1 - Prelimimaries Probablity Statistics

BTCOC402 Probability and Statistics
Satish Desale
satishdesale@gmail.com
R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University
12th January 2019

Preliminaries
1 Theory of counting
2 Permutation
3 Combinations
Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Probability & Statistics Even Semester 2019 2 / 15
Theory of Counting
Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

combinations can you choose?

Theory of Counting

Example: What is the total number of possible outcomes when a pair of
coins is tossed?

Theory of Counting

coins is tossed?
Example: We found 3 caps that we could wear with our 2 t-shirts and
4 pairs of jeans. How many different combinations could we choose from
now?

Theory of Counting

coins is tossed?
now?
Example: A company puts a code on each different product they sell. The
code is made up of 3 numbers and 2 letters. How many different codes are
possible?

Theory of Counting

coins is tossed?
now?
possible?
possible(repetition not allowed)?

Fundamental Principle of Counting
If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following

this procedure, a second procedure can be performed in n2 different ways,
and if, following this second procedure, a third procedure can be performed
in n3 different ways, and so forth; then the number of ways the procedures
can be performed in the order indicated is the product n1 · n2 · n3 · · ·

Fundamental Principle of Counting
If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following

this procedure, a second procedure can be performed in n2 different ways,
and if, following this second procedure, a third procedure can be performed
in n3 different ways, and so forth; then the number of ways the procedures
can be performed in the order indicated is the product n1 · n2 · n3 · · ·
Example: Suppose a license plate contains two distinct letters followed by
three digits with the first digit not zero. How many different license plates
can be printed?

Permutation
An arrangement (or ordering) of a set of objects is called a permutation.

In a permutation, the order that we arrange the objects in is important

Permutation
An arrangement (or ordering) of a set of objects is called a permutation.

In a permutation, the order that we arrange the objects in is important
An arrangement of a set of n objects in a given order is called a permutation
of the objects (taken all at a time). An arrangement of any r ≤ n of these
objects in a given order is called an r-permutation or a permutation of the
n objects taken r at a time.

Consider the set of letters a, b, c and d. Then:
(i) bdca, dcba and acdb are permutations of the 4 letters (taken all at a
time);
(ii) bad, adb, cbd and bca are permutations of the 4 letters taken 3 at a
time;
(iii) ad, cb, da and bd are permutations of the 4 letters taken 2 at a time.

The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time will be denoted
n!
by P(n, r ) = (n−r )!

n!
by P(n, r ) = (n−r )!
Example: In how many ways can 4 different resistors be arranged in series?

n!
by P(n, r ) = (n−r )!
Example:In how many ways can a supermarket manager display 5 brands
of cereals in 3 spaces on a shelf?

n!
by P(n, r ) = (n−r )!
Example:In how many ways can a supermarket manager display 5 brands
of cereals in 3 spaces on a shelf?
Example:Find the number of permutations of 6 objects, say a,b, c, d, e,f,
taken three at a time. In other words, find the number of three letter words
with distinct letters that can be formed from the above six letters.

Permutations with Repetitions
Example:In how many ways can the six letters of the word ”mammal” be
arranged in a row?

arranged in a row?
The number of permutations of n objects of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike,
. . .,nr are alike is
n!
n1 ! · n2 ! · n3 ! · · · n4 !

arranged in a row?
n!
n1 ! · n2 ! · n3 ! · · · n4 !
arranged in a row?

arranged in a row?
n!
n1 ! · n2 ! · n3 ! · · · n4 !
arranged in a row?
Example: How many ways to form all possible 5 letter words using the
letters from the word DADDY?

Arranging Objects in a Circle
Example: In how many ways can 5 people be arranged in a circle?

Arranging Objects in a Circle
Example: In how many ways can 5 people be arranged in a circle?

There are (n − 1)! ways to arrange n distinct objects in a circle (where the
clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are regarded as distinct.)

Example: How many numbers greater than 1000 can be formed with the
digits 3,4,6,8,9 if a digit cannot occur more than once in a number?

Example: How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow and 2 blue bulbs
be arranged in a string of Christmas tree lights with 9 sockets?

Example: How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow and 2 blue bulbs
be arranged in a string of Christmas tree lights with 9 sockets?
Example: How many different signals, each consisting of 8 flags hung in
a vertical line, can be formed from a set of 4 indistinguishable red flags, 3
indistinguishable white flags, and a blue flag?

Sampling with replacement: Here the ball is replaced in the urn before
the next ball is chosen. Now since there are n different ways to choose each
ball, there are by the fundamental principle of counting n · n · · · · n = nr
different ordered samples with replacement of size r.

Sampling with replacement: Here the ball is replaced in the urn before
the next ball is chosen. Now since there are n different ways to choose each
ball, there are by the fundamental principle of counting n · n · · · · n = nr
different ordered samples with replacement of size r.
Sampling without replacement: Here the ball is not replaced in the urn
before the next ball is chosen. Thus there are no repetitions in the ordered
sample. In other words, an ordered sample of size r without replacement is
simply an r-permutation of the objects in the urn. Thus there are
n!
P(n, r ) = n · (n − 1) · (n − 2) · (n − r + 1) =
(n − r )!
different ordered samples of size r without replacement from a population

of n objects.

Example:
In how many ways can one choose three cards in succession from a deck of
52 cards (i) with replacement, (ii) without replacement?

Combinations
A combination of n objects taken r at a time is a selection which does not

take into account the arrangement of the objects. That is, the order is not
important.

Combinations
A combination of n objects taken r at a time is a selection which does not

take into account the arrangement of the objects. That is, the order is not
important.
Suppose we have a collection of n objects. A combination of these n objects
taken r at a time, or an r-combination, is any subset of r elements. In other
words, an r-combination is any selection of r of the n objects where order
does not count.
The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time will be denoted
by
C (n, r ) =n Cr
n p(n, r ) n!
Cr = =
r! (n − r )!r !

Example: How many committees of 3 can be formed from 8 people?

Example: Find the number of ways in which 3 components can be selected
from a batch of 20 different components.

Example: In how many ways can a group of 4 boys be selected from 10 if
(a) the eldest boy is included in each group?
(b) the eldest boy is excluded?
(c) What proportion of all possible groups contain the eldest boy?

Example: In how many ways can a group of 4 boys be selected from 10 if
(a) the eldest boy is included in each group?
(b) the eldest boy is excluded?
(c) What proportion of all possible groups contain the eldest boy?
Example: A class consists of 15 boys of whom 5 are prefects.
How many committees of 8 can be formed if each consists of
(a) exactly 2 prefects? (b) at least 2 prefects?

Example: Out of 5 mathematicians and 7 engineers, a committee consisting
of 2 mathematicians and 3 engineers is to be formed. In how many ways
can this be done if
(a) any mathematician and any engineer can be included?
(b) one particular engineer must be in the committee?
(c) two particular mathematicians cannot be in the committee?


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BTCOC402 Probability and Statistics

R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

12th January 2019

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: You’ve 2 t-shirts and 4 pairs of jeans. How many different

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

An arrangement (or ordering) of a set of objects is called a permutation.

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

An arrangement (or ordering) of a set of objects is called a permutation.

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: In how many ways can 5 people be arranged in a circle?

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Example: In how many ways can 5 people be arranged in a circle?

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

different ordered samples of size r without replacement from a population

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

A combination of n objects taken r at a time is a selection which does not

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

A combination of n objects taken r at a time is a selection which does not

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

Satish Desale (R.C.Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur)

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