Matrix Introduction Bridge

Introduction : Matrices
Dr. Satish V Desale
R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

satishdesale@gmail.com
December 22, 2021
Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 1 / 29

Outline
Definition
Types of Matrices
Operation on Matrices
Addition
Subtraction
multiplication
Determinant
Cramer’s Rule

Why Matrix
Why Matrices?

Why Matrix

Why Matrix

Why Matrix

Why Matrix

Why Matrix

Why Matrix
Why Matrix?
1 In physics related applications, matrices are applied in the study of
electrical circuits, quantum mechanics and optics
2 In solving the problems using Kirchoff’s laws of voltage and current,
the matrices are essential
3 In computer based applications, matrices play a vital role in the
projection of three dimensional image into a two dimensional screen,
creating the realistic seeming motions
4 Stochastic matrices and Eigen vector solvers are used in the page
rank algorithms which are used in the ranking of web pages in Google
search.
5 One of the most important usages of matrices in computer side
applications are encryption of message codes.Matrices and their
inverse matrices are used for a programmer for coding or encrypting a
message.

Why Matrix
Why Matrix?
1 A message is made as a sequence of numbers in a binary format for
communication and it follows code theory for solving.
2 Matrices are used in calculating the gross domestic products in
economics which eventually helps in calculating the goods production
efficiently
3 Matrices are used in many organizations such as for scientists for
recording the data for their experiments
4 In robotics and automation, matrices are the base elements for the
robot movements.
5 The movements of the robots are programmed with the calculation of
matrices rows and columns. The inputs for controlling robots are
given based on the calculations from matrices.
6 Graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop on your personal
computer uses matrices to process linear transformations to render
images. A square matrix can represent a linear transformation of a
geometric object.
Definition: Matrix
Definition
Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

enclosed in [ square bracket ].

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples
Arows×colums

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples
Row 1 R1
Row 2 R2
Arows×colums = A4×4 =
Row 3 R3
Row 3 R3

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples

Row 1 R1 1 6 −3 2
Row 2 R2 
Arows×colums = A4×4 = =
Row 3 R3 
Row 3 R3

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples

Row 1 R1 1 6 −3 2
1
Row 2 R2  0 π 2 5
Row 3 R3 
Row 3 R3

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples

Row 1 R1 1 6 −3 2
1
Row 2 R2  0 π 2 5
Row 3 R3 22 −7 2 0
Row 3 R3

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples
 
Row 1 R1 1 6 −3 2
1
Row 2 R2  0 π 2 5
Arows×colums = A4×4 = = 
Row 3 R3 22 −7 2 0
Row 3 R3 6 9 0 1

Definition: Matrix
Definition

Examples
 
Row 1 R1 1 6 −3 2
1
Row 2 R2  0 π 2 5
Arows×colums = A4×4 = = 
Row 3 R3 22 −7 2 0
Row 3 R3 6 9 0 1
C1 C2 C3 C4

Definition: Matrix
General form of Matrix
 
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n

 a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n 

A = [aij ] = 
 a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n 
 ∈ Mm×n
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn m×n

Definition: Matrix
General form of Matrix
 
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n

 a21 a22 a23 · · · a2n 

A = [aij ] = 
 a31 a32 a33 · · · a3n 
 ∈ Mm×n
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . 
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn m×n
aij = element belongs to i th row and j th column

Number of rows = m , Number of columns = n
Order or matrix = m × n

Definition: Matrix
Examples
 
1
 2  1 0
−1
 
1 0 0  
 0 1 3
1 0   2

 0
 0 
0 1 
−1 5
−1 2 3
 
1 0 0 0
1 0  0
 1 0 1 

0 −1  0 0 1 2 
−1 2 3 1
 √   
1 3 2 1 0
 2 0 π   0 1 
1
−1 5 2
−1 0
Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix

Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix

Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Square Matrix

Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Square Matrix
Rectangular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Square Matrix
Rectangular Matrix
Identity Matrix

Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Square Matrix
Rectangular Matrix
Identity Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Non-symmetric Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Skew symmetric Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Upper Triangular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Lower Triangular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Transpose Matrix
Symmetric Matrix
Lower Triangular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Singular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Singular Matrix
Non-Singular Matrix

Types of Matrices
Contd...
Singular Matrix
Non-Singular Matrix
Zero Matrix

Operations on Matrices Addition
Addition of Matrices
h i h i h i
A + B = C

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12
+ =
a21 a22 b21 b22

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a + b11
+ = 11
a21 a22 b21 b22

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a + b11 a12 + b12
+ = 11
a21 a22 b21 b22

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a + b11 a12 + b12
+ = 11
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 + b21

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a + b11 a12 + b12
+ = 11
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 + b21 a22 + b22

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a11 + b11 a12 + b12
+ =
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 + b21 a22 + b22

h i h i h i
A + B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a11 + b11 a12 + b12
+ =
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 + b21 a22 + b22

1 2 5 6
+ =
3 4 7 8

Subtraction of Matrices
h i h i h i
A − B = C

h i h i h i
A − B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12
− =
a21 a22 b21 b22

h i h i h i
A − B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a11 − b11 a12 − b12
− =
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 − b21 a22 − b22

h i h i h i
A − B = C

a11 a12 b11 b12 a11 − b11 a12 − b12
− =
a21 a22 b21 b22 a21 − b21 a22 − b22

1 2 5 6
− =
3 4 7 8

Conformability of Addition and Subtraction
To Add or Subtract two matrices A & B

# of rows in A = # of rows in B
# of columns in A = # of columns in B

Operations on Matrices Multiplication
Multiplication of Matrices
Multiplication Conformability
Regular Multiplication
To multiply two matrices A and B:

