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Stability analysis of a pile completely embedded into elastic foundation

To cite this article: V A Gordon and P G Morrev 2019 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1203 012004

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AMCSM_2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

Stability analysis of a pile completely embedded into elastic

foundation

V A Gordon1* and P G Morrev2

1,2
Oryol State University, 29, Naugorskoe Road, Oryol, Russia
E-mail: 1gordon1312@mail.ru 2paulorel@mail.ru

Abstract. A building mechanics problem on pile stability is solved. A pile is completely

embedded into an elastic foundation and experiences an axial load. Both critical forces and
critical modes are calculated. Some of critical states prove to be ones of bifurcation and each
bifurcation state corresponds to two neighbor critical modes. Various fixing conditions at the
endpoints are considered.

1. Introduction
Pile foundations are widely used as bearing systems and are subjected to static and dynamic loads. In
practice, each building process starts from the pile fields setting up and pile stability is an important
factor when designing a construction or erection. Through the literature, various models are proposed
for interaction between a foundation (soil) and a pile. The Vinkler models appear to be the simplest
ones in calculation aspect and these models are sufficiently effective [1-11]. In this case, a pile is
modeled by the Euler-Bernoulli shaft [1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12-15], the Timoshenko shaft [4, 16], the stepwise
shaft [17], and shafts of variable bending stiffness [18, 19]. Besides the Vinkler models, various
models of elastic foundation are applied: non-linear and heterogeneous [20-22], lamellar [23, 24], and
two-parametrical ones [10, 15, 19]. In [25-28], frictional forces are taken into account among all the
forces that determine pile’s stress-strain state. The influence of boundary conditions on critical forces
and on proper modes is studied in some works [3, 27, 29, 30]. The effect of depth of embedding into a
foundation is also studied in [6, 11, 13, 15, 31]. Besides analytical methods, numerical ones are also
used in stability analysis: finite elements [32], finite difference [33], iteration [12, 18], and also the
optimization problem for the system “pile-foundation” is considered [34].
In this work, a new matrix form of representation the resolving system of equations for a partially
embedded pile is employed. This is achieved by application of initial parameters and a vector
representation for a stress-strain state in each cross section of both a pile and a foundation. It is
proposed that a certain reference horizon exists and it allows neglecting the frictional forces of pile’s
lateral surface and their contribution into the bearing capability. A foundation is proposed to be solid,
uniform, and linearly elastic and the latitude reaction modular does not change depending on depth.
This approach is especially effective when a number of sites of compound pile and a number of
foundation layers are large.

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

2. Problem statement
Consider an elastic pile of length L that is completely embedded into an elastic foundation. The
equation of bending pile axes (figure 1) is of the form [1-5]

(a) (b)

Figure 1. An external appearance, problem’s parameters (a), and coordinate system (b)
d4y d2y
EI  N  ky  0 (1)
dx 4 dx 2
where y  y(x) – deflection, E – elasticity module, k – stiffness coefficient of foundation, I – inertia
moment of pile’s cross section, N – pressing force. By introduction of some dimensionless variables
and parameters
  x / L, w  y / L, N 2  NL2 /( 4 EI ),  4  kL4 /( 4 EI )
the other form of (1) is obtained:
d 4 w / d 4  4 N 2 d 2 w / d 2  4 4 w  0. (2)
We search the solution of equation (2) by the Euler substitution
w  Ae n (3)
where A and n – constants to be determined. The characteristic equation for (2) is of the form
n 4  4 N 2 n 2  4 4  0 . (4)
By substitution n  m , the biquadratic equation (4) takes the form of the quadratic one
2

m 2  4 N 2 m  4 4  0 . (5)
Its roots are expressed as (depending on the relation between N и α):
m1,2  2 N 2  2 N 4   4 if N   (6)

m1,2  2 N 2  2i  4  N 4 if N   . (7)
Notice that if to introduce a new parameter N 0  2 kEI of dimensional “force” and therefore called
“conditional force” then the relations
N   , N   , and N  
can be replaced by the relation between dimensional (physical) variables N and N 0 :
N  N 0 , N  N 0 , and N  N 0
because the following equalities hold:
N  NL2 /(4EI ) and   N 0 L2 /(4 EI ).
The roots (6) are used when N   (in physical form, N  N 0 ). Then, the roots of (4) are imaginary:
n1, 2  ic , n3, 4  id , where с  N 2  2  N 2  2 , d  N 2  2  N 2  2 . (8)
The deflection function (3) takes in such case the form
w  A1 cos c  A2 sin c  A3 cos d  A4 sin d . (9)

