Paper No:7 Energy and Environment

Module: 40 Energy Policies- International and National norms

Development Team
Prof. R.K. Kohli
Principal Investigator
& Prof. V.K. Garg &Prof. Ashok Dhawan
Co- Principal Investigator
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Paper Coordinator Dr. Dhanya M.S., Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Dr. Shiv Prasad, Centre for Environment Science and Climate
Content Writer Resilient Agriculture, IARI, New Delhi- &
Dr. Dhanya M.S., Central University of Punjab, Bathinda
Content Reviewer Dr. Puneeta Pandey,
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

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Anchor Institute Central University of Punjab

Energy and Environment

Environmental
Sciences Energy Policies- International and National norms
 Description of Module

Subject Name Environmental Sciences

Paper Name Energy and Environment

Module Name/Title Energy Policies- International and National norms

Module Id EVS/EE-VII/40

Pre-requisites

To understand

 National and international emission norms in transportation sector

Objectives  National initiatives for renewable energy sources

 International and national Policies to promote biofuel development

 Solar Photovoltaic programmes in India

Keywords Emission norms, biofuel, biomass, photovoltaic

Energy and Environment

Environmental
Sciences Energy Policies- International and National norms
Module 40: Energy Policies- International and National norms

Learning Objectives:

This module may help the students to understand

 National and international emission norms in transportation sector

 National initiatives for renewable energy sources

 International and national Policies to promote biofuel development

 Solar Photovoltaic programmes in India

1. Introduction

The energy sector, particularly transportation industry, relies substantially on crude oil supplies. The
depletion of fossil fuels, changing energy prices and markets, dependency on oil imports from foreign
countries are of great concerns along with the environmental impacts of fossil fuel usage. The whol
world and each country have taken measures to meet the energy demand without compromising on
environmental quality.

2. Indian Emission Norms in transportation sector

India is the fourth largest global contributor to carbon emissions. In order to make mandatory the
adoption of clean and green fuel, GOI is targeting EURO-III and IV as reference emission norms for
transports. Bharat Stage-III norms are already implemented over the nation. BS-IV which is equivalent
to Euro-IV emission norms are applicable across 12 to 14 major Indian cities. The Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways plans to launch BS-VI fuel norms after due consultation with MoPNG,
Department of Heavy Industry and Ministry of Environment and Forest throughout India by 01 April
2020. On February 22, 2016, a draft notification to improve the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989,

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Environmental
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 for publication in the Gazette of India (with 30 days time for public response and suggestions) has
been forwarded to the GOI Press.

Currently, several European countries have defined their own norms. India adopted European emission
and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty vehicles from 2000. The emission regulations to two
and three-wheeled vehicles are following Indian own regulations. The implementation schedule of EU
emission norms in India is summarized in Table 1

Table 1: Indian Emission norms (4-Wheel Vehicles)

Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2003.04 NCR*, 12 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 12 Cities†
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 12 Cities†
* National Capital Region (Delhi); † Kolkata, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Ahmedabad,
Pune, Surat, Kanpur,Lucknow, Sholapur, and Agra (Source: https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/)

The above norms apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. Also,
the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes
originating or terminating in Delhi or the other ten cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro
2) was applicable from April 1, 2005, and Bharat Stage III (Euro 3) norms would come in force
preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010.

The European emission limits (Table 2), Indian exhaust emission norms for heavy duty diesel vehicles
(Table 3) and emission standards for light-duty vehicles (Table 5) are given in Tables.

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 Table 2: European emission limits in g kWh-1
Exhaust Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro V2008 Euro VI 2013
1992 1995 2000 2005
NOx 8 7 <5 <3.5 <2.0 <0.4
CO 4.5 4 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
HC 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5
PM 0.36 0.15 <0.10 <0.02 <0.02 <0.01
Source: DieselNet (2012). Emission Standards: Summary of Worldwide Emission Standards. Available at: www
.dieselnet.com/standards/

Table 3: Indian exhaust emission limits for heavy duty diesel vehicles in g kWh-1
Norms CO HC NOx PM
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4 ––
Indian stage 2000 norms 4.5 1.1 8 0.36
Bharat stage II 4 1.1 7 0.15
Bharat stage III 2.1 1.6 5 0.1
Bharat stage IV 1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Table 4: Emission limits for Light-Duty Vehicles, g/km
Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - 0.14-0.25
2005† Euro 2 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 - 0.08-0.17
2010† Euro 3 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05
0.80 0.72 0.65 0.07
0.95 0.86 0.78 0.10
2010‡ Euro 4 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
0.63 0.39 0.33 0.04
Gasoline
1998* - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 - -
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - -
2005† Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 - -
2010† Euro 3 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 -
4.17 0.25 0.18
5.22 0.29 0.21
2010‡ Euro 4 1.0 0.1 - 0.08 -
1.81 0.13 0.10
2.27 0.16 0.11
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles, National Capital Region (Delhi)
† earlier introduction in selected regions, Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)
‡ only in selected regions, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad,Ahmedabad , Pune, Surat, Kanpur & Agra
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 Table 5. BS III and BS IV implementation dates
Vehicle category BS III Implementation date BS IV Implementation date
M, N Category vehicles 2005: select cities 2010 :select cities
GVW ≤ 3,500 kg 2010: nationwide 2017: nationwide1
M, N Category vehicles 2005: select cities 2010: 2010: select cities 2017:
GVW > 3,500 kg nationwide nationwide1
Two-wheeled vehicles 2010 2017
Three-wheeled vehicles 2010 2017
Bharat stage IV

