9/7/21

Father of Qestioned document examination-

DOCUMENT-

--#Anything which has marks size symbols, partially visible or visible. Conveys meaning. Gives
information in general. ex. Pencil ( Generic term)

##In the law of the philippines plain and simple object and thing but not consider a document

-a piece of written, printed, or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that
serves as an official record.

Object Evidence-Pencil- use to kill(tool)

Documentary Evidence- Pencil- what looks like(Monggol 2)

Question document

--In forensic science, questioned document examination is the examination of documents potentially
disputed in a court of law. Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable
document using scientific processes and methods.

--#

Types of documents according to the Phil Law-

--as any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or by
more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording
that matter.

--The basic and most common official documents confirming your identity in the Philippines are your
passport and your driver's license. In addition to the driver's license and passport your identity may be
confirmed by: birth certificate, residency permit, visa, and a firearms certificate, among others.

Tools or apparatus used to in detection of questioned document.

--instruments used in the questioned document section include: Video Spectral Comparator (VSC),
Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA), Stereo-Microscope, Spectrophotometer, and Fingerprint Live
Scanner etc.

-- typical Questioned Documents unit in a crime laboratory is equipped with microscopes, digital imaging
instrumentation, infrared and ultraviolet light sources, video analysis tools and specialized equipment
including electrostatic detection devices (EDD) and materials to perform analytical chemistry.

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TIDBITS OF THE PAST

-Documents were not discovered nor invented by one person, if we would trace early civilation man
used diff markings to make forms of thier thoughts this was presented by meaens of pictures which was
considered as first form of writing. Obviosly, found on walls of cave and trees

- Early writingd were also found on skin of animals and with the growing need of documents, thus paper
was invented together with writing instrument and links. Thereafter, writing became common to all
people.

DOCUMENT- latin word DOCUMENTUM means lesson, or example. It may have been derived also from
the french word DOCERE means to teach

QUESTION DOCUMENT- The science that determines the authenticity or fraud of a document.

- maybe questioned in whole or in part with respect its authenricity, origin, or its
relation to other document

ex. Fraud- You change the name of the origin person it became a question doc.

ex. -not authorized person

Examination of a document is conducted to determined

Its origin,
DISPUTED DOCUMENT-suggests that there is argument or controversy over the document and strictly
speaking true to this meaning

ex. When two person argu with that document that leads to judge/court

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT- maybe questioned in whole or in part with respect its authenticity, origin, or
its relation to other documents

-- If there is controversy or argument over the document, it becomes a DISPUTED DOCUMENT not all
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT are DISPUTED DOCUMENT but all DISPUTED DOCUMENT are QUESTION
DOCUMENT--

HOLOGRAPHIC- Any document which is completely written ans signed by one person

CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION- Detection of forgery, erasures, alterations and obliterations

HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION- To find out the autor of a writing

art. 162 forgery of the signature of the president or seal

3 aspects of Question document examination

-- Handwritinf and hand printing'

Examination which signature for the purpose of determining genuiness author

KIND OF WRITING

-cursive/conventional

-manuscript

-Capslock

KINDS OF DOCUMENT (GENERAL DOCUMENTS)

 ( Private-Public-Official-Commercial-Ecommerce)

PUBLIC DOCUMENT- a doc. created,executed or issued by a pulic official in response to the exigencies of
the public service or int the execution of which a public officil intervened. (U.S.v.Asensi.34 Phil.765)

-public document can get in PSA such as:

ex.Cenomar, Marriage certificate, avedafit ( can be notarized)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT- A doc. which is issued by a public official in teh exercise of the functional of his
office. An official document is also his office document is also a public doc. iTS fallswithin the larger
classs called public document.( U.S.v.Asensi)

ex. NSO,BIRTHC., issued by authorized person

PRIVATE DOCUMENT- Every deed or instrument execued by a private person without the intervwntion
of a notary public or of any person legally authorized, by which te documents some disposition or
agremeent is provided, evidenced or set forth

COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT- Any instrument defined and regulated by the code of commerce ( people v.
Beng,1913) or any other commercial law. Exchange of obligation to pay