# of columns in A = # of rows in B

# of columns in A = # of rows in B
Multiply: A(m×n) by B(n×p)

Multiplication General Formula

n
X
Cij = Aik × Bkj
k=1


n
X
Cij = Aik × Bkj
k=1
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 ) + (a13 × b31 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn1 )


n
X
Cij = Aik × Bkj
k=1
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 ) + (a13 × b31 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn1 )
c12 = (a11 × b21 ) + (a12 × b22 ) + (a13 × b32 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn2 )


n
X
Cij = Aik × Bkj
k=1
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 ) + (a13 × b31 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn1 )
c12 = (a11 × b21 ) + (a12 × b22 ) + (a13 × b32 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn2 )
c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 ) + (a23 × b31 ) + · · · + (a2n × bn1 )


n
X
Cij = Aik × Bkj
k=1
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 ) + (a13 × b31 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn1 )
c12 = (a11 × b21 ) + (a12 × b22 ) + (a13 × b32 ) + · · · + (a1n × bn2 )
c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 ) + (a23 × b31 ) + · · · + (a2n × bn1 )
c22 = (a21 × b21 ) + (a22 × b22 ) + (a23 × b32 ) + · · · + (a2n × bn2 )

Example

5 6 1 2
× =
7 8 3 4

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
Step 1 : To find c11

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

5 6 1 2
× =
7 8 3 4

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 (5 × 1)
× =
7 8 3 4

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 (5 × 1) +
× =
7 8 3 4

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 (5 × 1) + (6 × 3) c12
× =
7 8 3 4

Example

5 6 1 2 c11 c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22
c11 = (a11 × b11 ) + (a12 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 (5 × 1) + (6 × 3) c12
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22


c12 = (a11 × b12 ) + (a12 × b22 )

c12 = (a11 × b12 ) + (a12 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23
× =
7 8 3 4

c12 = (a11 × b12 ) + (a12 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 (5 × 2)
× =
7 8 3 4

c12 = (a11 × b12 ) + (a12 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 (5 × 2) +
× =
7 8 3 4

c12 = (a11 × b12 ) + (a12 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 (5 × 2) + (6 × 4)
× =
7 8 3 4 c21 c22


c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4

c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 (7 × 1)

c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 (7 × 1) +

c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 (7 × 1) + (8 × 3)

c21 = (a21 × b11 ) + (a22 × b21 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 (7 × 1) + (8 × 3) c22


c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31

c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31 (7 × 2)

c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31 (7 × 2) + (8 × 4)

c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31 (7 × 2) + (8 × 4)

c22 = (a21 × b12 ) + (a22 × b22 )

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31 (7 × 2) + (8 × 4)

5 6 1 2 23 34
× =
7 8 3 4 31 46

Determinant
Determinant of 2 × 2 matrix

a11 a12
Consider a 2 × 2 matrix: A =
a21 a22

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22
Determinant of A, denoted |A| , is a number and evaluated as

a11 a12
|A| =

a21 a22

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22

a11 a12
|A| =
= a11 a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22

a11 a12
|A| =
= a11 a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

1 2
|A| = =
3 4

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22

a11 a12
|A| =
= a11 a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

1 2
|A| = = (1 × 4)
3 4

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22

a11 a12
|A| =
= a11 a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

1 2
|A| = = (1 × 4) −
3 4

Determinant

a11 a12
a21 a22

a11 a12
|A| =
= a11 a22 − a12 a21
a21 a22

1 2
|A| = = (1 × 4) − (2 × 3) = −2
3 4

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
Consider a 3 × 3 matrix: A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13

|A| = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13

|A| = a21 a22 a23 =
a31 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13

|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11
a31 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11
a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 −
a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a21 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a32 a33 a32 a33 a31 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a21 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a33 +

a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a21 a23
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a33 + a13

a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a33 + a13 a31 a32

a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

Determinant
 
a11 a12 a13
a31 a32 a33

a11 a12 a13
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
|A| = a21 a22 a23 = a11 − a12
a31 a33 + a13 a31 a32

a31 a32 a33 a32 a33

2 3 −5

A = 7 1 −2

−3 4 1

Cramer’s Rule
Cramer’s Rule

Cramer’s Rule
Thank You !

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Introduction : Matrices

Dr. Satish V Desale

R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

December 22, 2021

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 1 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 2 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 3 / 29

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Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 9 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

Matrix : A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 11 / 29

General form of Matrix

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 12 / 29

General form of Matrix

aij = element belongs to i th row and j th column

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 12 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 14 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Skew symmetric Matrix

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Skew symmetric Matrix

Upper Triangular Matrix

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Skew symmetric Matrix

Upper Triangular Matrix

Lower Triangular Matrix

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

Skew symmetric Matrix

Upper Triangular Matrix

Lower Triangular Matrix

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 15 / 29

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Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 16 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 16 / 29

Dr. Satish V Desale (RCPIT,Shirpur) Introduction : Matrices December 22, 2021 16 / 29

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