Source: http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/165494.pdf

3. National Programmes to promote Biomass energy production in India

There is immense interest in biomass energy because it is accepted as a carbon-neutral source, unlike
net carbon-emitting fossil fuels of which extensive use has led to many environmental problems. Use
of biomass not only contribute to sustainable development but also provide renewable energy
indefinitely while at the same time increase the store of atmospheric carbon, thus help mitigate the
greenhouse effect. Indian Government has launched many programs and policies to promote biomass
in the energy sector as shown in Table 6.

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 Table 6: National programs for Biomass Promotion as an energy source

S. No. Program Start Year

1. National Program on Biogas Development 1981
2. National Biogas Management Program 2002
3. National Program on Improved stoves 1986
4. Integrated Rural Energy Program 1985
5. Rural Energy Entrepreneurship and Institutional Development (pilot scheme) 2000
6. Women and Renewable Energy Development (pilot scheme) 2000
7. Biomass power/ cogeneration program 1992 1992
8. Biomass Resource Assessment 1997
9. Biomass Gasifier Program 1998
10. National Program on Energy Recovery from Urban and Industrial Wastes 1995
11. Biofuels 2003
12. Biomass briquettes 1981

4. International Policies to promote liquid biofuel development

The objective of the biofuel policy is to encourage the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the
transport sector. Many countries like US, the EU, Brazil, Canada, Australia and Japan are the
forerunners in promoting liquid biofuel development led by the. A growing number of developing
countries such as China, India, the Philippines, and Thailand, have also started to introduce similar
policies.

The policies for promoting renewable bioenergy has been implemented in the United States, including
the 2002 Farm Bill and the Biomass Research and Development Act, 2000; Energy Policy Act, 2005;
Energy Independence & Security Act, 2007 (FAO, 2008). Government support measures for biofuels
include mandates and targets, import tariffs, tax incentives, direct production subsidies and R&D
support.

5. Mandates and targets for transport fuels in major countries

The mandates and targets for renewable energy are existing in 66 countries, including all 27 European
Union countries, 29 states of U.S.A (and D.C.) and 9 Canadian provinces. Moost of the countries

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 aimed at 2020 for the target achievement. The blending mandates and targets for the use of biofuels in
different countries are given in Table 7.

Table 7: Voluntary and mandatory targets for transport fuels in major countries
Countries Blending mandates Biofuel Amount required per year
targets
Bioethanol Biodiesel Biofuels Bioethanol Biodiesel
total
Canada E5 by 2010 B2 by 2012
USA 20% by 130 billion
2022 liters by 2022
EU Total 10% by
2020
Japan 5% by 2030 6 billion
liters by 2030
South E8-E10 B2-E5 4.5%
Africa proposed proposed biofuels
Brazil E22-25 exists B5 by 2013
Columbia E10 existing B5 by 2008 2.5 billion
liters by
2013
Peru E7-E8 by 2010 B5 by 2010
China E10 in 9 13 billion
provinces liters by 2020
India E10 in 13 2.3 billion
regions liters by
2010
Malaysia B5 by 2008
Philippines E10 by 2011 B5 by 2011
Thailand E10 by 2007 3% by 2011
Source: UNEP, 2009.
Note: The numbers after E and B refer to the percent blend by volume of the respective fuel sources. For example, E10
indicates a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline; and B5 means a blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel.

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 6. International Biofuel Promoting Policies

Although some countries and regions have started promoting the development of biofuel industries,
three primary markets have set out examples of success stories of biofuel development.

 Brazil’s National Alcohol Program- commonly known as ProAlcool, was launched during
Brazil's economic crisis in the 1970s and is one of the significant innovative and fruitful
biofuel programs in the world. Since its inception, the program has grown from a 5% blending
to 20‐25% and an increased use of neat ethanol in the highly modernflex-fuel vehicles (FFVs).

 The United States ethanol program - The rationale for the progress of ethanol in the US has
been based on the economic benefits of rural communities, energy security and greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission reductions. The incentives provided in the United States involve federal
blending aid, volumetric ethanol excise tax credits, and ethanol producer (small) credits.

 The European Commission biofuels policy

The European Union (EU) has been an explorer in the promotion of biodiesel. The primary
drivers of biofuel choice in the EU have been the targets fixed by EU directives for associated
nations i.e. 2% and 5.75% blends of biofuels in petrol and diesel by 2005 and 2010. Tax relief is
one of the fundamental incentives used by countries to promote biofuel usage in the EU. The
share of biofuel attaining 2.6% of road transport fuel in 2007 with about 75% of the increase in
biofuel use came from biodiesel.

