THE PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE LABORATORY

MANAGEMENT IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION

(A CASE STUDY OF F.C.E KANO & COLLEGE OF EDUCATION KUMBOTSO KANO STATE)

BY
KHADIJA SHEHU SA’IDU 02156 BIO/CHEM

BILBA’ASI IBRAHIM NUHU 02124 BIO/CHEM

AISHA ABDULLAHI YAKUB 02882 BIO/CHEM

KABIRU GARBA BALA 02676 BIO/CHEM

MUSA ALI AHMAD 02598 BIO/CHEM

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT,

FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, KANO IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF NIGERIAN CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION (NCE)

APRIL, 2018

i
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been read and approved as meeting the

requirement of Chemistry Department Federal College of Education,

Kano for the Award of Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE).

______________________ _______________

Mr. Sunday Ibrahim Date

(Project Supervisor)

_____________________ _______________

Mal. Ibrahim Yaro Date

(Head of Department)

______________________ ______________

Mal. Salisu Muhammad Aliyu Date

Project Coordinator

ii
 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to our beloved parents and

Muslim Scholars in their effort of spreading Islam in the world

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the beneficent the merciful, all praises be to

Allah the creator of the universe. Thanks be to Almighty Allah the
first and everlasting, who gave me the opportunity to carry out this
research study. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His
last and beloved Prophet, Muhammad (S.A.W) and members of his
household, his companions and those who followed them in
cultivating the right faith and doing good deeds up to the Day of
Judgment.

My gratitude goes to my parents who gave me moral training since

the day I was born to date. May Allah bestow on them His mercy
amen.

Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation

the crucial role of my Supervisor Mr. SUNDAY IBRAHIM whose
contributions in stimulating suggestion and encouragement helped
me to complete my project. This project will ever remain in memory
for this remarkable contribution.

We won't forget to say thanks a million times to our loved ones

(Brothers and Sisters) for their wonderful guidance and supports.
We are grateful to all the lecturers of Federal College of Education
Kano we really appreciate you all. Also our sincere grateful to all the
Library Staff of Federal College of Education, for their warm
assistance.
Our sincere thanks to all our course mates and friends for their
encouragement and moral supports both physically and
academically.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - - - -

APPROVAL PAGE - - - - - - - - -

DEDICATION - - - - - - - - - -

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - -

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - -

1.3 Purpose of the Study - - - - - - -

1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - -

1.5 Significant of the Study - - - - - - -

1.6 Scope and limitation - - - - - - -

CHAPTER TWO

LETERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

2.1 History and Meaning of Science Laboratory Development

Management - - - - - - - - - -

v
2.2 Importance of Good Laboratory Management - - -

2.3 Problems of Laboratory Management and their Possible

Solution - - - - - - - - - - -

2.4 The Possible Solution of These Problems - - -

2.5 method of laboratory management - - - -

2.6 Summary - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - -

1.1 Research Design - - - - - - - -

1.2 Area of the Study - - - - - - - -

1.3 Population of the Study - - - - - - -

1.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques - - - -

1.5 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - -

1.6 Validity of the Instrument Used - - - - -

1.7 Administration of the instrument - - - - -

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

vi
4.0 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - -

4.1 Data Analysis - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - -

1.1 Summary - - - - - - - - -

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - -

5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - -

References - - - - - - - - - -

vii
 ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the problems of science laboratory

management in tertiary institution of Kano State. The objectives of the
study were to find out the problem of laboratory in tertiary institution.
Four questions were formed for the study1. What are the problems
associated with the management of space in science laboratory? 2.
What are the problems associated with the management of space in
the laboratory? 3. What are the problems associated with
management of science teaching equipment in the laboratory? 4.What
are the problems associated with management of electricity of the
laboratory The research design is a survey method while the
population consists of two selected tertiary in Kano state a sample
size of sixty was selected for the study through the random sampling
technique. The data was collected by the use of self-developed
questionnaire and validated by the expert. The data was presented
through the use of data analysis and presentation tables. Summary
of major findings as well as the conclusions of the whole work It also
offers recommendations based on the outcome of the study as well as
providing suggestions for further studies. Contribution of the research
work to knowledge would also be included

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.7 Background of the Study

Natural and applied science is the combination of disciplines which

analyze living and non-living things and the relationship between

these two through causal investigation (Cepni, 1995), one of the

fundamental aims of natural and applied science is to help student

comprehend scientific concepts permanently. The courses that

account for natural and applied science (physic, chemistry and

biology) are the ones that over abstracts concepts and require

implementation (Ozemen, and Yigit 2006), there are various

methods used in science education. It is a widely known fact that

laboratory plays an important role in these methods (Cepni, 1995).

