PAGE No.

DATE

09. Quesfon Bonk

Servlces
Exp Opexatng Ssicm Opehaficns and
An 0Pexaning g4sjenm p0oVides SeðVcesp both useds_and to
he puoxämgas
pXoides picgxamS An_envAonment tp execce
3 pxovides sexs he gexvirea pexecute he ogams
ina Coryeniet manner

exices 0ovided bs_he 05

Paagam execution 2: 10 opexationsS
(ommLnicafion_
3 file Sysfem Man+pulafion
Alloation 7-Peofechon.
5 ExADy defecfion 6: KesoUkce

: Koganm execufon-(0 Loads Apaogxam into memosu

eues dhe pmgxam
px0gàam execuon ethex noimalls OR
Handle he
ahnlomalls indfcafing an exaox

2 0 Opexahon- I0 Oeaon_ means Hoad oR_uije

anule og any 3pe.cii I0 devre
opeaation_uilh
YegiqeA_
Cpexafmg 9usjem povides he access to he
TI0_deve uhen S0quf9ed
Paogaam needs sead a e
ie pSusknm manipulafion-(
OR w9iHe Ple only,_9ead-4eie ,denied
Peamiasion Vafer 2omDead
And Soon
nteerfateto dhe vse p CHeate OR delete fle
DOS pazuides_and to Ceajo he back op_a
also_povidea 0n oteaace
le Suslem
 PAGE No./
DATE

hCommunitafion -(? o paoeSse3 cen eguiees data

p be ansfezaed betuieen hem
Bath the pocessea Cunbeon one lompufea oX on_
_dYfexent omputeasbut azo_Connecded jo diosea
ComputeA nefuoak
Lonmunicafion may be_done by tuwo methods ethey by
Sha9ted_ Mema u OR by message pOIsging-

5 EXnx handeling- he 09 Consstantly Checks pX possible_

he 0S akes an appaopaioteAGion n_ensusie Coaet
and Consistent Computing
6 ResouACe Manggement- Ghe 09 manage A kinds o
q0s00ce Ung Schedulens
CeC Scheduling algoshihmg 00 sedD hetlex

7Paotection-(0:S ensuse Thott all_acess 0 9qsjem

91e80v& e is Contolled
TalGo ensusLez hat exenal I devite) Am_a9o
paDdecded om invalfd eccess Hempls
R09ph0ufdes Ajhentitafion eatue j69 eath Usex bs
Meana OF possLnuds
 PAGE NJ
DATE /7

2 ExpSusjem_alls and fts types.

A_system all hepIngmammafic uay n twhfch_a computex

XogkamHequests 9eaVice_4om he kerne_of he_0S
a execoted on
2A Sysem callS A y a Dogams o inteact_with_0S
3 System call panlides he SeHvitek_ohe 0:S to 4he usex
Via Appliration Pingaum Infsizate (AeT)_
upes o &usfem alls
PaacessContHol2 Me managemet 3 JeuYte management
Tnfokmation Mofntenance ommunicatfon

Pxacess lontaol-0 lhese System_calls a9o Hesponsble _pr

AocesG CHeation 0oCOSS mínafon et.

klindows CxeatePhocess() rk
Ex1Pocess(
lalaitfoxSalebheckl Jala+C)_

2 le management-lhese Sisem Calls_490 9spornsihle fúz

le mantpulafion uch 08 (eatiha e, Heading aie-
w nga fle. et
Management_iklincdous-heate Fite ebx pen
dendC
ReadFle
ulafteFlel 9fte0
closeC)
ClseHondle)
 PAGE No.
DATE

3 Device Hanagoment-hese S 0 9egponsihlef deuce

ManipLlaion 9ach 09 eading hom device bffes
wngip_deuice bufeqs etc
1indowS SetConcole Hode Liny-ioct()
Readhnsole) ead )
LJotelonsoleC) eiteC)
4. Intonmaion Hofntenan.coheao Sc Ate
handle info9mation
Gnc tsHansie_betuneen 09 And fhe use
Dngaam
Alndows GettiaxentPaccessTD) nUy- gelpidC
SetEnexL alatmO
Sleep) Sleep
G bmmunicafon-hese c_09o
Usefu
Commonfcation lheu alsD deal ufthontMOLess
CHoafing and deleti
Communcation (onncHon
inclosS Coeade fpe 0_ intz Äpe0_
(henteFle Hapfng) ghmge)
Hapeuw OF ErteC)_ mmapl)
 PAGE N.
DATE

3 Exp System boqnams

System pogzamsMOVIde_G onenfent enuiHonmont
enuitonment bx
noogaamdevelopment nd execution.
They Can be _divided inp
e manipulaffon 2 Status intoamatfon 3file modiaton
Prcgammng language upp09 5: (ômmunitations
6 Appliahfon patgbams

