Design of A Two Storied RCC Building For The Proposed Civil Engineering Department at Cbu Using Bs 8110

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF A TWO STORIED RCC BUILDING FOR

THE PROPOSED CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AT CBU USING BS 8110
SUPERVISOR: PROF. SENTHIL KUMARAN
GROUP MEMBERS
STEVEN CHIZENGE : 18130892
MWANZA OZIAS : 18135911
JESSY TEMBO : 18141493
STEPHEN SAKALA : 18131160
WILFRED CHILALU : 18130563
JOSEPH MWANDAMA : 18141409
PROG : BENG (HONS) CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE : EC 401
TASK : FINAL DRAFT PROJECT REPORT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to my supervisor Prof Senthil Kumaran for his guidance, motivation and input
in this project. We would like to extend our thanks to all the lecturers at the Copperbelt University’s Civil
Engineering Department for the knowledge they have imparted in us during this academic year.
ABSTRACT
The process of structural design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound
knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent
design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and good judgment. The purpose of
standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety. The
essence of this project was to come up with the design of a two storey classroom block. The design
philosophy adopted for this project is the limit state design, which consists of the serviceability limit state
and the ultimate limit state according to BS 8110 code of practice.
Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 2

NOTATIONS
For the purpose of this report, the following notations have been used. These have largely been taken
from BS 8110. Note that in one or two cases the same symbol is differently defined. Where this occurs,
the reader should use the definition most appropriate to the element being designed.
Geometric properties:
b width of section
d effective depth of the tension reinforcement
h overall depth of section
x depth to neutral axis
z lever arm
d′ depth to the compression reinforcement
b effective span
c nominal cover to reinforcement
Bending:
Fk characteristic load
gk, Gk characteristic dead load
qk, Qk characteristic imposed load
wk, Wk characteristic wind load
fk characteristic strength
fcu characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete
fy characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
γf partial safety factor for load
γm partial safety factor for material strengths
K coefficient given by M/fcubd2
K′ coefficient given by Mu/fcubd2 = 0.156 when redistribution does not exceed 10%
M design ultimate moment
Mu design ultimate moment of resistance
As area of tension reinforcement
As′ area of compression reinforcement
Φ diameter of main steel

Φ′ diameter of links
Shear:
fyv characteristic strength of links
sv spacing of links along the member
V design shear force due to ultimate loads
v design shear stress
vc design concrete shear stress
Asv total cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement
Compression:
b width of column
h depth of column
lo clear height between end restraints
le effective height
lex effective height in respect of x-x axis
ley effective height in respect of y-y axis
N design ultimate axial load
Ac net cross-sectional area of concrete in a column
Asc area of longitudinal reinforcement

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 8
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.0 Working tittle .......................................................................................................................................... 9
The Structural Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block ........................................................................ 9
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.0 Background ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Main Objective........................................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Specific objectives .................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1 Site location ................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Design philosophy. ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.0 Criteria for a safe Design: Limit States .......................................................................................... 11
1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State ....................................................................................................................... 11
1.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 14
DESIGN BRIEF.......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.1 CLIENTS BRIEF .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.0 CONCEPTUAL AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN ............................................................................... 18
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION ............................................................................................................... 18
3.3 TIMBER ........................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 STEEL............................................................................................................................................... 20
3.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE ........................................................................................................... 20
3.6 REINFORCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY USED IN DESIGN ............................................... 22
3.6.1 Shears walls ............................................................................................................................... 22
3.6. 2 A Core wall, .............................................................................................................................. 23
3.7 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES ................................................................................................................... 24
3.7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.7.2 PERMISSIBLE STRESS METHOD ............................................................................................. 24
3.7.3 LOAD FACTOR METHOD .......................................................................................................... 24
3.7. 4LIMIT STATE METHOD ............................................................................................................. 25

3.8 DESIGN STANDARDS ....................................................................................................................... 27
3.9 STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS ............................................................................................................... 27
3.10 LOADS ............................................................................................................................................... 28
3.10. 1 WIND LOADS ( 𝑊𝑘)................................................................................................................. 28
3.10. 2 DEAD LOADS (𝐺𝑘, 𝑔𝑘) ............................................................................................................ 28
3. 10. 3 LIVE LOADS (𝑄𝑘, 𝑞𝑘).............................................................................................................. 28
3. 10. 4 COMBINED LOADS ................................................................................................................ 29
4.0 DESIGN INFORMATION ................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Preliminary analysis .............................................................................................................................. 32
4.3 Detailed design summary ...................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.1 R.C slab design .............................................................................................................................. 33
4.3.2 Main beam design ................................................................................................................... 33
4.3.4 R.C staircase design ....................................................................................................................... 34
4.3.5 Column design ............................................................................................................................... 34
4.3.6 Pad foundation design .................................................................................................................... 34
5.1 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................................................... 36
6.0 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 37
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 37
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................... 38
APPENDIX A.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 39
CALCULATION SHEETS ........................................................................................................................ 39
A.1.2 R.C SLAB DESIGN ........................................................................................................................ 40
MAIN BEAM DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 47
A.1.5 R.C STAIRCASE DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 52
A.1.6 COLUMN DESIGN ........................................................................................................................ 55
A.1.7 PAD FOUNDATION DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 57
APPENDIX A.2 ......................................................................................................................................... 60
BS FIGURES AND TABLES .................................................................................................................... 60
APENDIX A.2.0 BS FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 61
APENDIX A.2.1 BS TABLES .............................................................................................................. 64
APENDIX A.2.3 BS COLUMN DESIGN CHART ............................................................................ 69