CIVIL CODE art 1305- meeting of two person of minds( VERBAL CONTRACT)

E-COMMERCE RA 8792- With the advent of the computer world, this law addresses on any violation of
confidentialy and unlawful access to docments like any kind of data message and electronic document
used in the context of commercial and international dealings, transactions and storage of information.

ex. Lazada. shoppee

WHAT MAY NOT CONSTITUTE AS DOCUMENTS

-A draft municipal payroll which not yet approved by the proper authority

-Mere blank forms of offiisl documents

-Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any disposotion or agreement are not documents but are
ere merchandise

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
-Is a doc. or papers whose contents have been contesed either in whole or in any part as to their
authenticity

-A doc. is questioned when where there is a contoversy over its preparation, conents and other
circumstances surrounding it.

SIMULATED FORGERY- Practisan nga perma - murag imo na perma

TRACE FORGERY- Kurog2 - Gi sunan

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

- Is a term used to refer to the act of makings o close and

TWO DIVISION OF QDE

--Criminalistics Examination- This involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration or obliteration of
documents

-Dr. Wilson Hasrrison, A noted British Examiner of questiones doc. said that an intell

ASPECTS OF QDE

-Handwriting Examination (Graphology/Graphoanalysis)

-Ex. of signatures and initials

-Ex, of anonymos letters

-Examination of typewritings and typerints

-Examinations of Inks

-Examination of Erasures, alterations or obliterations, etc.

-detetion of alteration

-Decipherment of erased writing

-Restoration of obliterated writings

-Counterfeiting

-Ex. of currency bills and coins and the like

 - ex of fake documents

-Miscellaneous aspects

-Determination of age documents

-identification of stamps

-ex. of seal and other authenticating devices

PURPOSE OF QDE

-identity off the author

-true contents

SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF QDE

-Analysis(Recognition)- properties or characteristics, observed or measured

-Comparisin- Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined thought analysis are now
compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items

-Evaluation- Similarities or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will each have a certain value
for identification, determined by its likelihood of occurrence. The weight or significace of each must
therefore be considered

INSTRUMENT USED IN QDE

STEREOSCOOPIC MICROSCOPE- TWO

COMPOUND-one

SHADOWGRAPH- instrument that the images are cast in shadow, an image of a shape made by casting a
shadow onto a surface
HANDWRITING PROTACTROR- measuring angles and instrument shaped like a semicircle marked with
the degrees of a circle, used to emasure or mark out angles

UV LAMP-this is usually in the detection of counterfieting money

TRANSMITTED LIGHT- device where light comes from beneath or behind glass on documen

PHOTO ENLARGEMENT

FORENSIC COMPARATOR- which captures images and projects them on a black and white screen

ELECTRO-STATIC DETECTION DEVICE- used to visualize indentations by applying an electrostatic charge

to a

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR- used to analyze inks and see whether they are the same or different.
different lighting conditions where some wavelength of light are blocked.

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY- used to do a more thorough analysis of ink. he ink is mixed with
chemicals and desposited on to a silicate plate where its constituents can be measured

INFRARED REFLECTANCE- show the residue of pincel marks, mabasahan bisag sunog na

MAGNIFYING LENS- for increased magnification

CAMERA

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

Writing Materials and Papers

ANACHRONISM It refers to something wrong in time and in place. This means that the forger has trouble
matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it was supposed to have been written.

- PAPER - These are sheets of interlaced fibers - usually cellulose fibers from plants, but sometimes from
cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to
form a solid surface.

-before, animal skin(vellum)

WATERMARK - Certain papers are marked with a translucent design, a watermarks impressed in them
during the course of their manufacture.

-to detect counterfieted

WRITING MATERIALS - Any material used primarily for writing or recording such as papers, cardboard,
board papers, Morocco paper, etc.

Historical Development

= PAPYRUS - This came into use about 3,500 B.C. - people of Egypt. Palestine, Syria, and Southern
Europe used the pith (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge (grass-like herb) CYPERUS PAPYRUS to
make a writing material known as PAPYRUS.