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

If N   then the roots m1, 2 of the form (7) are used. In such case, the roots of (4) become complex:
n1, 2,3, 4   a  ib , where a   2  N 2 , b   2  N 2 . (10)
The proper deflection function is of the form
w  A1 ch a cos b  A2 sh c cos b  A3 ch a sin b  A4 sh a sin b . (11)
If N   ( N  N 0 ), one obtains from (6) (or (7)) multiple roots m1,2  2 N and correspondingly 2

double roots of (4):

n1, 2  ib , n3, 4  ib (12)
and the deflection function is of the form
w  ( A1  A2 )cos b  ( A3  A4 )sin b . (13)
The integration constants Ai (1  i  4) in the solutions of equation (2) are expressed by the initial
parameters:
w0  w(0), w0  w(0), w0  w(0), w0  w(0).
Besides that the constants Ai (1  i  4) gain a physical meaning, such form of solution is convenient
when a partially embedded pile is studied; when a pile is embedded into a lamellar foundation; when a
pile is of a stepwise construction, etc. The transformation procedure is demonstrated by an example
using the function (9). By differentiation this function in ξ, we obtain dimensionless functions of
rotation angle w of a cross section, of bending moment w, and of transversal force w.
w  c( A1 sin c  A2 cos c)  d ( A3 sin d  A4 cos d)
w  c 2 (  A1 cos c  A2 sin c)  d 2 ( A3 cos d  A4 sin d) (14)
w  c3 ( A1 sin c  A2 cos c )  d 3 ( A3 sin d   A4 cos d  ).
Introduce a state vector w for an arbitrary cross section ξ:
w  w w w w ,
T

vector of integration constants

A   A1 A4  ,
T
A2 A3
and a matrix-function which is obtained by differentiating the function (9):

 cos c sin c cos d sin d 

 
c sin c c cos c d sin d  d cos d  
M  2 .
4 4  c cos c c sin c
2
d 2 cos d  d 2 sin d  
 3 
 c sin c c 3 cos c d 3 sin d  d 3 cos d 

Now, the system of equations (9), (14) can be represented in a simple matrix form:
w  MA. (15)
Evaluating the functions (9) and (14) at the coordinate system origin   0, the following matrix
equation is obtained that links the initial parameters with the integration constants Ai (i  1  4) :
w0  LA or equivalently A  L1w0 (16)
-1
where vector w0 , matrix L, and reverse matrix L are of the following form:
w0  w0 w0 w0 w0
T

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

 1 0 1 0   cd 3 0 cd 0
   
0 c 0 d  1  0 d3 0 d
L  2 , L 1
 .
44  c 0 d 2 0  44 cd (d 2  c 2)  c3d 0 cd 0
   
 0 c 0 d 3  c3 c 
3
 0 0
Substituting vector A from (16) into (15), we obtain the matrix equation
w  Ф( ) w0 (17)
where matrix Ф  ML1 describes the influence of the initial parameters on the state of arbitrary pile’s
44

cross section. The matrix components Ф  Фi j   (i, j  1, 2,3, 4) takes the form
d 2 cos c  c 2 cos d d 3 sin c  c3 sin d  cos c  cos d  d sin c  c sin d 
11  ;   ; 13  ; 14  ;
d c cd (d  c ) d 2  c2 cd (d 2  c 2 )
2 2 12 2 2

21  (cd )2 14 ; 22  11; 23  13 ; 24  13 ;

31  (cd ) 13 ;
2
32  21; ;
33  23 34  23 ;
41  (cd )23 ; 42  31 ; 43  33 ; 44  33 .

