gheisari CaO-MgO Fe₂O₃ 0.5 to 1.5 wt

2017 Aziz Shahraki CaO-MgO Al2O3 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt

2019 Cristian Gómez MgO ZrO2 1, 3, and 5 wt

2021 Cristian Gómez MgO ZrO2 5 wt

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2017 Hassan Gheisari MgO-CaO MgAl2O4 0–8 wt

2021 K. Sarath Chandra Al2O3–MgO–C Yttrium aluminium garne1 wt

2019 Qiang Gu MgO Al2O3 5 to 20 wt

2019 Hassan Gheisari Doloma (MgO.CaO) SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2, Fe2O0.5 to 2 wt

2019 Mohammadihooyeh Doloma (MgO.CaO) MgAl2O4 0–8 wt

2019 Cristian Gómez MgO-C) α-Al2O3 1, 3, and 5 wt

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sinterizacion influencia
Generation of TiN, TiC, and TiCN phasesonverting free
graphite to the carbides and nitrides phases, reducing
porosities in the matrix, and improving the firing process
1550 °C by use of nanoparticles

Nano titania with a size of 9.15 nm was prepared through sol-gel.

The in-situ formation of TiC by the addition of nano titania to
the SiC refractory improved the HMOR of the SiC refractory
by 35%. An improvement in AP, CCS and CMOR was noticed
by 26%, 16% and 17%, respectively by addition of nano titania
1450 °C to SiC refractory.

2CaO.Fe2O3 (C2F), CaO.Fe2O3 (CF) and 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A) phase’s

1650 °C for 5 h formation, which improved the sintering process

Bulk density and hydration resistance of the samples increased while

apparent porosity decreased, its effect on decreasing the amount of free
CaO, Also it revealed that the nano ZrO2 addition was more effective than
1650 °C for 5 h microZrO2 due to its higher activity.

The bulk density (f2.95 to 3.33 g/cm3),

cold crushing strength (f 352 to 393 kg/cm2), and hydration
resistance (1.95 to1.16%) were increased
1650 °C for 4 h while apparent porosity was decreased (9.33% to 4.84%)

2.5 wt% nano-SiO2, due to the formation

of CaO·MgO·2SiO2 (Diopside), 2CaO·MgO·2SiO2 (Akermanite),
and CaO·MgO·SiO2 (Monticellite) phases, physical and
1650 °C for 3 h mechanical properties were enhanced

Fe2O3and Al2O3 improve MgO-CaO densification via

liquid phase sintering mechanism. Cr2O3 improve MgO-CaO
hydration resistance via solid state sintering mechanism.
1650 °C for 3 h Magnesite-dolomite hydration resistance improvement

Nature alternation of free calcia and magnesia and formation

of low melting point phases, filling up porosities and voids
in the microstructure and enhancement firing process of the
1650 °C for 3 h specimen via liquid phase sintering mechanism.

addition of both additives (nano and micron size alumina),

physical and mechanical properties such as bulk density
cold crushing strength, and thermal shock resistance were
improved and the hydration tendency of the magnesia-dolomite
1650 °C for 4 h samples was decreased.

the sample with 5 wt. % of ZrO2 nanoparticles

( cold isostatic pressing and sintering
at 1650 ◦C) has the lowest porosity and greatest
1550 and 1650 ◦C resistance to penetration of blast furnace slag.

ZrO2 nanoparticles enhanced the

samples’ densification, promoting grain growth due to
diffusion of vacancies during the sintering
1650 °C for 4 h process

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The apparent porosity and cold crushing strength decreased and

increased, respectively with addition MgAl2O4 nanoparticles
up to 6 wt%. Also, the hydration resistance of the samples was
appreciably improved by the addition of MgAl2O4 nanoparticles
due to its effect on decreasing the amount of free CaO and
promotion of densification by creating a dense microstructure
1650 °C for 3 h

The compression strength was enhanced to 64 MPa for the

refractories fortified with YAG nanoparticle.The toughness was
increased to 19 kJ m-2 for the refractories reinforced with
YAG nanoparticle, such remarkable improvements in the
structural properties can be attributed to the formation of a
well-sinterable framework of EG embedded polyhedral YAG
grains throughout the matrix microstructure of these new
1600 °C for 4 h class of Al2O3–MgO–C refractory composites.

The addition of nanoscale Al2O3 powder successfully improved

the physical properties of the MgO-based aggregates. The in-situ
formed nanoscale Nanoscale MgAl2O grains were preferentially
located in the boundaries and on the surfaces of MgO grains, which
complicated microcracks propagation pathways contributing to ar-
resting or relaxing stresses within the material, resulted in improve-
1100 °C for 3 h ments in thermal shock resistance

The use of Fe2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles oxides have

enhanced the sintering process of the samples through the liquid state
sintering mechanism process. Thus due to the filling of porosities
and voids as well as the coating of CaO and MgO particles,they have
improved the resistance to hydration of doloma particles.
The use of ZrO2, TiO2 and Cr2O3 nanoparticles oxides improve the
sintering process of samples through the solid state sintering me-
chanism process. Thus due to the change of the nature of the free
calcia and magnesia phases to high hydration resistant phases, they
1650 °C for 3 h have led to hydration resistance improvement of doloma particles.

The magnesia phase (MgO) has higher resistance to hydration

compared to the calcia phase (CaO). Dense microstructures were
created by gradually increasing the spinel nano-particles.
Significant upgrades of resistance to hydration of dolomite speci-
mens were created using nano-particles of spinel through the filling
and covering the voids, porosities and grain-binderies in the
1650 °C for 3 h microstructure of the specimens by formation low melting point phases

The large difference in thermal expansion coefficient between

MgO and MgAl2O4 led to the formation of microcracks, which
can be beneficial up to a certain limit because they allow
dissipating the stored energy in compression loads.
The size and number of microcracks were increased at the
sintering temperature of 1600 ◦C,which had a detrimental
effect since the overall strength and stiffness of the refractory
1300, 1500, and 1600 ◦C samples were reduced.

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