* PARCHMENT-writing material made from skin of animals primarily of shee calves or goats - was
probably developed in the Middle East more or less contemporaneously with papyrus. It came into wide
use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.

▪ VELLUM - writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids and the term (name) was often
used for all kind of parchment manuscripts, it became the most important writing material for
bookmaking, while parchment continued for special manuscripts.

Quill Pen

▪ A writing implement made from a flight feather of a large bird. The shaft of the feather acts as an ink
reservoir and ink flows to the tip via capillary action. ▪The strongest quills come from the primary
feathers taken from living birds in the spring.

▪Steel point pen (▪ BRYAN DONKIN)

Although pens of bronze may have been known to Romans, the earliest mention of "BRAZEN
PENS" was in 1465. The 16th century Spanish calligrapher JUAN DE YCIAR mentions brass pens for very
large writing in his 1548 writing manual, but the use of metal pens did not become widespread until the
early part of the 19th century.

The first patented steel pen point was made by the English engineer ▪ BRYAN DONKIN in 1803.
The leading 19th century English pen manufacturers were WILLIAM JOSEPH GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHELL,
AND JAMES STEPHEN PERRY.

▪Fountain Pen

A pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The ink is drawn through a feed to the
nib and then to the paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action.

▪Reed Pen

It came from especially selected water grasses found in Egypt, Armenia and along the shores of
the Persian Gulf, were prepared by leaving them under dung heaps for several months.

It was the first writing tool that had the writing end slightly frayed like a brush. About 2,000
years B.C., this reed pen was first used in NEAR EAST on papyrus and later on parchment

▪Fiber Tip Pen (pintilpin)

- The first practical fiber tip pen was invented by YUKIO HORIE of Japan in 1962. It was ideally
suited to the strokes of Japanese writing, which is traditionally done with a pointed ink brush. Dye is fed
to the point by elaborate capillary mechanism.

▪Ball point pen

.BALL POINT PEN:

.JOHN LOUD, in 1888, patented the first ball point writing tool. A ball point pen has in its pointa
small rotating metal ball that continually inks itself as it turns.

The ball is set into a tiny socket. In the center of the socket is a hole that feeds ink to the socket
from a long tube (reservoir) inside the pen.

▪Invisible Ink

Inks developed by heat

= Cola drink (diluted),Milk,Honey (diluted),Onion Juice,Semen,urine,Soap water,Sugar solution,Vinegar

or Wine, Apple, Orange, Lemon
▪PENCIL

Pencil is one of the most significant instrument use in writing and drawing in the paper surface.
This pencil can write underwater and in fact, it is use by the physician to mark the skin before the
surgery, it was also use by the astronaut since the writing ability is not affected by the full of gravity,
pressure and the condition of the atmosphere. It is made of graphite set with a case of wood, plastic or
metal.

▪Three Types of Pencil

1. Cased Pencil - uses lead, for writing.

2. Colored pencil- used by teachers or editors to correct submitted text, but regarded as art supplies.

3. Mechanical Pencil - also uses lead but does not require sharpening, since t has a case.

▪TYPES OF PENCIL CORE

Pencil's core are made of graphite mixed with a clay binder, leaving grey or black via physical
abrasion a trail of solid core material that adheres to the sheet of paper or other surfaces

Graphite pencil is used for both writing and drawing and the result is durable although it can be
remove by an eraser. (water proof)

Charcoal pencil - used by artist for drawing and sketching

Colored pencil - used by teachers or editors to correct submitted text, out regarded as art supplies

Grease pencil - have a softer crayon,like waxy core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces like glass or
pore ain

▪Handwriting Defined

It is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used as a whole, and combination of
certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort. Some
defined handwriting as "visible speech"

▪Physiological Basis

This center near the motor area of the cortex is responsible for the finger movement involved in
handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it becomes diseased as in a graphic, one loses
the ability to write a though he could still grasp 3 fountain pen, ball pen or pencil. Thus, the ability or
power to hold a fountain per er pencil to form symbols and words can be said to emanate from its
cortical center

▪Muscles involved in Handwriting

A group of extensor muscles that push the pen push up the pen to form the upward strokes and
ease the tension produced as a result by a group of muscle called the flexor muscles to form a
downward strokes.

