** Designing regular expression from transition diagram **

Finite Automata to Regular Expression:

The two popular methods for converting a FA to its regular expression are:
● Arden’s Method
● State Elimination Method
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Arden’s Method:
It states that-
Let P and Q be two regular expressions over ∑.
If P does not contain a null string ∈ , then:
R = Q + RP has a unique solution i.e. R = QP*

To use Arden’s Theorem, following conditions must be satisfied-

● The transition diagram must not have any ∈ transitions.

● There must be only a single initial state.

Steps:

Step 01:

● Form an equation for each state considering the transitions which come
towards that state.
● Add ‘∈’ in the equation of initial state.

Step 02:

Bring the final state in the form R = Q + RP to get the required regular expression.

----------------------------------------------OR-------------------------------------------
Step 01:
Create equations as the following form for all the states of the DFA having n states with
initial state q1.
q1 = q1R11 + q2R21 + … + qnRn1 + ε
q2 = q1R12 + q2R22 + … + qnRn2
…………………………
qn = q1R1n + q2R2n + … + qnRnn
Rij represents set of labels of edges from qi to qj, if no such edge exists, then Rij = ∅
Step 02:
Solve these equations to get the equation for the final state in terms of Rij

**Important**
Note 1:
Arden’s Theorem can be used to find a regular expression for both DFA and NFA
Note 2:
If there exists multiple final states, then-

● Write a regular expression for each final state separately.

● Add all the regular expressions to get the final regular expression.

..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

State Elimination Method:

Steps:

Step 01:
The initial state of the DFA must not have any incoming edge

If there exists any incoming edge to the initial state, then create a new initial state
having no incoming edge to it. and add an €-transition between them

Step 02:
There must exist only one final state in the DFA.
If there is more than one final state or if the single final state has transitions out, add a
new accepting state, make all other states non-accepting, and add an €-transition from
each former accepting state to the new accepting state.

Step 04:

● Eliminate all the intermediate states one by one.

● These states may be eliminated in any order.

In the end,

● Only an initial state going to the final state will be left.

● The cost of this transition is the required regular expression.

The state elimination method can be applied to any finite automata (NFA, ∈-NFA, DFA etc)

Examples For State Elimination Method :

https://www.gatevidyalay.com/dfa-to-regular-expression-examples-automata/
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