A laboratory, in general it can be defined as the environment in

which students create activities based on doing living approach and

gain concrete experience (Ozemen, and Yigit 2006), Tamir (1978)

discusses four general reasons which can be also considered aims

to ensure that laboratories can be widely used. These are:

1
 Helping students gain experiences through concrete materials

as natural and applied science generally include complex and

abstract subjects.

 Encourage students to develop and improve their working

habits, problem solving investigation and generalization skills

required to comprehend the very nature of science

 Improving student‟s special abilities through practical

experience so that they can use these skills in a greater

number of fields.

 Changing students attitudes towards natural and applied

science positively through practical activities technology

course is the only course through which primary school

students can access to a laboratory.

It is necessary to conduct laboratory activities in the science

and technology course in which first-hand experience is

provided, abstract concepts are made concrete and learning

occurs through addressing students five sense while conduction

these activities, science and technology teachers are reported to

2
 face a variety of problems as indicated is some studies (Demir,

2011) and (Er-Demir, 2007).

The problems of science laboratory management always reflects

on the following problems

2. Un-experience and unqualified laboratory technicians

3. Lack of find to monitor the basic service and provision of

required facilities

4. Un-proper or poorly equipped laboratory space

5. The ration of teachers to number of students

6. Un-proper supply and usage of science laboratory facilities

and equipments

1.8 Statement of the Problem

The research is intended to investigate the problems of science

laboratory management in some tertiary institution (college of

education) in Kano state. This investigate attempt to find solution

and recommendation of the following problems can be responsible

for the disparity in science laborite management in such area. The

problems are:

3
 1. To highlight on the problems associated with the management

of space in the science laboratory.

2. To ascertain the problems associated with management of

science teaching equipment in the laboratory,

3. To shed light on the problem associated with the management

of electricity in the laboratory

1.9 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to:

2. Investigate the problems that associated with the management

of space in the science laboratory

3. Investigate the problems associated with the management of

science teaching equipment in the laboratory

4. Investigate the problems that associated with the management

of electricity of the laboratory.

1.10 Research Questions

1. What are the problems associated with the management of

space in science laboratory?

2. What are the problems associated with the management of

space in the laboratory?

4
 3. What are the problems associated with management of science

teaching equipment in the laboratory?

4. What are the problems associated with management of

electricity of the laboratory?

1.11 Significant of the Study

The study would be able to throw more light into the problems of

science laboratory management in some tertiary institution. The

outcome of the study is therefore expected to motivate the

stakeholders to improved upon the isolated variables which have

been found to solve the problems associated with the management

of space teaching equipment and electricity in the laboratory

1.12 Scope and limitation

The study is limited as Sa‟adatu Rimi College of Education Kano

and Federal College of Education Kano due to financial and time

constraint.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LETERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter is the presentation of deferent citations and work of

other researcher‟s authorities and authors regarding the problem of

science laboratory management in some selected tertiary

institution, college of education in Kano state.

The following will be focused in the review

- History and the meaning of science laboratory development

management

- Importance of good laboratory management

- Problems of laboratory management and their solution

- Method of good laboratory management

2.1 History and Meaning of Science Laboratory Development

Management

As we have discussed earlier about the laboratory is derived

from latin word (laboratium which means workshops) the ward is

6
used to donated any building room mans knowledge of special

application of natural law or of human physiology and mentally.

Laboratories have been introduced into educational institution of

each scientific and technical knowledge by means of experiment

Despite the underline nation of the laboratory as a confined

space for experts, the „term‟ „laboratory‟ is a living labs or hacker

spaces or make prototypes, working collaboratively or shaming

resources.

This development is inspired by new participatory approaches

to science and innovation and relies on user control method and

concepts like open innovation or use innovation.

The earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a

home laboratory of Pythagoras of somos, the well laboratories

good laboratory practice embodies different principles which are

designed to ensure and promote consistency, quality, safety,

readability and integrity of chemicals during non clinical and

laboratory testing.

7
 Ohue (2001) investigated some of the problems encounter by

the teaching in the laboratory, he discovered that in adequate

laboratory space for large number of student and storage of the

basic equipment was the problems. It reached to the point that

students have to be groups too much instead of 4 or 5 to 8 but

during the practical to him don‟t have space to even see how it

takes place even some use their labs in writing instead of the

ideal desk, apart from the above, he also noticed unavailable

teaching aids. One of the main goals is to controls what scientist

do and how hey carryout their safety quality testing of chemical

and biochemical products s well as in development

pharmaceuticals. Another key thing to note is that GLP aims at

proving that no safety quality data has been manipulated or

changes in one way or another. It is also ensures regulators and

research authorities that the statistics and data which are being

submitted are based on the study results and findings. only this

ways can they proceed and make the necessary assessments

effectively. In order to minimize fraudulent claims or any other

discrepancies, analyses are required to keep sufficient, valid,

8
reliable, consistent and correct records of every single testing

process, approach and methodology.

According to Balogun (2002), no effective science education

can ever exist without teaching aids that are required;this is just

because one of the major objectives for teaching science, in

schools is to help import the sprit of science inquiry in the

students.

Research as conductive showed some important rule and

regulations of laboratory:-

i. One must put on lab coat when conducting experiment

known Greek philosopher and scientists. This laboratory

created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about

tones of sound and vibration of string.

ii. Recent studies of science indicate that scientists

interactions with her peer, particularly their response to

questions from another scientists as well as their use of

analysis in formulating hypothesis and solving problems

and their responses to unexplained results all influence

their success in making discoveries (dumber, 2000).

9
Some scientist concentrate their efforts on developing theory in

direct interactions with the materials world (bell 205).

According to college of art science students advisory council

(CASSAC) (2003) a standard laboratory must have some of these

requirement which include the following:

i. Firstly, the laboratory must be large enough and have

enough spaces for the students to have freedom of moving

from one ,place to another when they are conducting their

practical

ii. In a standard laboratory there must be all these basic

materials such as water, gas and electricity, whenever they

are model

iii. There must also have a good storage place

iv. The laboratory must also be well furnished

v. There must be some space that will be made between

each benches

vi. There must be good passage of iar for an enough

ventilation

vii. It is necessary to have a place for emergency escape

10
2.2 Importance of Good Laboratory Management

The term good laboratory practice (GLP) was first introduced in

2002 in Dennmark and new Zealand, soon after that it was used

by the federal drug administration (FDA), and the organization for

economic cooperation and development (OECD),referring to a

quality system of regulation and management practice embodies

different or requirement in research in the laboratory

i. Do not remove chemicals or apparatus from the laboratory

without permission

ii. Flushed water soluble liquid with excess water down the

sink with a large excess of water

iii. Never heat a chemical or apparatus in the laboratory, it will

act as bomb

iv. There should be no smoking in the laboratory, smoking is

not allowed because some chemicals are flammable while

eating is also not allow because there are some infected

micro organism which easily be infected by a person

11
2.3 Problems of Laboratory Management and their Possible

Solution

Common laboratory safety problems and easy solution are as

follows:

The results of our regular laboratory survey indicate what many of

the deficiencies noted reflected in a concise list of common issues:

i. Poorly equipped laboratories

ii. The method used by the lecturer

iii. Shortage of found to finance and basic services

iv. Experience and qualification

v. In adequate auxiliary facilities and basic activities

Azubuike (2003) stated that the laboratory is necessary for the

influence it has no students both in the aspect of theory and

practical

- If the number of students exceed the experimentation that is

the number which the laboratory attendance can lead to

improper management

12
- Lack of skills, manpower or well train lecturer who are trained

both in theory as well as practical and how to handled

practical activities in the school can lead to the problem of

improper management of laboratory

According to Olelakin (2005) divided the problems of laboratory

management in two groups:

1. Human resources problem

2. Materials resources problem

1. Human resources problems: these are the kind of problem

coursed as a result of inadequate knowledge of proper ways of

management laboratory, either from the lecturer or lab

techniques. The human resources problem can also result if

the student are not well discipline in the laboratory or they are

many as that which cannot control

2. Material resources problems: these are problem associated

with inadequate of material facilities that the instructor can be

used to control the practical activities in laboratory. Also old

equipment also course material problem of laboratory

management

13
2.4 The Possible Solution of These Problems

1. gives good training to laboratory personal, this can be

achieved by:

a. introductory seminar to laboratory personal

b. training the laboratory techniques on how to handle and

manage the laboratory

2. provision of laboratory equipment

3. giving enough attention to the explanation of knowledge

4. changing all the old fashioning and replace them with modern

one in the laboratory

5. gives found to financial science activities

2.5 method of laboratory management

According to CASSAC (2001), suggested measures to be taken in

order to ensure discipline in the laboratories for effective

inspection of the students. According to the CASSAC student

can only sent asses to laboratory attendants in charge and the

store should always have two forms of apparatus in their

laboratories.

14
1. The first apparatus should be for practical work, this should

be under the good care of the teacher to prevent mishandling

by the student.

2. The second are to be used for demonstration to illustrate

lessons and to be handle only by the lecturer and must be

displayed in such a way that all the students sees it from any

angle in the room. In general method of laboratory

management varies however n most scientific laboratory these

management strategies responsible one another. Different

scientist also suggested the possible way to manage the

laboratory of getting desire result in any practical science

activities which in the laboratory. The great scientist Ojomire

A.N (1976), gives some suggestion in which they think

laboratory can be properly manage. This suggestion include

the following:

1. All new entrants particularly fresh students are to be guide

and encourage by their laboratory attendant in other tot

adopt safety practical

2. The member of staff should be aware of hazard likely to be

encounter in their particular field of work. This means that

15
 should be aware of the problem that can arise when

conducting practical, though he/she will be able to control

and monitor the practical work properly in his particular

field of study

3. Each laboratory inaugurate a set of basic rule for

prevention of accident, this rule and regulation must be

known to all people engage in laboratory activities. Each as

the teacher or lecturer, the laboratory techniques laboratory

attendant these role and regulations as according to

Olamite A.N (1976), should based on how to behave in

laboratory, how to handle and manipulating facilities of the

laboratory for proper rung of laboratory this chapter gives

detailed information of the necessarily of adequately

laboratory management research is carried out on various

laboratory attendance, techniques, lecturer and students

performance how the adequately of laboratory equipment

effect the student and laboratory attendant possible ways

and directive equipment and how lecturer himself or

herself should able to improve his teaching and learning

16
 process through the use of adequately, equipped laboratory

management.

2.6 summary

a summary of the review is carried out of the end of the chapter

and this summary is focused on the problem of science

laboratory management in some selected tertiary institution,

college of education in Kano state. It helps to sharpen the focus

of the study by relating the findings of the chapter to the

methodology the reader will be working all in chapter three (3)

17
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.0 Introduction

This chapter discussed the method used by the researchers, it

comprised the details on research design, area of the study,

population of the study, sampling and sampling techniques,

instrument, administration of the instrument used and method of

data analysis adopted for this research work.

4.1 Research Design

The research design adopted for this study is a survey design. The

study is a type of descriptive research in which an individual or

item from the entire population is studied by collecting and

analyzing data obtained from the sample.

However, survey design is one, in which a group of people or items

is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or

items considered being representative of the entire group

(Akuezuilo, 1993)

18
 4.2 Area of the Study

This study was carried out in Federal College of Education Kano

and Sa‟adatu Rimi College of education Kumbotso due to some

problems considered, which include geographical problem and

financial problems.

4.3 Population of the Study

The population of this (study) will consist of all pupils in our

selected population or tertiary institutions are: Federal College

of Education Kano and Sa‟adatu Rimi College of education.

4.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques

The researchers used simple random sampling because of some

inconvenience which will be faced if the total population is to be

taken such as geographical location, time factor, resources etc

This sample used for this study consisted of fifty four (54) selected

randomly; from both Federal College of Education Kano and

Sa‟adatu Rimi College of Education Kumbosto, and it also consist

twenty laboratory technicians and science lecturer.