By application the previous procedure (16), we obtain the matrix equations

w   ( ) w0 if N   ( N  N 0 ) (18)
w   ( ) w0 if N   ( N  N 0 ). (19)
The matrix elements   i j  are the functions
a 2  b2
11  cha cos b  sha sin b ;  21  (a 2  b 2 ) 14 ;
2ab
3a 2  b 2 a 2  3b 2
12  sha cos b  cha sin b ;  22  11 ;
2a ( a  b )
2 2
2b(a 2  b 2 )
1 1
13  sha sin b ;  23  (aсha sin b  bsha cos b ;
2ab 2ab
1 1 1
14  ( cha sin b  sha cos b );  24  13 ;
2(a 2  b 2 ) b a
 31  (a 2  b 2 )2 13 ;  41  (a 2  b 2 )2  34 ;
 32   21 ;  42   31 ;
a 2  b2 3a 2  b 2 a 2  3b 2
 33  cha cos b  sha sin b ;  43  sha cos b  cha sin b ;
2ab 2a 2b
 34   23 ;  44   33 .
The matrix elements   i j  are the functions
b 1  sin b sin b  b cos b
 11  cos b  sin b ;  12  (3sin b  b cos b );  13  ;  14  ;
2 2b 2b 2b3
 21  b 4 14 ;  22   11 ;  23   13 ;  24   13 ;
 31  b  13 ;
4
 32   21 ; ;
 33   23  34   23 ;
b( sin b  b cos b )
 41  b 4 23 ;  42   31 ;  43   44   33 .
2
Thus, pile’s stress-strain state is described by one of the relations (17)-(19). Further analysis of the
obtained solutions (17)-(19) is possible only after concretization of boundary values.

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Critical forces of a pile

In this Subsection, all possible combinations of critical force N and “conditional force” N0 (this force
characterizes the stiffness of the system “pile-foundation” under condition of symmetrical fixing of
pile’s endpoints: hinges, clamping, and free endpoints) are studied in order to determine both critical
forces and critical modes.

3.1.1 Hinged support of pile’s endpoints

In this case,   0 and   1. The boundary conditions are of the form
w0  w0  0
(20)
w(1)  w(1)  0.
We consider that foundation stiffness k (if pile’s bending stiffness EI is fixed) corresponds to
conditional force N0  2 kEI . Initially, we adopt that pile’s critical force is equal to some
“conditional force” N 0 . It follows the variant (12): N   (or N  N 0 ). The deflection field is
determined by the function
w  w0 11 ( )  w0 12 ( )  w0 13 ( )  w0 14 ( )
which is obtained from the matrix equation (19) by multiplying the first row of matrix  ( ) by the
components of vector w0 . Taking into account the first pair of boundary conditions (20), the deflection
field w( ) takes the form
w  w0 12 ( )  w0 14 ( ).
(21)
Meeting the requirements of second pare in conditions (20), obtain a system of algebraic equations
relative to unknown initial parameters w0 and w0 .
 12 (1) w0  14 (1) w0  0,
 (22)
 32 (1) w0  34 (1) w0  0.
The condition of existence of non-zero solutions of a given heterogeneous system of linear equations
is that a proper determinant equals zero. That is,
 12 (1)  14 (1)
  12 (1) 34 (1)  14 (1) 32 (1)  0. (23)
 32 (1)  34 (1)
Substituting elements  i j 1 of matrix  ( ) into equation (23), obtain
sin b  0
in what follows that
bn  n , where n is an integer number. (24)
By using the denotation b   2  N 2 and taking into account N   ( N  N 0 ) , it follows from (24)
that
Nn  bn / 2  n / 2
where N n – sequence of dimensionless force values and each value corresponds with a certain
bending critical mode. Considering a critical force as a minimum force under which the pile stability is
violated, we accept critical mode’s number n  1. Then,
N1  Ncr   / 2

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

N cr L2  It follows that
Returning to dimensional compressing force N, obtain  . N cr  2 N cr 0 ,
4 EI 2
where N cr 0   EI
2

2
– critical Euler’s force of a free (i.e., not supported by foundation) rod with the
L
same fixing conditions as ones for a pile. It follows from N  N 0 that
Ncr  N0  2 Ncr 0 . (25)
The result (25) should be treated in the following way: if a combination the mechanical parameters of
a pile and a foundation leads to N 0  2 N cr 0 then the critical force will be equal to Ncr  N0 . If a
combination of the mechanical parameters yields N 0  2 N cr 0 then the critical force calculation should
be carried out according to either variant (8)-(9) or variant (10)-(11) depending on the sign of the
difference N 0  2 N cr 0 . Substituting the functions  12 ( ) and  14 ( ) into (21) along with the relation
w0 / w0  b 2 , which may be obtained from any equation of system (22), the equation of bending
pile’s axis takes the form
wn  f sin n
where f – bending deflection. This sinusoid has n half-waves. If n  1 then the critical mode has one
half-wave:
w  f sin  .
By taking sequentially n  2,3,... , we obtain all possible critical modes. As for the critical force, it
will be equal to N 2  8 N cr 0 , N 3  18 N cr 0 , ... .