-lumbrical muscle- horizontal line

▪ Development of Handwriting

-Children learn writing by following the school copy or model.

. -After acquiring some degree of skill the children no longer follow the school model.

-As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begin to break down.

-In the course of trial and error, modification are made, simplification and
elaborations, addition and omissions

-The writing pattern of each child embodies unique combinations of such deviation from
the standard letter forms or school model, and becomes his personal habits.

▪Basis of Handwriting Examination

InWigmore's Principles of judicial Proof, handwriting is defined as a visible effect of bodily

movement which is an almost unconscious expression of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed
mental impression of certain ideas associated with script form

Environment, education and occupation affect individuals so variously in the formation of these
muscular habits that finally the act of writing becomes an almost automatic succession of acts
stimulated by these habits.

The imitation of the style of writing by another person becomes difficult because the other
person cannot by mere will power reproduce in himself all the muscular combination from the habit of
the first writer.
▪History of Handwriting

▪Cuneiform Script (first writinh)

The impressions left by the stylus were wedged shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform (wedge
shape, "form the Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge")

Is the earliest writing system in the world.

▪Paleography (from Greek p alaiós, "old" and graphein, "to write") is the study of ancient
handwriting and the practice of deciphering and reading manuscripts. historical

-The first time the term "paleography" was used was perhaps in 1708 by Bernard de Montfaucon, a
Benedictine monk

▪Calligraphy

(from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphe "writing") is a type of visual art. It is often called the art of
kakolleked fancy lettering (Mediavilla 1996:17).

A contemporary definition of calligraph practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive,
harmonious and skillful manner" (Mediavilla, 1996: 18).

nindot-calligraphy

myaot-cacography

▪Petrography

The word comes from the Greek

words petros meaning "stone" and glyphep meaning "to carve" (it was originally coined in French as
pétroglyphe). (also rock engravings) are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising,
pecking, carving, and abrading.

▪Neolithic man began written communication as long as 20,000 years ago when he graphically
represented objects and ideas in drawings on cave walls known as Iconography.

▪An Ideogram or Ideograph ( from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write") is a graphic symbol that
represents an idea or concept.
 ▪From the Italian "graffito" meaning "a scatch" refers to handwriting or images on the walls or
surfaces of a public area, such as building, parks, toilets, and trains, etc..

▪Graffiti" is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface.

▪Principles of Handwriting▪

No two writers write exactly alike.

The physical writing conditions and position of the person including his writing instrument may
affect the handwriting characteristics but they do not confine all its identifying elements.

Age, sickness, emotional state (transitory state), position

Individuality in handwriting can only be determined through comparative examination with the
standard written or prepared under comparable conditions.

• Under similar purpose

Similarity does not mean identity. -

Complete identity means definite forgery

▪ Variations in Writing

A more or less definite pattern for each is stored away in the subjective mind but the hand does
not always produce a stereotyped duplicate of that pattern.

The hand ordinarily is not an instrument of precision and therefore we may not expect every
habitual manual operation to be absolutely uniform.

▪ Importance of Copybook

to the nationality of the writer.

to the system learned

to the date when the writing was acquired

and

- to some of the influences that have surrounded the writer.

▪Terminologies in Handwriting▪

▪Alignment

Is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line

percoran ms. 106. 8. Mornal courage of the of individual berhauran of that police officer in letters in
words to the baseline. It is the alignment of is lob and how the police officer dealr words. The relative
alignment of letters.

▪GARLAND FORMS - A cup-like connected form that is open at the top and rounded on the
bottom.

▪ARCADE FORMS -

Forms that look like arches rounded on the top and open at the bottom.

▪DISGUISED WRITING - A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in hopes of
hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their effectiveness are termed disguised writing.

