II.

PROBABILITY
Stat12 - Probability and Statistics
Counting
Techniques
Probability
A set real numbers ranging from 0 to 1 that
evaluates the likelihood of the occurrence of
an event resulting from statistical
experiments.
number of ways event A can occur
𝑃 𝐴 =
total number of possible outcomes
Sample space
The set of all possible outcomes of a
statistical experiment, usually represented
by the symbol S
Each outcome is called an element.
Sample space
S={heads, tails} S={1,2,3,4,5,6}
Multiplication Rule
If an operation can be performed in n1 ways,
and if for each of these ways a second
operation can be performed in n2 ways, then
the two operations can be performed
together in n1n2 ways.
𝑆 = 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 … 𝑛𝑘
Multiplication Rule
How many sample points are there in the
sample space when a pair of dice is thrown
once?
Multiplication Rule
How many possible plate numbers can exist
in the Philippines based on the current LTO
system?
Multiplication Rule
How many three digit numbers can be
formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 provided
each digit can be used only once?
Permutation
A permutation is an arrangement of all or
part of a set of objects.
𝑛!
𝑛 𝑃𝑟 =
𝑛−𝑟 !

“The number of permutations of n distinct

objects taken r at a time.” or simply “n
taken r”.
Permutation
Consider the three letters a, b, and c. What
are the possible permutations?
Now consider the letters a, b, c, and d. What
are the possible permutations by taking two
letters at a time?
Permutation with things alike
𝑛!
𝑛 𝑃𝑛 =
𝑟1 ! 𝑟2 ! … 𝑟𝑘 !

Determine the number of permutations that

can be formed using the letters of the word
DADDY?
Circular Permutation

𝑛−1 𝑃𝑛−1 = 𝑛−1 !

In how many ways can 6 persons be seated

around a table with 6 chairs if two
individuals wanted to be seated side by
side?
Combinations
Combination is done if we take r objects
without considering the order in which the
objects are taken.
𝑛 𝑛!
= = 𝑛 𝐶𝑟
𝑟 𝑟! 𝑛 − 𝑟 !
“The number of combinations of n distinct
objects taken r at a time.”
Combinations (Partitioning)
A club consists of 30 members. In how many
ways can it select:
a. President, Vice-President, and a
Secretary-Treasurer?
b. 5 members for a food committee?
c. 5 members for a food committee and 10
members for printing committee?
Combinations
There are 9 students in a particular lab
class. How many distinct ways are there to
form a group of 3?
Combinations
In how many ways can a player randomly
get three games from his collection of ten?
Combinations
In how many ways can 7 students be
assigned to 1 triple and 2 double hotel
rooms during a conference?
Combinations (Partitioning)
Say we want to multiply out (x + y)4= (x + y)
(x + y) (x + y) (x + y). How many x3y terms
will be present?