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 70

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Working tittle
The Structural Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block
1.1 Introduction
1.1.0 Background
The Copperbelt University located in Kitwe riverside has been the center of excellence in as
far as quality tertiary education is concerned. Prior to its university status, it was known as
the Zambia Institute of Technology (ZIT), a mainly technical institution that was renowned
for excellent engineering courses one in particular being Civil engineering which later on
had its own department. However, the initial department design was only meant to cater for
a few number of students by then but over the years the structure has undergone tremendous
structural deterioration and damage notwithstanding the aesthetics of the building thus, the
structure is not 100% safe for occupation and also not adequate enough to cater for the
increase in the student populace hence the need to Redesign the building to a modern
building.
1.1.1 Scope
The scope is limited to the design of the two storey civil engineering classroom block from
the foundation to the roof. The following standards are to be followed
➢ BS 8110: Structural use of concrete
➢ BS 6399: Wind loads
➢ BS 5950: Structural steel
1.2 Main Objective

The aim of this project is to design the main beams, column, slabs and foundation for the Civil
Engineering class room block at the Copperbelt University
1.3 Specific objectives

✓ To come up with structural analysis and detailing of a two storey reinforced concrete
structure
✓ To carry out load analysis on the members and their design against the loads,

✓ To produce structural design detailing drawings and specifications using Computer
Aided Design software (AutoCAD).
The design of sections for strength is accordance to plastic theory based on behavior at ultimate
loads. Elastic analysis of the section is covered because this is used in the calculations for the
deflection and crack width in accordance with the BS 8110.
Part 2: code of practice for special circumstances. The loading on structures conforms to
BS6399:1997: design loading for buildings.
Part 1: code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
Part 2: code of practice for wind loads.
BS 5950-1:2000, structural use of steelwork in buildings-code of practice for design.
Data analysis and interpretation-to include:
• Soil clarifications and classifications for the determination of the soil bearing capacity,
• Topographical survey.
1.3.1 Site location

The site is located within CBU. Below is a google map image of the site.

1.4 Design philosophy.
Structural design and limit states:
The code BS8110, part 1 in clause 2.1.1 states that the aim of the design is to achieve of an
acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactory during its life it must carry the
loads safely, not deforming excessively and have adequate durability and resistance to the effects
of misuse and fire. The clause recognizes that no structure can be made one hundred percent safe
and that it is only possible to reduce the probability of failure to an acceptable low level.
Clause 2.1.2 states that the method recommended in the codes is the limit state design where
account is taken of theory, experiment and experience it adds that calculations alone are not
sufficient to produce a safe, serviceable and durable structure. Correct selection of materials,
quality control and supervision of the construction works are equally important.
1.3.0 Criteria for a safe Design: Limit States
The criterion for a safe design is that the structure should not become unfit for use; i.e that it
should not reach a limit state during its design life. This is achieved, in particular, by designing
the structure to ensure that it does not reach.
• The ultimate limit state (ULS): the whole structure or elements should not
collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to the design loads.
• Serviceability limit state (SLS): the structure should not become unfit for use due
to excessive deflection, cracking or vibration. The structure must be durable ie,
not deteriorating excessively due to the environment to which it is exposed to.
The codes places particular emphasis on durability. For reinforced concrete
structures the normal practice is to design for the ultimate limit state, check for
the serviceability and take all necessary precautions ensuring durability.
1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State

• Strength
The structure must be designed to carry the most severe combination of loads to
which it is subjected; Each and every section of the elements must be of
resisting the axial loads, shear and moments derived from the analysis. The
design is made for ultimate loads and design strengths of the materials with a
partial safety factors applied to the loads and material strengths. This allows
uncertainties in the estimations of loads and in performance of material of
materials to be assessed separately. The section strengths are determined using
plastic analysis based on the short-term design stress strain curve for concrete
and reinforcing steel.
• Stability
Clause 2.2.2.1 of the BS8110-1997 codes states that the layout should be such
as to give a stable and robust structure. The Engineers responsibility is to ensure
compatibility of the design and details of parts and components. Overall