4.5 Instrument of Data Collection

19
However in this study, questionnaire will be administered to sixty

(60) pupils with guideline how to fill it.

4.6 Validity of the Instrument Used

The instrument use for this study is validating trough the

assistance of our supervisor, specialist in educational research

work, test and measurement.

4.7 Administration of the instrument

The questionnaires were first self administrated by the researchers,

before it was administered to the sample schools. The research

collected the completed questionnaires on the spot ensuring it

hundred percent retrieval.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deal with the analysis of questionnaire distribution

and interpretation of the data gathered from the respondent‟s base

on topic: THE PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE LABORATORY

MANAGEMENT IN SOME TERTIARY INSTITUTION (COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION) IN KANO STATE. '. Research questions were set and

also designed to find out more fact on the research topic.

4.1 Data Analysis

The questionnaires were distributed to 60 teachers including

lecturer, lab attendance, lab assistance and lab techniques to the

male and female.

Below are the questions and presentation of the responses made by

various respondents. However, the researcher presented the data on

tables which indicate the responses to each and every question

21
Table 4.1 Highest Qualification of Lecturers

Rating scale Number of Percentage

respondents

Phd 2 18.0%

Msc(Msc Ed) 2 18.0%

Bsc(Bsc Ed) 4 36.0%

Hnd/Pgd 3 27.0%

Total 11 100%

The table one (1) indicates and analyzed the higher qualification

attained by the management staff or lectures of the concerned

tertiary institution. It shows that one respondent is Phd holder with

percentage of eighteen point zero (18.0%) while two respondent are

Msc/Msc Edu with percentage of eighteen point zero (18.0%) and

four (4) respondent Bsc/Bed with percentage of thirty six point zero

(36.0%) percentage finally three (3) are Hnd/Pgd holder with

percentage of twenty seven point zero (27.0%) this show that the

largest number of lectures is Bsc/Bed holders.

22
Table 4.2 Higher Qualification of Lab Attendance and Lab

Technician

Rating scale Number of Percentage

respondents

SSCE/GCE 2 28.5%

Certificate 2 28.5%

Diploma 1 14.2%

HND 2 28.5%

Total 7 100%

1 respondent with percentage of fourteen point three (14.3%)

The tables two (2) indicate and analyzed the highest qualification

attained by the laboratory attendants and technician of the

concerned tertiary institution show that (2) respondents are

SSCE/GCE holders with the percentage of twenty eight point five

(28.5%) while two respondent are certificate holder with percentage

of twenty eight point five (28.5%) while one respondents are

diploma holder with percentage of fourteen ,point two (14.2%) and

finally two respondent is HND with percentage of twenty eight and

23
half (28.5%) this shows that the largest numbers of laboratory and

technician are SSCE holder.

Lecturers questionnaire

Lectures response to the state of laboratory

S/N Factors Yes Percentage No Percentage

1 Is the laboratory stand and 7 81.2% 2 18.8%

equipment satisfactory?

2 Is the science equipment are service 2 18.2% 7 81.8%

the technician when they are faulty?

3 Is the management always sure that 3 36.7% 5 63.3%

the equipment is kept clean and

service?

4 Regularly lack of adequate equipment 2 18.2% 7 81.8%

and reagents are the major problems

facing when?

5 Conducting practical suggestion of 2 18.2% 7 81.8%

the lectures to the stand of the

materials and equipped lab in the

school?

24
Note: the response agreed and strongly agreed combined as “agreed”

while strongly disagreed and undecided are combine as disagreed.

Analyzing the factors: the standard of the chemistry laboratory and

its equipment is satisfactory from the table above seven (7)

respondents agreed with percentage of (81.2%) while two (2)

respondents disagreed with the percentage of (18.8%) this indicates

that the standard of chemistry in some tertiary institution is

satisfactory.

Considering the factors: science equipment are services by

laboratory technician when they are faulty; from the table above,

two (2) respondents agreed with the percentage of (18.2%) while

seven (7) respondents disagreed with a percentage of (81.8%) this

shows that the laboratory technicians are not regularly servicing

the faulty equipment.