The ProBios project for Asia aims at promoting biofuels because of sustainable development in the
Southern and Southeastern Asian countries.

7. Biofuel Development in India - Important Milestones

 Use of Biofuels- Ethanol (Power Alcohol) in World War II
 Large number of committees and studies were initiated since 1975
 Trials on cars and other vehicle conducted in 1979-80 by Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) &
Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) with 10 & 20% ethanol blend
 Trials were started in Delhi in1990-92 on around 92 Cars
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  Pilot Project involving trials in 3 Oil Depots (2 Maharashtra & 1 UP) to cover around 350
petrol stations in 2001- 2002
 Statement of Minister of Petroleum in Parliament in Dec 2001 for the rationale/benefits of
Ethanol/Biofuels and intention to blend
 SJ Chopra’s Committee Report concluding that Ethanol was the best Oxygenate for blending
with petrol -March 2002 placed in the Parliament
 Notification of September 2002 for mandatory blending of 5% Ethanol in 9 States and 4 UTs
from Jan 1, 2003,& history of its implementation by Planning Commission, GoI.
 Autofuel Policy’s (March 2003) reference to Biofuels
 The budget for 2002-03, Rs.0.75 per liter rebate on Petrol blended with ethanol that was
brought down to Rs.0.30 per literin a few months. This incentive was not renewed from FY
2004-05 onwards
 Report of the Committee on Development of Biofuel by Planning Commission –April 2003
 A National Mission onBiodiesel (NMB) is proposed to be constitutedbythe Ministry of Rural
Development as the nodal ministry. Under the proposed demonstration phase of the NMB,
Government of India plans to raise jatropha plantations on 0.4 million ha of wastelands.
 Reference to Tariff Commission in 2003 by Minister Petroleum & Natural Gas (MOP&NG) to
determine the price of Ethanol.
 The announcement of Biodiesel Purchase Policy in October 2005.
 National Biofuel Policy (NBP) was approvedon December 24, 2009, by the Govt.

National Biofuel Policy, ensures that

- biofuel program would not compete with food security.

- confirms that the fertile farmlands would not be diverted for plantation of biofuel crops

- minimum support prices (MSPs) for biofuel crops,

- subsidies for growers of biofuel crops, marketing of oil-bearing seeds, grants and fiscal
concessions for the biofuel industry.

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 - provision for R&D, the mandatory blending of auto-fuel with biofuel, quality norms, testing
and certification of biofuels.

The National Biofuel Policy proposed blending of biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel with a target of 20
percent by 2017.

8. Initiatives in biofuel sector by Govt. of India

The government of India started Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) and National Mission on
Biofuels in 2003. The National Mission aimed at planting Jatropha on 500,000 ha of government land
and later extended onto more land. Simultaneously, the ministry hoped to begin privatizing the
biodiesel industry to become entirely separate from the government by 2012. However, these plants
did not come to the realization as a result of weak financial and policy backing. EBP also confronted
prominent barriers. The EBP mandated that oil companies produce fuel with 5% ethanol in particular
regions of the nation. The program almost immediately ground to a halt because there where there
wasn’t enough ethanol to meet this mandate between 2003 and 2004.

Table 7: Ministries in India involved in biofuel sector

Ministry Role
Ministry of New and Overall policy-making role for promoting the development of biofuels.
Renewable Energy Also, support research and technology development for production of
biofuels
Ministry of Petroleum Responsible for marketing biofuels as well as formulation and
and Natural Gas implementation of pricing and procurement policy
Ministry of Agriculture Research and development for biofuel feedstock production (Sugarcane,
sweet sorghum, etc. for ethanol and Jatropha and other non-edible
oilseed species for biodiesel)
Ministry of Rural MoRD is responsible for promotion of Jatropha plantations on
Development wastelands
Ministry of Science and Supports research in biofuel crops, especially in the area of
Technology biotechnology

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 9. Solar Photovoltaic programmes in India

The Government of India has embarked on several major PV schemes and programmes focusing on its
large scale deployment across the country.

Development of solar cities programme- in Feb 2008 aimed at minimum 10% reduction in projected
demand of conventional energy at the end of five years. Under this programme 60 cities or towns are
proposed to be supported for development as Solar /Gree cities.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM): It aimed to promote solar energy technologies
announced by GoI under National Action Plan on Climate Change. This mission aims to achieve grid
tariff parity by 2022 via large scale utilization and rapid diffusion and deployment of solar
technologies across the country for cost reduction, intensive R&D, and promoting local manufacturing
and supporting infrastructure.

Conclusion

The emission standards and usage of clean energy sources has to be encouraged by governments
providing various policies and programs, with new blending mandates take place in different regions
by adopting the new fuel specifications for environment and energy security.

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