stability is provided by the shear walls, lift shafts, staircase and rigid frame
action or a combination of these means.
• Robustness
Clause 2.2.2.2 of the BS8110-1997 code states that the planning and design
should be such that damage to small area or failure of a single element should
not cause collapse of the major parts of the structure should be resistance to
progressive collapse. This type of failure can be avoided by taking the following
precautions.
1. The structure should be capable of resisting notional horizontal loads
applied at the roof level and at each floor. The loads are 155 of the
characteristics dead weight of structure between mid-height of the story
below and either mid-height of the story above. The wind load is not to be
as less than the notional horizontal load.
2. All structures are provided with effective horizontal ties. These are
peripheral ties, internal ties and horizontal ties.
Serviceability Limit State.
1.4 Methodology
The technique adopted in this project execution is the design to limit state strength method
which includes the serviceability and the ultimate limit states according to the standard (BS
8110) code of practice adopted. The analysis and design was carried out in the manual
method of analysis of indeterminate structures and using software. Because the structure
under design is composed of structural members which act together to support the load and
transmit them down to the foundation, the design is based on the determination of the
appropriate size of the members and their skeletal steel reinforcement. This involves the
stages below:
✓ Desk study and walk – over survey in order to investigate the existing structures and to
establish the likely conditions on and below the site.
✓ Consultations with relevant staff at the Copperbelt University (resident engineer,
lecturers and the student community on campus)
✓ Literature review of theories and design concepts of reinforced concrete buildings
through the use of books, journals, internet, codes of design and observations.
✓ Preparatory stage: This involves the preparation of the general arrangement of the
structural members, and siting them appropriately
✓ Definition and preliminary sizing of the members, and load estimation and their
distribution.

✓ Analysis and design of the members as regards the load subjection.
✓ Structural detailing: drawing showing the pattern of the members in sizes and the
reinforcements within them in compliance with the design and standard.

CHAPTER TWO
DESIGN BRIEF

2.0 INTRODUCTION
In this section we will outline the design considerations by use of a design brief. It will describe in general
the building in terms of size, use and materials to be utilized as per the client’s specifications. For more
information on the scope of the design, refer to the Detailed-Design and architectural drawings. The
building is a classroom block and will be built in Riverside, Kitwe.
Below are some of the details of the proposed classroom block:
Client The Copperbelt University

Proposed Site Area 60m × 40m = 2400 Sqm
Proposed Structure Dimensions Length = 25m, Width = 30m
Intended use of the Structure Lecture rooms
The skeletal frame Two Storey Reinforced Concrete structure
Roof Flat roof
Exterior walls 200mm hollow concrete blocks
Interior partitions 100mm hollow concrete blocks and Prefab panels
Wall finishes Plastered and painted
Window frames ZAM 100 window frames
Door frames Hardwood Door frames
Floors RCC slab finished with porcelain tiles
2.1 CLIENTS BRIEF

During the earliest stages of a project development, Clients communicate their requirements, intentions and
expectations through a brief and any structural engineer that wants to carry out proficient work will do well
to understand the client’s brief as it aids in making decision making during the entire design phase, it will
also aid in how each duty is to be handled by all the parties involved and also helps dictate the methods of
construction to be used. A client’s brief can take the form of a verbal or written documentation which is
ideally drafted by the designer or contractor. It is a key element as far as the success of the project is
involved. It describes key features and requirements by giving a summary of the vision of the whole project
before it even starts.
Some key things highlighted in clients brief includes;
• Describing the overall functionality of the finished building
• Give a brief summary of the motivation for starting the building project
• Outlines the design direction a client has in mind
• Outlines and sets up a timeframe and budget

The client requires the design of a two-storey reinforced concrete classroom block that has a symmetrical
shape [preferable rectangular] with a total floor area of at least 42m x 42 m. The building is to have a total
of 8 classroom blocks, 2 Drawing rooms, a computer lab, a soils lab and 12 offices including 2 staffrooms.
The building will have a stair case on one end and an elevator lift on the other.
Below is a table showing the Client specifications in details.

No Room Area Description Approx. floor Area
1 Classrooms 8 classrooms in total
2 Offices 6 Offices per floor. 12 in total