Viewing the factors: the management always sure of its equipment

are kept clean and services regularly to make sure that they are in

good working under. From table above, three (3) agreed with the

percentage responses of thirty six point seven (36.7%), while five (5)

25
respondents disagreed with the percentage of (63.3%). It conclude

that equipments have to they are in god working order.

Interpreting the laboratory: is the lack of adequate equipment and

reagent are the major problem facing when conducting practical;

two respondents agreed with the ,percentage of (18.2%) while seven

(7) disagreed with the percentage of (81.2%) which shows that

lacks of adequate reagents are not the major problems facing when

conduct practical.

Enumerating the factors: suggestion of the lectures to the standard

of materials and equipped laboratory in the colleges. According to

the lectures, all facilities concerning practical should be provided it

can also conclude that there should be improvement in laboratory

facilities.

Student’s responses to questionnaire

S/N Factors Yes Percentage No Percentage

1 Does your school have a lab 30 30% 70 70%

technician

2 Is your school lab suitable for 75 75% 25 25%

practical

26
3 is there safety equipment and 50 50% 50 50%
materials in your school lab

4 Does government make an adequate 10 10% 90 90%

provision of science facilities in school

5 Does your school lab have the 30 30% 70 70%

necessary chemical for science

practical

Frequency of (number of time) of practical conducting

Rating scale Number of Percentage

respondents

Every week 4 8.2%

Every month 16 3.15%

Once min month 5 10.2%

Not at all 25 51%

Total 60 100%

Analysis the factors: from the table four (4) above apparatus are

limited and need to be available for effective practical work.

According to (30) responses which say does your school have a

laboratory technician with the percentage of (30%), while (70)

27
disagreed that they did not have laboratory technician and have

highest percentage of 70% according to (75) responses with the

percentage of 75% agreed that there laboratory is suitable for

practical, while 25% respondents disagreed that there laboratory is

not suitable for practical.

According to (50) response which say there is safety equipment and

material in your school laboratory with the percentage of 50%

agreed, while 50 disagreed that there is no safety equipment and

materials in the school laboratory with the percentage of 50%.

According to 10 responses agreed that the government make an

adequate provision of science facilities in the school with the

percentage of 10%, while 90 responses disagreed that the

government does not make any adequate provision of science

facilities in the school with the percentage of 90%.

According to 30 responses agreed that school laboratory have the

necessary chemical for science practical with the percentage of 30%

while, 70 responses disagreed that the school does not have

necessary chemical for science practical with the percentage of

70%.

28
In table 5 which is the frequency of number of time of practical

conducting:

Four (4) conducting practical every week

Fifteen (15) conducting practical every month

Five (5) conducting practical once in semester

Twenty five (25) not all

30.5% and 51% were positively influence by the factors, 8.2% and

10.2% were negatively influenced by the factors.

From the above observation made its shows that students learned

faster by manipulating their sense according to psychologist.

It also shows that adequately of laboratory material‟s helped the

students to perform well. The poor performance is also as a result of

inadequacy of laboratory materials.

29
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.0 Introduction

This chapter provides information based on the summary of major

findings as well as the conclusions of the whole work. It also offers

recommendations based on the outcome of the study as well as

providing suggestions for further studies. Contribution of the

research work to knowledge would also be included

6.1 Summary

This study centered upon “THE PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE

LABORATORY MANAGEMENT IN SOME TERTIARY

INSTITUTION (COLLEGE OF EDUCATION) IN KANO STATE. The

research work was divided into five (5) chapters which covered the

following areas:

Chapter one contained the introduction of the subject matter and

gives the general background of the study. It also contained the

statement of the research problems; the objective of the study, the

chapter also has scope and delimitations, significant of the study

and scope and limitation.

30
Chapter two, it is the review of related literature by thorough wide.

He researcher summarizes the related literature previously written

about the topic. It provides some background on what is to be

written about in the research. It is not just recited the previous

literature but critically analysed and reviewed it. One has to read

widely about the topic and try to organize the idea in logical

sequence.

Chapter three shows the methodology used in conducting the

research, that is research design area of study, population and

sample, sampling techniques, data collection instrument, data

collection procedures as well as data analysis procedure.