3.1.2 Hinged support: critical force N is greater than conditional force N0

Selecting the deflection function
w  w011 ( )  w012 ( )  w013 ( )  w014 ( ) (26)
from the matrix equation (17) and using the boundary conditions (20), we obtain
sin с sin d  0
with the solutions
Сn  n and d n  n . (27)
~
Introduce new denotations N  N / N cr 0 and N  N 0 / N cr 0 . Then, it follows from (27):
N 02
N  n2  (28)
4n 2
~
and by letting n  1, 2,3,..., a sequence of force N values is obtained. In contrast to a free bending
rod, the minimum number of half-waves in a critical mode is not always equal to 1. This number has
to be determined by differentiating (28) in n aiming to find the point of minimum [35]. It follows that
n N 0 / 2. (29)
Function N ( n ) is a linear one relative to the parameter N 0 / 4 . By letting n  1, 2,3,..., obtain a set
2

of straight lines of the form depicting in figure 2:

~ 1 N2
N  A  Bx where A  n 2 , B  2 , x  0 .
n 4

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

Figure 2. Modes (shapes) of stability loss

The transition from n-mode to (n+1)-mode corresponds to the equation
N 02 N 02
n2   ( n  1) 2

4n 2 4( n  1) 2
in what follows that
2
 N0 
  n (n  1) .
2 2

 2 
That is, if n  ( N 0 / 2)  4 then one half-wave of length L is formed during the equilibrium loss. The
2

critical force is calculated by

~
N cr  1  ( N 0 / 2) 2 .
If the inequality 4  ( N 0 / 2)  36 holds then two half-waves of length L/2 form during the stability
2

loss. The critical force in such case is calculated by

~
N cr  4  ( N 0 / 2) 2 / 4 .
The dependence (28) shows that N  N 0 for every N 0  2 N cr 0 . It means that the variant N  N 0 is
not realized. Figure 3 shows the increase in critical force. The critical modes are described by (21) if
N cr  2,8,18,... and by (26) in all other events taking into account the boundary conditions
w0  w0  0 .

Figure 3. Critical force versus conditional force under hinged fixing

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IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1203 (2019) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1203/1/012004

3.2. Clamped pile’s endpoints.

The boundary conditions take the form
w0  w0  0
(30)
w(1)  w(1)  0.
By analogy with Subsection 3.1.1, suppose that N  N 0 or (in the dimensionless form) N   . The
deflection function w( ), from the matrix equation (19), together with the first pair of boundary
conditions (30) takes the form
w  w0 13 ( )  w0 14 ( ).
Taking into account the second pair of equations (30), we deduce a system of algebraic equations
relative to unknown initial parameters w0 and w0, which is analogical to the system (22). Letting the
determinant of the new system be equal to zero, we obtain the equation for critical force
 13 (1) 24 (1)  14 (1) 23 (1)  0. (31)
The substitution here the functions entering the equation (31) yields
b 2  sin 2 b,
the only root of which is
b  0.
Taking into account N  b / 2 , obtain N cr  N 0  0 . It means that the supposition N  N 0 leads to
the contradiction and this case proves to be non-realistic.
Now, suppose that N  N 0 or N   . By analogy to the previous sections, deduce an equation
for critical force by writing the matrix equation (18) along with the boundary conditions (30). Require
that the determinant of the system deduced be equal to zero:
13 (1)  24 (1)  14 (1)  23 (1)  0. (32)
Substituting proper elements of matrix  ( )  ij  , into (32) obtain the equation
2 2 ( sha sin b) 2  a 2 (cha sin b) 2  b 2 ( sha cos b) 2  0. (33)
Taking into account a  0, because of   N ( N 0  N ), the minimum root of (33) equals to
b   2  N 2  0.
It means that
 N 0
that is, the supposition N  N 0 leads to a contradiction.
So, the only opportunity N  N 0 can be realized when both pile’s endpoints are clamped. In this
event, the critical mode is described by (25) along with w0  w0  0. We have:
w  w013 ( )  w014 ( ).
By using the second pare of boundary conditions (30), obtain the equation for the critical force:
13 (1)24 (1)  14 (1)23 (1)  0. (34)
Substituting here proper elements of matrix  ( )  ij ( ) we obtain the equation
cos c  cos d (c sin c  d sin d )(d sin c  c sin d )
  0. (35)
d 2  c2 cd (d 2  c 2 )
In order to find a general solution of equation (35), it is convenient to move to forces N and N 0 by
means of transformations

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c  d  2 N 2   2 ; c  d  2 N 2  2;
c 2  d 2  4 N 4   4 ; c 2  d 2  4 N 2 ; cd  2 2 ;
N N
N2 2 ; 2 2 0 .
N cr 01 N cr 01
Here, N cr 0  4 EI / L – critical force of a free rod clamped at its endpoints. After some algebraic
2 2

transformations and trigonometric substitutions, deduce the equation for critical force:
x  x  x
  1 cos 2 y  x    1 cos 2 y  x  2 . (36)
y  y  y
Here, x  N 0 / N cr 0 and y  N / N cr 0 .