3 Staffrooms 2 Staffrooms
4 Soils lab 1 soils lab
5 Computer lab 1 computer lab
6 Toilets Accommodate 28 people

CHAPTER THREE
LITERATURE REVIEW

3.0 CONCEPTUAL AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A low-rise structure is commonly defined as a structure having only a couple of storeys, typically
from one to about six storeys, with this said, for this task the structure is a low-rise building since
it only has two storeys and it will be structured and designed as such. Thus, the emphasis of this
section will be on materials that will be utilized to plan this structure, structural codes, structural
design philosophies and the format of the basic casing that will offer stability to the structure.
Structural design is an orderly examination of the soundness, quality and the rigidity nature of
structures and therefore helps us come up with sizes, grade and reinforcement details to that will
be needed to take internal stresses in the most economical way and yet provide maximum safety.
The fundamental target in structural analysis and configuration is to produce a structure fit for
opposing every single applied load without disappointment during its proposed life. The basic
role of a structure is to transmit or support loads. On the off chance that the structure is
inappropriately structured or designed, or if the actual applied loads surpass the design
specifications, the structure will most likely fail to play out its expected capacity, with
conceivable disastrous outcomes. A well-designed structure incredibly reduces the chances of
structural failure and cost overruns.
3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION
The historical background of building materials for structures is set apart by various patterns yet
the most widely recognized one is the expansion in the durability of materials utilized, early
structural materials can be grouped by their capacity to decompose easily, for example, leaves,
branches and animal covers up, at that point improvement was made when increasingly strong
common materials were utilized such as earth, stone, and timber. Besides, as man progressed
assembling of structures evolved and became advanced and having many storeys, consequently
engineered materials improved and with that came cutting edge developmental materials such as
masonry bricks, solid concrete blocks, metals, plastics and reinforced concrete.
3.3 TIMBER
Timber has been utilized as a structural material for thousands of years, being second only to
stone as far as its rich and celebrated history in the realm of building science is. Probably the
greatest advantage of utilizing timber as a structural material is that it is a renewable resource,
making it promptly accessible and cheap. It is strikingly strong corresponding to its weight, and
it gives good insulation from cold. Wood is very workable and can be manufactured into a wide
range of shapes and sizes to fit all sorts of joints for whatever intent and purposes any
development needs. Despite the advantages above, there are a few disadvantages to utilizing
timber as a construction material as shown in the table below.

TIMBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
NO Disadvantages
1 Being natural and cellular, it is vulnerable to environmental conditions.
Timber has the tendency to shrink, swells, twists, cracks and bends when
subjected to weather elements.
It is susceptible to pest attacks, rot, mould, fungi and termite attacks;

hence, it requires expensive treatment if it is to be used in structures
2 outdoors.
3 It looks old if left natural and untreated or painted.
4 It has an overly higher maintenance cost compared to other construction

materials.
5 Its fire resistance is very poor.

3.4 STEEL
Structural steel's high strength to weight proportion combined with its ductility and weld
capacity have given it high prominence as a structural material. One of the principle focal points
of steel is that, as opposed to stacking load-bearing masonry work or cast in-situ concrete, steel is
a pre-assembled building material that is made in a production line and assembled nearby. This
component significantly improves development efficiency as steel can be raised quickly in all
seasons. In spite of the advantages of steel, there are a few burdens to utilizing it as a building
material.
STEEL AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
NO Disadvantages
1 The maintenance cost of Steel and a structure made from it is very expensive
due to the action of rust in steel, expensive paints that are required to renew
steel from time to time in order to increase its resistance against severe
conditions because they corrode when they are exposed to air. If left
unmaintained, steel structures can go on to lose 1 to 1.5 mm of their
thickness each year. Consequently, its weight will reduce to about 35%
during the course of its design life and can fail under external loads.
Steel has very little resistance against fire. Because when it is exposed to heat
with temperature ranges of about (600-700 degree Celsius), almost half of its
2 strength is lost.
3 Steel cannot be mould in any direction you want. hence a beam or column
section can only be used in the form in which it was originally made by the
manufacturer.
4 When steel loses its ductility, the rate at which it becomes brittle increases.
5 Corrodes easily if not properly protected.
3.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE

Concrete is a blend of Portland concrete, coarse and fine aggregates, water and air voids, the
aggregates make up the greater part of the blend and it is the solidified cement paste that ties
them together with the goal that they add to the quality of concrete. Besides, this material is
broadly utilized in Civil Engineering building ventures since it is strong, durable and can
withstand tensile and compressive stresses. It is noteworthy to know though that Concrete alone
[without reinforcement] is strong in compression, but that its tensile strength is just around 10%
of its compressive strength.
Concrete is not considered a homogeneous material, and its quality and basic properties fluctuate
enormously depending on the ingredient materials used and method of preparation. Concrete is
typically treated in design as a homogeneous material where Steel reinforcements are
incorporated to expand the elasticity of concrete and such cement is called reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC) or simply Reinforced Concrete (RC). Disadvantages of using Concrete may
include, the fact that it is weak in tension, has a relatively high cost spent on forms that are used

in the casting process of RC, Shrinkage may result in unwanted cracks, therefore, extreme care
must be given to mixing, casting and Cure. Reinforced Concrete has been utilized in an
assortment of uses, for example, building structures, bridges, pavements, asphalt roads, dams,
and so forth due to the following advantages;
REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
NO Advantages
1 Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength.
2 Reinforced concrete performs well under tension provided it is properly

reinforced using steel bars.
3 Its performance in terms of fire resistance is good.
4 It is more durable than Timber and Steel structures.
5 Because of its fluid nature, it can be moulded into almost any shape.
6 It has a very low maintenance cost.

7 When constructing structures such as footings, dams, piers reinforced
concrete has proved to be the most economical.
8 It undergoes minimum deflection due to its rigidity.
9 Reinforced concrete requires less skilled labour as compared to Steel and
Timber.