Ple manipulationmoanagement -(Greate_deleteopyQoname

pint dumplst and aenetally manîpulate a Gnd
dluec tasiies
Statug ingoamason-( Some ask ghe Rysiem ox inumatfon-
dole fme, amount 0 memoguy avatlable, disk spare ete
OtheAS_paduidea detafled neasoaMance, logging and de hogging
inpumation
RA As in is umatla and displayed on output devie
OR pinjecd

3 Rle modPtation- Fox moding he (ondents O_ilea we use

4his
R Fx Rle Stpied ondisks ogathex Stoeage deviteuQ_0se
diefeyentupes o edfiass
FOXSeastching Contents OEiles GR JHonshiskmation we DgR
spectal Commands

MOgamming langunge SoppoH- nx Common pioaamning

etc_uhich Q Ateadg-
anguage gwe OSo ompBleAZ Dehugets
obuided p he useks
wewe Con un Anu noigamning langoage
 PAGE No./
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5 Pacggam load+ngand Execufian- (i1Qhen_4he pHogiam Ys

ho
je Assembling and tompilabon, most be londed inb
A loadexs 4he_poa_oE he 0S which
Dx loading phogams nto memo0 fs_Y8ponsTble
G f a one ofhe esenfia
Stage j0 StaNhing_a paod
Gnd is xetufion
6 (ommuntratfions- PHouRde -he mechaniçm toL (9eating
R9AtualConnechon among 0HOcesse3, UseLS_and omputer
P
8usjem
0Se Can Send message in ancihex
Ose Can Send e-motlshMonsing se_oniheisi SCHCOn
oles betooen USE_ oN loeb pageB, JHansfeo

Some Camplea o ystempHOgAam n 0Sa0

HacOs
o aux

Andanîd
ec
 N

Exp Opctatihg Syslem gducHue

AnAn_gpctaihg usfam_s a ConstausJhat alows. heusex
Gpplic afon poqaams so netact with he Yskm hoeaduche
2 Since he 0s a Such a omplex st9uctuAe_t Should be
C1ected lfh_imost Cage So I lan be used and madified
0asfly
Aeasy way odothis ia p Cgeate 4he 0S hth paets
HEachOhesepoqHs mus be el defned uth
cleo_Inpuds_outpLds and inchons
mple_stAuctiae-
:hete ate many0:S -hat have a Simple Str
lhese gtaStted as Smal 2sstem_and apidly expanded
muthuhea Jhon 4hela Stope
An example of he Ps M9-00s4idas SYimply designad
D ahiche Amount Opeople-
heae wa3 no îndiafion hat it ould become go popolas
Applicatiom Påogaam

System Pdogaam

MS-DOS Device Daives

ROM BTOS DEVICE Daivens|

MS DOS Stàoctune
 PAGE No.
DATE

layened StuctuME
One oay n_achfeve modulaits nthe 0.SRyslem
dhe layeLed apphna ch.
Th 4h he hodtom_laye Hauduwate Gnd the
Dpmnst_iauee is he usex inface

NEI LAYER N
Opohatfons
Exstinga
OperatiasLAYER N-1

auenedSo Os
3 As seen_om the Ímageeoch ppe louees
hiâ{_ona
hebttom laye
A h e layes hide Some Stxuctukes opokaffons e
heP Lppe layeAS
SG One p9tohle m th his StucLe_s Pach lauex_most
be Cosehilly olened
hfs isnecesS AL because he ppe laye Can only
Use the finchonalfffes O4he layeag
belou hem
 PAGENo.
DATE

5Exp:ypes o SchedulAs
A ehedulegss a iype OE System sofmahe
hat allous
2S
pMcess Schedulna.
You n handle

hexe aO Mainls 3 typesn

Long leam SchedolesS 2Shout legm Schedoles
3 Medium lexm Schedules
Long lem Sch-0Aso knonas oh Sch.
T9egulade3the pHogaam and Select_phocess fàom the
queue and lOads hem into memos Oexerution
RT T also equlateg multipMog9taming
he maîn qoa s to Oex balanced mfkof fobs
Pke PHocessox, I0 opsdhat Allows manaaing Molhpaogama
J

2Ahost Team Schedules- Also knoun as CPU 9chedole

AP hematn oalof hisis tp boost the aysfem pefamance
ACcOMclng to set C9HeAa
hs helps yOu p selecf_tHOm_a gioup _op9ocesse3
haf eeheady o executeand allocates CPUOneone Ohem

3Hedim Tosim chadulex- bR Scheduling ís an înpahtant

pOat of 9wapping
enmbles you fo handle the Swapped Out phocesse
n 4hfs_a uunnîng_poLeSS lan be Sospended
Suspended-DMDCeSStant make anypHOgue3s Duad
Lompletion
 PAGENa.
DATE

6EpDSoLessStade Diagham.