▪COLLATION - side by side comparison; collation as used in this text means the critical
comparison on side by side examination.

▪COMPARISON - the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying
qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental act in which the element of one item are related
to the counterparts of the other.

▪GRAPHOANALYSIS - the study of handwriting based on the two fundamental strokes, the curve
and the straightstrokes.

▪GRAPHOMETRY - analysis by comparison and measurement.

▪GRAPHOLOGY - the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a person from
the study of handwriting. It also means the scientific study and analysis of handwriting, especially with
reference to forgeries and questioned documents.
 ▪WRONG-HANDED WRITING. Any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used;
a.k.a. as "with the awkward hand." It is one means of disguise. Thus, the writing right handed person
which has been executed with his left hand accounts for the common terminology for this class of
disguise as "left-hand writing".

▪LETTER SPACE-The amount of space left between letters.

▪LINE DIRECTION - Movement of the baseline. May slant up, the down, or straight across page.

▪LINE QUALITY - the overal character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes.
There are two classes: Good Line quality and Poor Line quality

▪LINE SPACE - The amount of space left betwee-lines.

MANUSCRIPT WRITING. A disconnected form of script or semi-script writing. This type of writing
is taught in young children in elementary schools as the first step in learning to write.

= ▪ MARGINS -The amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.

- ▪ MOVEMENT - It is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all the factors which are
related to the motion of the writing instrument skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis,
tremors and the like. The manner in which the writing instrument is move that is by finger, hand,
forearm or whole arm.

▪PEN EMPHASIS -The act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper strfaces. When the
pen-point has flexibility, this emphasis produces shading, but with more rigid writing points heavy point
emphasis can occur in writing w/out any evidence of shading; the act intermittently forcing the pen
against the paper with increase pressure.

▪PEN HOLD-The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at which he
holds it.

▪PEN POSITION - relationship between the pen point and the paper.
PEN PRESSURE - the average force with which the pen contacts the paper. Pen pressureas opposed to
pen emphasis deals with the usual of average force involved in the writing rather than the period
increases.

▪PRINTSCRIPT - A creative combination of printing and cursive writing.

▪PROPORTION or RATIO-the relation between the tall and the short letter is referred as to the
ratio of writing.

▪QUALITY. A distinct or peculiar character. Also, "quality" is used in writing movement itself.

▪RHYTHM -The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic
recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing succession
of motion which are recorded in a written record. Periodicity, alternation of movement describing
handwriting to refer to any identifying factor that is related to the

▪SHADING - Is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added pressure on a flexible pen point
or to the use of a stub pen.(balikbalik)

▪SIGNIFCANTWRITING HABIT-Any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon

and well fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification.

▪SIMPLIFICATION-Eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the copybook model.

▪SIZE-May refer to the overall size of the writing or the proportions between zones.

▪SKILL-In any set there are relative degrees or ability or skill and a specimen of handwriting
usually contains evi dence of the writer's proficiency; degree, ability, or skill of a write proficiency

▪SLOPE/SLANT - the angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. There
are three classes.

Stant to the left,

THE Slent to the right, and

▪SPEED OF WRITING-The personal pace at which the writer's pen moves acress the paper

▪TENSION-The degree of force exerted on the pen compared to the degree of relaxation. WORD
SPACE. The amount of space left betweer words.

---Strokes in Handwriting---

Path followed by the pen in the paper

•Arc- a curved formed inside the top curve of loop as in small letters "h", "m", "n", & "p".

-• Arch- any arcade form in the body of a letter found in small letters which contain arches.

•Ascender- is the top portion of a letter or upper loop.

•Baseline- maybe actually on a ruled paper, it might be imaginary alignment of writing it the ruled or
imaginary line upon which the writing rests.

• Diacritic- "t" crossing and dots of the letter "i" and "j". The matters of Indian script are also known as
diacritic sign, an element added to complete a certain letter, either a cross bar or a dot.

•Ending/Terminate stroke of toe- the end stroke of a letter.