TIMBER STEEL CONCRETE
INITIAL COSTS Timber is cheaper Initial costs for Steel Concrete costs
than both steel and sections are very remain fairly steady
reinforced high. throughout the
concrete. design period.
MAINTAINANCE Lower than timber Very low as stated
COSTS Timber has a high but higher than above.
maintenance cost. reinforced concrete.
DURABILITY Timber structures The durability of Reinforced concrete
are far less steel structures is is more durable than
durable as very good as they any other
compared to may have a design construction
reinforced life of over 50years. material. The life
concrete and steel. This is far better time
Their life span than that of timber reinforced concrete
typically ranges structures which structures may be
from 15 to easily fail when more than 50 years.
20years. exposed to elements
of weather.
Above is a summary of why concrete is our desired material of choice.
3.6 REINFORCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY USED IN DESIGN

SHEARWALLS AND CORE WALLS
Structural Engineers consistently attempt to accomplish economy in the design of their
structures. To accomplish this, they take advantage of each open door accessible to them. The
ultimate goal being for them to securely take all the loads acting on a structure using the least
number of structural members as possible and therefore create as much usable space in structures
as possible.
3.6.1 Shears walls
Are auxiliary components that can take or oppose very large lateral forces such as wind loads or
seismic loads without infringing on usable space in structures, and subsequently making the
design of different columns increasingly cost-effective. A shear wall might be linear and close to
the edges of the structure. A Lift shaft is one of the typical points or case in a structure where
shear walls can't be kept away from. We would typically define a shear wall as an auxiliary
framework giving dependability against wind, earth tremors [seismic loads] or impacts, getting
its stiffness from the basic structural framework. Such a framework might be built using steel or
concrete and may either be solid or punctured[perforated]. The perforations ought to be so
proportioned and arranged such that the strength and stiffness of the wall rely chiefly upon the
general structural form as opposed to the individual elements. The framework can comprise of a
plane wall, some portion of a curved wall, closed-loop, etc.

Fig 3.4 shows a structure with a shear wall
3.6. 2 A Core wall,
on the other hand, is given around staircases or lift shafts. As Core walls might be inside the
structure, they may not be as compelling or effective as shear walls given at the edges. However,
greater stability is shown by Core walls since they are 3-dimensional, besides, Core walls will
usually have openings. Both Shear and Core walls are utilized to convey the lateral loads applied
on the structure due to wind, earthquakes or some other lateral loads or vibrations. Core walls are
typically made with a combination of shear walls. They are organized like a centre and almost
always situated at the geometric focal point[centre] of the structure to void torsion. Likewise,
Core walls are utilized to introduce lifts and other services. Likewise, we can conclude that core
walls are just a combinational arrangement of shear walls.
As an option in contrast to concrete cores, steel structures may likewise have steel cores which
give the benefit of fast construction and development without the need to wait for concrete
placed to cure. In instances like this, stiffness might be conferred to the steel centre by the corner
to corner steel propping or by pre-assembled concrete slab panels or embedded in bays as
construction advances. Lateral burdens and loads are moved from the external steel-frame and to
the core through the floor structures, usually involving long-length beams, their optional
counterparts and solid slabs or steel decks. The mix of frame and core shear-wall activity permits
high rises to oppose colossal lateral loads while only experiencing very little deflection: before

their devastation, the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York would have a top
influence sway (or drift) in the request for around 900mm.
Concrete cores in elevated structures like medium or high-rise building can likewise be stabilized
further by the utilization of outriggers – brackets [or trusses] embedded to support the centre and
which might be upheld by overly tall (or super) columns. Outriggers can be a couple of storeys
deep and interface the centre[core] to the borders of the columns.
3.7 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

3.7.1 INTRODUCTION
Design Philosophy can be defined as a series of assumptions and methods which are utilized to
meet a set of conditions which relate to the serviceability, security, safety, economy and the
overall functionality of a structure. The underlying aim of design is to guarantee that the
structure performs its purpose in the most satisfactory way during its entire plan life, and fit for
carrying/conveying loads securely and not deform too much because of the applied burdens.
What's more, guarantees that at no time should the planned loads surpass the structural design
strengths of the materials used.
3.7.2 PERMISSIBLE STRESS METHOD
This is alternatively known as the Working stress method or allowable stress design, and it is
utilized in the design of Reinforced concrete, Steel and Timber Structures. The principle
supposition with this
strategy is that structural materials with have their normal properties and behaviours limited
within the elastic region which is linear, what's more, the safety in using this strategy is
guaranteed by confining and restricting the loads coming onto structural members by working
loads. Therefore, the permissible stresses will act only in the linear part of the stress-strain curve.
In addition, this structural reasoning has been utilized by structural Engineers for many years
now. Furthermore, with this strategy, the Civil Engineer guarantees that the stresses created in
the structure because of service loads don not surpass the elastic limits of the materials that the
structure is constructed with.
The permissible stress philosophy has two significant weaknesses. Right off the bat, this strategy
tended to overcomplicate the structural design procedure and furthermore prompted old
fashioned solutions and Secondly, as the quality of materials improves, the supposition that
stress and strain are directly proportional became unreasonable for materials such as reinforced
concrete, hence making it difficult to evaluate the correct safety factors. In summary, in this
strategy, the ultimate strength of the construction material used is divided by a safety factor to
produce a design stress that is within the confines of the elastic range.
3.7.3 LOAD FACTOR METHOD
This method is often referred to as the ultimate load method or plastic load method and was
created to consider the behaviour of a structure once the yield stress of the material was reached.
This approach utilizes the nonlinear locale of the stress-strain graph of steel and concrete by