Sehadulepispateh--

(New (Read) Crmpleies Teominätion)

(Ron
oDd

Sos
Kestne Request

Suspend mpleron Jalat

Read BloCk

sspert
PAa
HOtesSAOmplete
STAE DIAGRAH
Suspend

:Nou-- A poqtam uhich is going to pickad bp by

he 09 nto main memou ulled new pkOceSs
2 kead hen evA he pAQren is reated _diuectly
enfeis he eady State _nuhich it_uaits_neudhe
CPU to be assiined he 0S picks he ne ph0Le
atarom the Setondatuy momo.u and pot
into main memogu alof4hen
Rup- When the 0S_piks a pAocoss_GMm
erondatu
momaay And put them nto main momog_and
enk2 fato iaadu StaBe also Ceo s assfaned
hen
ho pioteSS nhe phase_of everution his % Cale
 PAGE No

DATE

loek Iwoft-9HOm 910nDng Staje0p90cS_Can be

taapsfered_nto block OR walt 3ate dependefag.oponthe
heduling ORbehavíoUB O he pAoreas
5_bnplefon Tminatfon lhen aL090ezs_Snishe
exetohon t Comea în tAminatfpn staje. All4ée ontext
othe pocess il be deleted and t wiI be teinated
bythe OS

6 Sospend |Readq Ap9oCexs whichis na geaduy

gtate hich is moved D -he econdaseu memoy4hom-
he main memotu due to lack OF ResougceB_
1 SuSped wa? f Thstead O Yemoving he pHOcess
HOm dhe 9readlu 9vene fs beffen do temave
he blocked pHocesS Luhich_40 Luating th Some Hesaudte
in he main memo Snce g aloead Laîting
O Some 9o%009Ce avaflehle hence sbetfex
wa?inin the Secondau memo Sathe thonin main
Memo 4 and make Hoom ti ighe_p9foify_oR
Anothesi pOxess
Opoatfon on hepHOtess-
Cueation-Onco he pMaces; îs Coeatad f uill be oeads and
Come to_main memo.
SCheduling SelecHng he p9Otess uhich is o be oeruted
Nex t is kncwn as Schedulin
xetuhon- Once the phocess is cheduled t Ats eetuing
HDeletion RiRaq- Once the_puspose o h e p0cesss oe
hen theOS_RILKL he ocess
Ru
 PAGENo.
DATE

7Exp. Cpeaahibns_on Paaess

lheexeCLffon oapopcess is a Compley GHVIRtu
fy Envol
a9ious opeafions Pre Creatfion (SchedulfngDspatl
i_Blocking 1 Paeeption ( leamination
C91eafon- T s the_initial CBage Step OF p9ncesSs
execuhion achvft
e Poress (9eation means Constucfion_of new pHOcess
fo execwton
3 (his_might be poomed by S4stem
ald p0o(ess self USA O2 b4

Scheduol?ngapatchîng- lhe actiufty in whfch the phocess

s Changed t8om 9edy o onniq
3fafe
Dkaichfng is done bu0S uhen the 9osovAce3 ao 1Hee
ey heCxecutfon o the p940cess
e Bloc king-|lalhen dhe
p9ocesstequistez
txom dhe (0se p exOCLHonhe0S Some 9esouhce
onfi the_ availabfiPry o he qesouscoBloccshe phocess
Blocitina is hasirally waiting phase
lemiaaton- lemfnation is an AHRRty_oF ending-
he ncOSS_
lhen he pOcess is Complefely Oxetuted
teminat ed
by the 0 hon ita
3 Pocess mau Aso Jet
gome eHOX
-detniinated by 0s if hows
 PAGE No.

DATE

3Ep lotepaocess (ommuntation

ntepOress CoMmonicaion 1 he mechanïsm Ptovided
by dhe 0Shat ellows p9ocesses p lommunicate ufih
each ather
2The CoMmuni.affon would involve a 0Aoess letinq
AnothexpDeSs now dhaf Some event has_occuaed
OR 4he 49uansfesaing Odafa hom one to anothe
TnteopoOCess
Poocess PL Communicafion Paocess P2
Synchdontzatfon Irtegpiocoss_lommuntation.
Sunchonzation s Gr mp _pouth Ihtao Comm.
s eithe aodedbs PatApJDcens_Conteol mechanisn
OR handled by 4he (ommunfcating pAOces
Some methods
Semaphose- Hs _a a9iablehat Contoo ls he aCess_
0ACoMmon Q0201Ce hb Multiple p%oess_
lo fype Bnao4 Counfigg iemapho9he
Mufual Exclusion hs ensuke hat nly_one _paoces
Can ente the CRral Sechfonat afme his_p9avents
aC Condiion
ABoaie3 This doe not allouw he phocess o poceed
unE all Hho Condinon a%p fáuosahe
Spinlock- Ths_s type of lock hs ie Kind oF a wafting
a9tea unf_all dhe thr Cond?hfoni ag meet OR hee
00cesss 200ds ta qopdhe2
 / PAGE No./