•Eye/ Eyelet/Eyeloop- a small loop or curved formed inside the letters. This may occur inside the oval of
the letters "a,d,o", the small loop form by the stroke that extend in divergent direction as in small
letters.

• Foot-lower part which rest on the base line. The small letter "m" has three feet, and the small letter
"n" has two feet.
•Hesitation- the term applied to the irregular thickening of ink which is found when writing slows down
or stop while the pen take a stock of the position.

• Hiatus/ pen jump- a gap occurring between a continuous stroke without lifting the pen.

•Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed; may be regarded also as a special form of pen
lift distinguished in a ball gaps and appear in the writing.

•Hook- it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at the end of the terminal stroke.

• It also sometimes occurs at the beginning of a initial stroke. The terminal curves of a letters
"a.d.n.m.p.u" is the hook.

• Long letter- those letters with both upper and lower loops.

• Loop- a oblong curve such as found on the small letter "f,g,I" and letter stroke "f" has two.

• Majuscule- a capital letter.

• Miniscule- a small letter.

• Movement impulses- this refers to the continuality of stroke forged writing is usually produced by
disconnected and broken movements and more motion or movement impulses then in genuine writing.

• Patching-retouching or going back over a defective portion of a stroke. Careful patching is common
defect on forgeries.

•Shoulder- outside portion of the top curve, small letter "m" has three shoulders and the small letter "n"
has two, the small letter "h" has one shoulder.

•Spur- a short initial or terminal stroke.

•Staff- any major long downward stroke of a letter that is the long downward stroke of the letter "b,g".

•Stem or shank- the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in capital
letters.

•Tremor- a writing weakness portrayed by irregular shaky strokes is described as writing tremor.

• Whirl- the upstroke of looping ascender.

•Linear Letters- lower case letters having no ascending loops or stems, or descending loops or stems
sometimes called minuscule. No capital letters.

•Supralinear- letters that extend a distance vertically above the linear letters, (b, d,h,k,l and t)

•Infralinear- Letters are those that extend a distance vertically below the baseline of the writing or of
the linear letters. (g.j.p.q.y.z).

•Double-Length Letters- are those few letters that extend a distance vertically both above and below
the linear letters. (f, y, z.)

GENERAL(CLASS) CHARACTERISTICS -

These characteristics refer to those habits are part of basic writing system or which are
modifications of the system of writing found among so large a group of writes that have only slight
identification value.

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS -

They are characteristics which are the result of the writer's muscular control, coordination, age,
health, and nervous temperament, frequency of writing, personality and character.

----Individual Characteristics---
•Writing movement

•Form and design of letters

•Muscular control or motor control -

•Loose writing - this is characterized by too much freedom of movement and lack of regulation. This is
noticed especially in tall letters forms.

•Restrained writing there is lack of freedom and inhibited movements. It gives you the impression that
every stroke was made with great difficulty. This writing is small. There is distortion of letter forms
which may lead to illegibility.

•Motor Coordination

•Shading

•Skill

-----Types of Standards------

•Collected Standards are KNOWN (genuine) handwriting of an individual such as signature and
endorsements on canceled checks, legal papers letters, commercial, official, public and private
document and other handwriting such as letters, memoranda, etc. written in the course of daily life,
both business and socials.

•Request standards are signature or other handwritings (or hand printings) written by an individual
upon request for the purpose comparison with other handwriting or for specimen purposes.

•Post Litem Motan Exemplars - writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have come
into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions.

-----Considerations in Acquiring Standard----

•The amount of Standard written

•Similarly of Subject Matter. If the questioned writings are hand printed, then get hand printed standard
or exemplar.

•Relative Dates of the questioned and the standards writing standard signatures or writing must be
those written five (5) years before or five (5)after the date of the questioned signature or writing.

•Contemporaneous Standards Condition under which both the questioned and the standard are
prepared. look for standards prepared under comparable circumstances such as: paper rested on the
knee: standing: sitting; lying down; and/or while on moving vehicle.

•Writing Instrument and Paper.