figuring the structure’s collapse load. This ultimate load is inferred by dividing the collapse load
by a load factor. The load factor is defined as the ratio of the ultimate strength to the service
load.
This design philosophy puts into consideration the impacts of various burdens[loads] acting, at
the same time tackling the deficiencies of the permissible stress method. In any case, the
functionality or serviceability criteria is not met on the grounds that a good number of members
and sections will undergo large deflections and cracks. subsequently, this is the biggest fall-back
of this technique regardless of the nonlinear stress-strain conduct of the material analysed, what's
more, this is on the grounds that the nonlinear analysis completed does not assess the impacts
that the loads have. Consequently, we can say that in this method the working loads are
multiplied by a safety factor.
3.7. 4LIMIT STATE METHOD
The code BS 8110, part 1 in clause 2.1.1 states that “The aim of limit state design is the
achievement of an acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily during its
life. It must carry the loads safely, not deform excessively and have adequate durability and
resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.”
This technique was initially built up in the Soviet Union in 1930 and later developed in Europe
in 1960. This method considers the two strategies (Permissible stress and load factor) in suitable
ways, and this is the reason why most current structural design codes, for example, BS 8110 for
concrete, BS 5950 for auxiliary steelwork, BS 5400 for bridges and BS 5628 for masonry are
based on the Limit State design philosophy.
A Limit state is a condition of future failure, past which a structure stops to play out its proposed
work sufficiently as far as either safety, serviceability or usefulness is concerned. Thus the point
of limit state configuration is to accomplish adequate odds that a structure won't become unfit for
its proposed use during its plan life, implying that the structure ought not to arrive at its limit
state. In Summary, this method multiplies the working loads by partial safety factors and also
divides the materials ultimate strengths by other partial safety factors.
The following are the two most important limit state;
i. Ultimate Limit state
When a structure is subjected to design loads, it should at no within its design life
collapse, buckle or overturn. This means that a structure should be able to with-stand
load combinations such as axial loads, moments and shear loads that were calculated
during the analysis process. The fact that the ultimate limit state takes into consideration
the partial factor of safeties of both the materials used and the loads when assessing the
performance of the structure helps in coming up with an overall stronger structure.
Fig 3. 6 a. and b. shows the short term stress-strain graphs of concrete and steel (source: BS8110)

a. Short term design stress-strain curve b. Short term design stress-strain curve
of Normal weight concrete for reinforcement
In the standard code of practice, BS8110-1 1997 clause 2.2.2.2 states that “the planning
and design should be such that damage to a small area or failure of a single element
should not cause the collapse of a major part of a structure.” This implies that a designed
structure should not undergo progressive collapse. The clause further specifies how this is
to be done.
1. Notional horizontal forces and loads are to be resisted as they are applied from roof
level down each floor until the ground floor. These loads have been determined to be,
“1.5% of the characteristic dead weight of the structure between mid-height of the
storey below and either mid-height of the storey above or the roof surface.” (Clause
3.1.4.2 of BS8110-1: 1997)
2. Horizontal ties are to be provided to all structures.
• Peripheral ties
• Internal ties
• Horizontal ties to columns and walls
3. When designing buildings that are five or more storeys, identification of key elements
is crucial and these need to be designed for “a special heavy load” of 34kN/𝑚2
applied in any direction on the area supported by the member. BS8110: Part 2, section
2.6 has made necessary provisions with regards to how to apply this load.
4. When building structures that span five or more storeys high, one must be able to
remove any vertical load-bearing elements other than a key element without causing a
lot of damage. This can be satisfied by including vertical ties.
ii. Serviceability Limit state

Section 2.2.3 of BS8110 part 1 states that “account is to be taken of temperature, creep,
shrinkage, sway and settlement and possibly other effects.” Amidst vibrations,
deflections and excessive cracking, a building must still be fit for use.
1. Durability: This puts into consideration a number of things such as creep, shrinkage,
the service life of the building and the conditions it will be exposed to. Here it is
assumed that there is a linear elastic relationship between concrete and steel stresses.