Chapter four, revealed the summary and presentation of data and

interpretation of data obtained from the respondents as well as its

analysis. The summary and conclusion was presented in chapter

five (5).

5.3 CONCLUSION

The researcher arrived at the following conclusions: -

i. The researcher studied during the research are

within integrated science laboratory from the-survey carried

31
 out, it shows that: some of the lab are adequately equipped

while others are not,

ii. Only one college out of the two institutions is capable of

having satisfactory .equipments and facilities with some few

standard chemicals and apparatus,

iii. Coming to the conclusion, the available of lab materials will

make for good achievement of students in chemistry

practices.

5.3 Recommendation :

Most modern science curricular emphases students' involvement in

science teaching through practical work in the lab e.g. Nigerian

science projects (NSP) developed by science teacher association of

Nigeria (STAN). Also the demand of science required certain skill

should be developed in student and that the lab experience help to

develop these 'Skills, which form a chemistry part of science

teaching.

Air this can be achieved only in the lab, the laboratory

experience can be derived from the handling, using and

demonstration by making use of the laboratory equipments.

32
 The following suggestion were put forward to further enhance

positive and effective utilization of science laboratory equipments

1. Federal and state authorities have to put more, emphasis on

ministry of Education in order to ensure' that laboratories in

tertiary institution should be well equipped.

2. The administration of the college of Education should allocate-

enough and appropriate periods for practical in the school time

table to facilitate the teaching and learning, of science and to

determine the rate' of utilization of available equipment in the

college laboratory.

3. There should be available of lab technician or assistants always

at least in every lab so that they participate during and after

practical.

4. Money should rise by government and private organization for

introducing new modern apparatus and chemicals together with

furnishing and repairing the damaged once in the laboratory.

5. Workshops and Seminars should be organized to educate the lab

technicians and lab attendants on how to use and activate and

maintenance in the laboratory.

33
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teacher Association of Nigeria. Vol 19. No 3

Ayo J. A (1999) Observation on the management of Science

Teaching facilities for academic effectiveness. Africa Journal of

material and Natural Science Vol. N.U pg 197.

Azubuike (2008) effect of laboratory to students performance in

science subject page 200

Balogun T. A (1982); "Improvisation of schools science Teaching

Equipment" Journal of the Science Teacher Association of

Nigeria. Voi 20, ppl31.-137.

Balogun t.a (2002) improvising for school teaching equipment‟

journal of the science teacher association of Nigeria vol. 20

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Cassac (1960) science teaching in secondary schools tropical

Africa UNESCO

Cepni c.a (1995) method used in science education “journal vol

6. Page 2

Demis and erdemir (2011-2017 ) highlight of science and technology

courses page 50

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Dunbar (2002) basic requirement of laboratory vol. 2 page 21-23

Fantunwase (1981); Laboratory practical and organization of

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Idris M.K (1980); Laboratory practical Organization of practical

including improvisation of Equipment

Jenkins et al (1983); School Biology Laboratory; a Hand book

of Design and management organization of laboratory.

Johnson'S. 1(200) Improvisation Techniques for Colleges and

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Mal Basher (2018) federal college of education Kano (F.C.E Kano)

Mal Ibrahim Bello (2018) Kano state college of education Kumbotso

Mary J. 0(1993) The relationship between students

achievement - in Chemistry and adequacy of laboratory

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Ohile (2001) problems encounter by teaching in laboratory

space.

Okebukola F.A (-1992); Association of the learning Environment

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Teacher Association of Nigeria 27. 2.

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Okonkwo D.O (1996); The school Biology Laboratory

Design organization management and safety STAN Journal

27 (13), 47-52

Oladimeji G.A.O (1978) "Improvisation in Integrated science:

Journal of Science Teaching Education of Nigeria Vol 16, No

2, p!02, April, 1978.

Olalakin (2005) major problem of laboratory management page 5-7

Olamite a.n (1776) design and management of laboratory

Ozmen and yigit (2005) laboratory management and problem

lectures.

STAN (1986) Science Teacher's Handbook Long - Man Nigeria.

Tamir, B.A a journal reason for widely used of laboratory

UNESCO (1986) New UNESCO source Book for Science

teaching UNESCO Press.

36