DATE 7

A p h a a c h e s f o _ T n t p a p r e s s ( 6 m m u n i c a t ó n -

Apeoache o mplemer
fo impleme
hexe_ake_oligetant
tupe a
he nte9paocessCoununication

Onider
Ppe-A ipe adan channet dhat enty Is
I-e only hag one dikechon two lway data
be Usedo CHeaje_a
2la0 pîpe3_Can
Channal betueon U0 pHocos

Gocke athe Cndpoint sendfng OR SeCeiina

data in à netwostk-
2 MOst OF me 0:S DSe 8ockets tú Inteporess
ommunkation

) Plo-:A_ie is a4hing wheo data is stoked:Ona

disk_
2A0-S 0se le oxcdafa Sage.

SPana-Shnals 9 Lsefl fa ntea pore1 Cam

hele 0Ho System meknge Sent_om ono poe3
anothø.

Shaaed memoxy- 1ho mematactcan be dndtuneously

L cessed bu multiple paores
2: his done Soa he phces (ancommunioto iwitheach
othea

paoess PI Pootess P
Shoaed Hemoay Pocess p2
Pao cess P
essag e @eue
etne
L Kene
hed omoy Hesoge Qveue
 PAGE No.
DATE

*J

4Exp Multhaeading Models

1: s a p9Hocess Omuliple h9eads xecutes_at Samefin
.Hanu Os Supp0ItS kOnel h4Pads exe Cies Gt some ine

MutPthkeadihg mbdels Ao Of_3 type

:dany to mansmodel 2:Manyto one model_
3 One One model

Manu O Mans model Bet Hwti thaeading model)

Tn 4hs model ue have muliple USe dheeads_090
mapedto 34me OR esscor gmaunt o reinel theeads
Ihe Aduantuge s hat one use h9ead is blocked we
Can bse Anotheh th90ad
hushus he System doesn't hlock _paHkiul Hhhead
s blockod
Use ih9eads

keinal 4hocad3

2Hany to One mode (Most effRent

hs model ue have moltiple_Useheac_ maped
n
D only One kodnel hoeac
In his_Modelwhen a usex h9eod make a blócking.
us em Ccal ho entiko dusjem 2ets hlocked.
)Ocu One use"Con_access_kHnel _aF a timo
srsfad

konel 4hæad
 /PAGE No.
DATE

3-One tn One Model.

HJPads maped
Mepeci
n hf% Moclel ane indiuRdua UseA
One fndideal ketnel hAcad
LEaduantage of h madel is CAeating Abse th9e
keinelHhAead
MegUiHO3 Cne neu ndividual
3 n Hha fane usex dh9ed make blockinaa
whale Sustem wonB Jet bockeo
USe hkad

Oddknel Hhdad

Bp lhe ofiol Section Psoblem

he (9ffal sectfan a code segment wheehe hahed
VO9afabled Can be Gccossed
2. Only one_puaress Can oxette
n HsCRAT &echon
Ot ane
Ahe otbepAoress have t wafA to9 he Cuo90n
_Ongoin pHotess joLereLuto
olo
Enta Secfion

E+ Sec fion|

Remciinde Secfon
Uhsle Taue
 PAGE No.
DATE

Solution to the GfRal_ Problem

To Motua EIclusion
Only_One p9ocess Can be side he ihal Sechon
a timo.Cthe phoce3 must wait uafil ho C9Aticad
SechHon s Fooe

ogst8
epoc éss s not_0sing the (GRol cion then
I Most Nof Stop_Ary othes_pHÕCeL fóom (sing it
Any poces Can enies ho Cs s tie
RBouncknq wafng
Fach p9orO3iust_have _ lmfted wdlting ine.
mustnof wat endlesslq to acce3 ha S.
3Ep: The Dhiag Philosephers Hoblem
n h e Dafaa hicsoph Paoblemthe CloaicalpOohlem of
Suchsoni~aidn uhfh Saus that Fire philosophers ao1 ittiag
Q9uGund a rfoetadaor fohle and their ph iso hhk and
eat altetnatfvel
-A howls of ncadles 2 plocad_at dhe Centex O he toble
along re Chop 9hicks toxr each o4he philosophers
l : 1o eat a philosophex needs both 9hght and left_chopshik
4A phlosopheszCan Only eat if hfs 9igt oChopstiik
s nee at he_Kamo me
S bath chopshiks_A90ot araflahle hendhe philosophe
pots dohn helx Chopstik Ond Stagis 4hnkinq agam.