2. Cracking: This is a very complicated topic because even though crack widths may be
calculated accurately, there are so many factors affecting the nature and extent of
cracks. Overall, if there is good workmanship, detailing rules are followed and bar
sizing/spacing are not compromised, cracking can be kept within acceptable limits.
3. Deflection: In most cases, excessing deflections affect the efficiency at which
structures perform. Using the serviceability limit state, deflections can be calculated
and kept in check by using span to effective depth ratios and this helps us keep the
deflections within reasonable limits.
*In this project, we will adopt the Limit State design philosophy
3.8 DESIGN STANDARDS

To ensure structural safety and universal compliance, Codes of practice have been introduced in
order to guide Engineers on how to go about deciding which specifications best fit the type of
structure they are designing. Items such as Quality of materials, construction methods, Design
loads, allowable stresses and other construction requirements are specified under these codes.
The main building codes used are listed below;
➢ BS 8110 – 1:1997 for the design of reinforced concrete
➢ BS 5950 – 1:2000 for the design of steelwork
➢ BS 6399 – 1:1996 for building loadings for the schedule of weights for building
materials
➢ CP3: Chapter V: Part 2:1972 for wind loads
3.9 STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

The main aim of structural design is coming with structural elements that will most efficiently
work together to transfer internal loadings to the foundation. These loads are calculated by the
designer either by hand or using computer methods. Basically, the reaction acting at the support
of one element is transferred as a load to the next element and the assumption is that this
sequence of load transmission load path is as follows: Loads move from the slab, onto the beams,
then the columns carry these loads to the foundation which dissipates the loading to the greatest
load bearer, the earth.

Fig. 3.7 load path from elements to element in a structure (Source: Arya Chanakya)
Slabs Are lateral load-carrying horizontal plates.
Beams Are also lateral load carrying members that also act as supports for slabs.
Columns Are Axial load carrying members. They are horizontal and act as supports to beams.
Foundations: Are load-bearing members that act as supports to columns and walls. Columns are
supported directly by the ground.
3.10 LOADS
There are generally three main types of loads that tend to act on a building structure. These are
Wind loads, Deas loads, Live loads and combined loads. These are discussed further below.
3.10. 1 WIND LOADS ( 𝑊𝑘 )

Wind loads are probably the most important loading types that need to be considered when
designing a structure that is more than three storeys high to ensure stability. Wind loads are as a
result of either wind pressure or suction acting on a building and the magnitude of which is
mainly determined by the wind velocity.
3.10. 2 DEAD LOADS (𝐺𝑘 , 𝑔𝑘 )

Dead loads are all those loads that permanently tend to act on a building. They may include but
are not limited to; the self-weight of the building, fixtures, partitions, finishes, cladding, etc.
Dead loads may be determined using predefined unit weights in BS648 or by using the known
weights of the materials.
3. 10. 3 LIVE LOADS (𝑄𝑘 , 𝑞𝑘 )

Live loads are also known as imposed loads. Live loads can be of such forms as Impact,
concentrated or distributed loads. They are mostly determined by the nature of use of the

building. Appropriate live loads have been tabulated based on intended occupancy in BS6399
part 1 table 1.
3. 10. 4 COMBINED LOADS
In most structures, the worst loading combination comes as a result of the maximum dead and
live loads acting simultaneously on the structure. In instances like this, the partial factors of
safety for dead and live loads are given as 1.4 and 1.6 respectively and therefore, the Design load
is given by;
Design Load= 1.4𝑔𝑘 +1.6𝑞𝑘

CHAPTER FOUR
DETAILED DESIGN

4.0 DESIGN INFORMATION
Client: The Copperbelt University Engineer: Group One

Architect: Local Authority: K.C.C
Relevant Building Regulations and > BS 648:1964 for schedule of weights for
Design Codes. building materials
> BS 6399 – 1:1996 for building loadings
> CP3:Chapter V: Part 2:1972 for wind loads
> BS 8110 – 1:1997 for reinforced concrete
design
> BS EN ISO 4066:2000 for bar scheduling
Primary Intended Use of Structure Classroom Block

Fire Resistance Requirements Minimum of 2 hours on all elements
General Loading Conditions
>All loadings will be according to BS 6399

>The loadings herein include live loads, dead
loads and wind loads
Imposed floor loading intensities > Roof Imposed : 1.5KN/m2
according to BS 6399 – 1:1996 > Finishes to floors and stairs : 54Kg/m2
> Floor imposed : 4KN/m2
> Stairs imposed : 4kN/m2
> Balcony : 1.5KN/mm2
Basic wind speed 28.0m/s
Exposure conditions Severe to mild exposure conditions
Subsoil conditions Assumed Safe Bearing capacity = 200kN/m2
> Pad foundations for columns
Foundation type > Strip foundations for walls
> Reinforced concrete will have a strength of
grade C30
> Mix design ratio 1: 1: 2
> Steel will have a strength of 460N/mm2
Material Information and 275N/mm2

4.1 Introduction
After the conceptual design, detailed structural design followed, sometimes called; ‘Design
development’ or ‘developed design’ during which the design develops to describe all the main
elements of the building and how they fit together. All the analysis and detailed design of
structural elements (e.g. roof truss, slab, beams, columns and foundation) are done in appendix
A.1 calculation sheets. The calculation sheets show the analysis and design of structural elements
in details which includes the design for bending reinforcement, for shear reinforcement, check
for serviceability by deflection and crack control check.
4.2 Preliminary analysis