--------SIGNATURE-------

•SIGNATURE defined - It is the name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign of

acknowledgement. Or, it is a name or a mark that a person puts at the end of a document to attest that
he is its author or that he ratifies its contents.

-----Terminologies in Signature-------

•FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE. A forged signature. It involves the writing of a name as a signature by

someone other.

•CROSS MARK. Historically, many who could not write signed with a cross mark or crude X. This
authenticating mark is still used today by illiterates, and if properly witnessed, it can legally stand for a
signature.

•EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE - Is not simply a signature - it is a signature, signed at a particular time and
place, under particular conditions. while the signer was at particular age, in a particular physical and
mental condition, using particular implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for recording
his name.
•FREEHAND SIGNATURE. A fraudulent signature that was executed purely by simulation rather than by
tracing the outline of a genuine signature.

•GUIDED SIGNATURE. A signature that is executed while the

writer's hand or arm is steadied in any way. Under the law of most jurisdictions such a signature
authenticates a legal document provided it is shown that the writer requested the assistance. Guided
signatures are most commonly written during a serious illness or on a deathbed.

--IMITATED SIGNATURE.--

Synonymous with freehand forgery.

•MODEL SIGNATURE. A genuine signature that has been used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery.

--Types of Signatures--

•FORMAL (a.k.a. CONVENTIONAL or COPYsssBOOK FORM) - complete correct signature for an important
document such as will.

•INFORMAL (CURSORY) - usually for routine documents and personal correspondence.

1. Personalized

2. Semi-personalized

•CARELESS SCRIBBLE - for the mail carrier, delivery boy or the autograph collector.

•Forgery is, strictly speaking, a legal term which involves not only a non-genuine document but also and
intent to fraud. However, it is also used synonymously with fraudulent signature or spurious
document.(art 161)

art. 171-172- palsification forgering the signatures of normal persons (not the president)
----Classes of Forged Signatures-

• SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY-executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing

the outline of a genuine signature can be referred as freehand imitation or simulated forgery. Or it
refers to the free-hand drawing in imitation of model signature.

• TRACED FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE)

•DIRECT TRACING - tracing is made by transmitted light.

•INDIRECT TRACING - forger uses a carbon paper and place document on which he will trace the forged
signature under the document bearing the model signature with a carbon paper between the two.

•TYPES OF TRACED SIGNATURE:

- CARBON PROCESS

- INDENTATION PROCESS

- TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS

•SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE FORGERY)- Forger does not try to copy a model but writes something
resembling what we ordinarily call a signature. For this, he uses a false (spurious) name and makes a
rapid stroke, disturbing his usual writing by adopting a camouflage called disguise.

semi final --------------------------------------------

--Mutilation--

Mutilation of coins is committed by cutting or scraping the coin to gather its precious metal content.
This provision is rendered inutile by the very low value of Philippine coins. Since Philippine coins have
lost its intrinsic [metal content] and purchasing [economic] value, there may not be any occasion for
violations of these articles (163-165).
P.D. 247 promulgated July 18, 1973 penalizes the willful de facing, mutilating, tearing, burning or
destroying in any manner currency coins and notes issued by the Central Bank and imposes the penalty
of fine of not more than twenty thousand pesos and/ imprisonment of not more than five years.

Counterfeiting

Counterfeiting is the act of imitating or manufacturing money or currency without authority. It is not
necessary that legal tender be counterfeited; even counterfeiting of foreign currency is punishable
under Article 166(4).

Forgery

ARTICLE 169 - Forgery

1. Forgery is committed by giving to a treasury or bank note the appearance of genuine a document or
by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures, letters, words or signs
contained by such notes.

2. The subject matter of forgery is treasury or bank notes. If what is forged is a document, the crime is
falsification under Articles 171/172.