Figure 4. Critical force depending on conditional force (endpoint are clamped)

~
In figure 4, the dependence of critical force N on the stiffness parameter “pile-foundation” N 0 is
shown. The salient points ( x  1.5, 4.5, 6.2 and so on) are points of changing of the first mode of
stability lost under increasing in stiffness of the “pile-foundation” system.

3.3 Free pile’s endpoints

When considering one more case of symmetric boundary conditions – free ends, one can show that in
this case also the only variant N  N 0 (or N   ) is realized. Then, the boundary conditions are of
the form
w0  0, w0  4 N 2 w0  0,
w(1)  0, w(1)  4 N 2 w(1)  0.
Given the condition Ncr  N0 ( N   ) and making calculations by analogy with the previous
Subsection 3.1 and Subsection 3.2, the following equation for critical force is obtained:
 31 (1) 42 (1)  32 (1) 41 (1)  4 N 2  31 (1)( 22 (1)  44 (1))  34 (1) 41 (1)  21 (1) 32 (1)  
(37)
16 N 4  31 (1) 24 (1)  21 (1) 34 (1)   0.
Substituting the values  ij (1), into (37), obtain the equation
b2  9sin 2 b  0 (38)

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with the minimum root b  0. That is, the proposition Ncr  N0 ( N   ) is not valid and contradicts
to the problem conditions.
Given the condition N  N 0 ( N   ), the analysis of equation
31 (1)  42 (1)  32 (1)  41 (1)  4 N 2  31 (1)(  22 (1)   44 (1)  34 (1)  41 (1)   21 (1) 32 (1)  
16 N 4  31 (1)  24 (1)   21 (1) 34 (1)   0
shows that the condition N  N 0 ( N   ), is also invalid.
Given the condition N  N 0 , the critical mode is described by the function
w( )  w012 ( )  w0 12 ( )  4 N 2 14 ( )  .
In order to calculate the critical force, employ an equation that is obtained from (37) if to replace
ij () by ij () :
31 (1) 42 (1)  32 (1) 41 (1)  4 N 2 31 (1)(22 (1)  44 (1))  34 (1)41 (1)  21 (1)32 (1)  
(39)
16 N 4 24 (1) 31 (1)  21 (1) 34 (1)   0.

3.4 Cantilevered fixing

Consider non-symmetrical fixing of pile’s endpoints. Let the lower endpoint be clamped while the
upper one be free – see figure 5.

Figure 5. Cantilevered fixing of pile

The boundary conditions are of the form
w0  w0  0
(40)
w(1)  0, w(1)  4 N 2 w(1)  0.
By analogy with the previous, consider the case Ncr  N0 ( N   ) . Write the matrix equation (19)
in a detailed form:
 w(1)   11 (1)  12 (1)  13 (1)  14 (1)   0 
    (1)  22 (1)  23 (1)  24 (1)   0 
 w (1)    21 ,
 0   31 (1)  32 (1)  33 (1)  34 (1)   w0 
    
 w(1)   41 (1)  42 (1)  43 (1)  44 (1)   w0
It follows (along with the second condition of (40)) the system of algebraic equations relative to
unknown parameters w0 and w0 :
 33 (1) w0  34 (1) w0  0

( 43 (1)  4 N  23 (1) w0  ( 44 (1)  4 N  24 (1)) w0  0
2 2

where the determinant value must equal to zero:

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 33 (1)  34 (1)
 0.
 43 (1)  4 N  23 (1)
2
 44 (1)  4 N 2 24 (1)
Expanding this determinant, obtain the equation
 33 (1) 44 (1)  34 (1) 43 (1)  4 N 2 ( 24 (1) 33 (1)  23 (1) 34 (1))  0. (41)
Substituting functions  i j into (41) and taking into account that N  b / 2 under the condition
N   , obtain the transcendent equation
1
cos 2 b  (b2  1), (42)
3
the minimal root of which b  1.1896 allows to determine the critical force N from the equality
NL2 b
 .
4EI 2
The critical force for a proper free rod is
 2 EI
N cr 0 
.
4 L2
Then, the sought-for critical force (equal to the conditional force) is determined from the expression
2
2 2 
N cr  N 0   b  N cr 0  1.15 N cr 0 (43)
  