500- 8 secret features

Paper, print quality and raised print (P20, 50, P100, P200, P500, P1000) banknotes are printed on special
paper that gives them their unique feel. The printed lines and colors on the banknotes are sharp, clear
and free from smudges. By running your fingers across the front of the note, you can feel raised prints in
areas such as the words "REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS" and denomination in words. portrait, signatures,
and lower right value panel on the face of the note

Serial number (P20, P50,P100, P200, P500, P1000) - Composed of one or two prefix letters and six to
seven asymmetric (increasing in size) digits located at the lower left and upper right corners of the face
of the note
Security fibers (P20, P50, P100, P200, P500, P1000) Red and blue visible fibers embedded randomly on
the paper

Watermark (P20, P50, P100, 200, P500, P1000) - A shadow image of the portrait and the denominational
value appears at the blank space when the note is viewed against the light from either side.

See-through mark (P20, P50, P100, P200, P500, P1000) The word "PILIPINO" written in Baybayin (pre-
Spanish Philippine alphabet) is seen in complete form when the note is viewed against the light.

See-t

"PILI

is se

light

Concealed value (P20. P50, P100, P200, P500, P1000) The denominational value superimposed on the
smaller version portrait at the upper left side of the note becomes visible when the note is rotated 45
degrees and tilted down.

2 Security Thread (P20, P50, P100, P200, 500, P1000) - For $20 and P50, an embedded thread running
vertically across the note is seen from either side when viewed against the light. For P100, P200, P500
and P1000, a stitch like metallic thread running vertically across the note changes color from red to
green when viewed at different angles. This thread bears the alphanumeric denominational value clear
text seen in front and the "BSP" imprint found at the back, both in repeated series

Optically Variable Device (OVD) patch A reflective foil that bears the image of the Blue naped Parrot (for
P500)/south Sea Pearl inside an oyster (for P1000) and a small BSP logo. The background and the
parrot/oyster exchange color when the note is rotated at 90 degrees, i.e., red parrot/oyster becomes
green while the green background becomes red.
இ Optically Variable Ink (OVIH Embossed P1000 denominational value at the lower right corner of the
face of the note, which when viewed at different angles, changes color from green to blue

Typewriter

• TYPEWRITER A writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing letters, figures, symbols and other
resembling printed ones; a machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or that can
produce printed letters and figures on paper; a machine designed to print or impress type characters on
paper, as a speedier and more legible substitute for handwriting.

What to consider?

1. A typewriter coming out of the factory has already some defects which give its own personality.
Whatever the quality of the manufacturer, typewriter is never absolutely perfect.

2. With constant use by the typist, through wear and tear, a typewriter will acquire some peculiarity or
which will be treated as individual characteristics.

TYPES OF TYPEWRITER

CONVENTIONAL TYPEWRITERS USING TYPE BARS

Pica Type - 10 letter/inch

Elite Type - 12 Letters/inch

• TYPEWRITER USING SINGLE ELEMENT OR BALL A machine, capable of typing 10 or 12 characters per
inch. Change of horizontal spacing is done easily by the flip of a switch.

• TYPEWRITER USING A PRINT WHEEL (ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER) -This has a disc type device called a
print wheel, The printwheel contains all of characters represented on the typewriter keyboard. This
machine has the capability of typing 10, 12 and 15 letters per inch.
IDENTIFICATION OF TYPEWRITER BY THE DEFECTS OF THE STROKE COMMON DEFECTS

CLOGGED (DIRTY) TYPEFACES - With use the type faces becomes filled with lint, dirty and ink,
particularly in enclosed letters such as the o,e,p, and g.

OFF ITS FEET - The condition of a typeface printing heavier on one side or corner than over the
remainder of its outline.

REBOUND A defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly offset to
the right or left.

IDENTIFICATION OF TYPEWRITER BY THE DEFECTS OF THE STROKE

COMMON DEFECTS

TWISTED LETTER - Each letter and character is designed to print a certain fixed angle to the base line,
due to wear, and damage to the type bars and the type block, some letters become twisted so that they
lean to the right or left of their correct slant.

TYPE FACE DEFECTS Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by

actual damage to the type face metal is known as type face defect. These defect may be actual breaks in
the outline of the letter where the metal has been chipped away sometimes referred to as broken type,
or they may be distorted outlines of the letter where the type face metal has become bent or smashed,
they can only be corrected by replacing the type block.