Thus, if a combination of cantilevered pile and foundation parameters leads to the equality
N 0  1,15 N cr 0 then the critical force is also equal to 1,15 N cr 0, If N 0  1,15 N cr 0 then calculation of
critical force is carried out according to (8-9) if N  N 0 or according to (10-11) if N  N 0 .

3.4.1 Critical force exceeds the conditional one

In this case ( N  N 0 ), the equation for critical force is obtained after replacing  i j (1) in equation (41)
by i j (1). These results in
33 (1)44 (1)  34 (1)43 (1)  4 N 2 ( 24 (1)33 (1)   23 (1)34 (1))  0. (44)
Substitution the functions i j (1) into (44) yields
   4   
2
 
4

   
2 cos c cos d    sin c sin d    0
 N  N N
or, taking into account  / N  N 0 / N , reduce the latest equation to
  x 2  x x
2

 2     cos c cos d  sin c sin d     0 (45)

  y  y  y 
 
where x  N0 / Ncr , y  N / Ncr 0 , and Ncr 0   2 EI /(4 L2 ) . Relative critical force versus relative
conditional force is shown in figure 6.

3.4.2 Conditional force exceeds the critical one

In case N  N 0 ( N   ) , the equation for critical force is of the same form as (41) and (44).
Substituting the function values  i j (1), into this equation, obtain
 33 (1)  44 (1)   34 (1)  43 (1)  4 N 2 (  24 (1)  33 (1)   23 (1)  34 (1))  0. (46)
After some transformations, equation (46) is reduced to
(b 2  3a 2 )b 2ch 2 a  (3b 2  a 2 )a 2 cos 2 b  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 . (47)

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Replacing a and b by N and α by means of the relations

a2   2  N 2 , b2   2  N 2 , a 2  b 2  2 2 , a 2  b 2  2 N 2

Figure 6. Critical force versus conditional one for cantilevered pile

transform (47) to the equation
  N 4  N 2  2   N 4  N 2  2 N
4

 2       1 c h    2       1 cos b  2  
             
   
or, factorizing the coefficients at ch2 and cos 2 b , obtain
2
 N  N  2 N  N  N  N  N 
 11   ch  1   2  11   cos  1   2 (48)
2
2  .
 N0  N 0  N0  N0  N 0  N0  N0 
Note that N   and consequently N / N 0  1. It means that the right side of (48) is positive. In order
that both the left and the right sides be positive, it is necessary that the relative force meets the double
inequality 0.5  N / N0  1. If to consider both critical and conditional forces be related to N cr 0 , then
this inequality along with equation (48) take the form
x
 yx
2
y  y  2
2
y  y 
2
2   y
2

  1  2    ch x  y    1  2    cos
x
x  y  2  .
x x  4   x   4 x

In figure 7, the dependence of critical force versus conditional one is depicted.

The results obtained coincide with [29]. Note that the results [29] were obtained without the use of
state vector, influence matrix, and initial parameters matrix. This restricts the application [29] to the
stability analysis of piles embedded partially into a foundation, ladder-shaped piles, and lamellar
foundations.

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Figure 7. Critical force versus conditional one at the initial interval

4. Conclusion
Analytical relationships for critical force determination during stability loss of a compressed rod have
been constructed. Here, the compressed rod simulates a standing pile embedded completely into an
elastic foundation. These relationships were obtained in the framework of the initial parameters
method using state vector of rod’s cross section and influence matrices (here, the influence of initial
parameters on the cross section state is considered). Functional dependencies of critical force on a
generalized parameter of stiffness (conditional force) for the system “rod-foundation” under various
fixing conditions for pile’s endpoints, both symmetric (hinge-hinge, clamping, and free endpoints) and
non-symmetric (cantilever), were studied. Both critical force and conditional force are expressed via
proper critical force of a free rod.
The usage of initial parameters allows applying the developed methodology to the stability analysis
of ladder-shaped piles, built-up piles, and piles embedded partially or completely into lamellar
foundations.

Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the Russian Federation government target
№ 1.5265.2017/БЧ №1.5265.2017/8.9.

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