This section involves the establishment of the general arrangement of the structure from
dimensions of the architectural design. The arrangement of the frame members are sited where
they are safe, economic, do not impair the aesthetical qualities of the building and ensure the
stability of the building.
After the general arrangement is prepared, the members are defined as whether continuous,
simply supported or cantilevered. In addition to this definition is the slab way; one way or two
ways spanning slabs. Finally the sizes of structural members are determined according to
BS8110 which are governed by the following parameters;
1. Minimum concrete mix and cover (Exposure conditions)
;– reference shall be according to table 3.4 of BS 8110 part 1
2. Minimum member dimensions and cover (Fire resistance)
;– Fig. 3.2 of BS 8110 part 1 provides tabulated values of
minimum dimensions and nominal covers for various types
of concrete members which are necessary to permit the
member to withstand fire for specified period of time (in this
case 1 hour fire resistance period is used),
3. Span/effective depth ratio ;– deflection criteria described by
BS 8110 part 1 will be satisfied provided that the
span/effective ratio of the beam does not exceed the
appropriate limiting values given in the table 4.0 below. For
ensuring the proper performance of the rectangular beams in
the structure, the deflection before and construction of
finishes and partitions should not exceed span/250 and
span/500 or 20mm respectively whichever is lesser for a span
up to 10m. For spans exceeding 10m table 4.0 should be used
only if it is not necessary to limit the increase in deflection
after construction of partitions and finishes. Where limitation
is necessary, the values in table 4.0 are multiplied by 10/span
except for cantilevers where the design should be justified by
calculation.

Table 4.0 Basic span/effective depth ratio for rectangular or flanged beams (Based on table 3.9
BS 8110 part 1)
4.3 Detailed design summary

> Reinforced concrete will have a strength of grade C30
> Mix design ratio 1: 1: 2
> Soil Bearing capacity = 200KN/m2
> Steel will have a strength of 460N/mm2 and 275N/mm2
4.3.1 R.C slab design

At continuous supports,
Main Steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 200mm c/c, (As = 566mm2/m)
Secondary Steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 200mm c/c (As = 566mm2/m) in the long – span direction.
At mid – span,
Main Steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 250mm c/c (As = 452mm2/m) in the short – span direction.
Secondary Steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 250mm c/c (As = 452mm2/m) in the long – span direction.
For buildability purposes, provide Y12 @ 200mm in both spans at supports and midspan
4.3.2 Main beam design

Middle of span B1 – B2 AND 52 – B6 (7.5m effective span)
Provide 6 Y20 (𝐴𝑠=2950𝑚𝑚2) [singly reinforced]
Middle of span B2 – B3, B3-B4, B4-B5
Provide 5 Y25 (𝐴𝑠=2450𝑚𝑚2) [singly reinforced]

At support B2 AND B5 [critical supports]
Compression reinforcement [ BOTTOM ]: Provide 5 Y25 (𝐴𝑠 = 2450𝑚𝑚2 )
Tension reinforcement [ TOP ]: Provide 8Y25 (3930𝑚𝑚2)
4.3.4 R.C staircase design

Main steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 175mm c/c (As = 646mm2/m) main steel at both flights.
Transverse distribution steel: Provide Y12 bars @ 150mm c/c (As’ = 523mm2/m) transverse
distribution steel at both flights.
Design shear stress ˂ shear capacity (0.227N/mm2 ˂ 0.527N/mm2)

Permissible deflection > actual deflection (25.6> 25.4).
4.3.5 Column design

Internal column design
Provide 4Y20 [𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1260𝑚𝑚2 ]
1
Diameter of links = 4 × 20𝑚𝑚 = 5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 8𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠, spacing of links is the lesser
of: 12 × 20 = 240mm [say 250mm]
Therefore, provide R8 @ 250mm centres.
4.3.6 Pad foundation design

The safe bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m2.
Square base plan area = 8.4m2 =9m2
Therefore, Square plan taken as 3m x 3m
Depth of the footing = 600mm
Provide Y20 @ 200 centres (1010mm2) distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing
parallel to the x-x and y-y axes
Crack width is Okay. Face shear is Okay. Punching shear is Okay. Transverse shear is Okay

5.1 DISCUSSION
Due to the size[area] to height ratio and the construction material adopted [reinforced concrete] Wind
load was not considered for the design of structural elements.
The building is regular in plan and in elevation having a storey height of 3.3m where both storeys are of
the same height.
The building consists of square columns measuring 400mm X 400mm, beams of width 300mm and
height 500mm, slab thickness of 180mm. The size of the columns is constant throughout all storeys and
the size of beams is also constant throughout all the storeys. The foundation is 3m x 3m square pad
foundation

CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the structural design undertaken [of a two storey classroom block] and its analysis with
[Slabs, Beams, Columns, Staircase and a Pad foundation] were done successfully. The ultimate loads
calculated were based on Dead Loads [the unit weights of materials used] and the Live loads using design
codes, British standards [BS8110 code of practice]. This thesis has been written to its entirety
successfully and includes the architectural drawings, full hand calculations and the structural detailing of
the two storey classroom block. In a bid to balance between Beauty [Aesthetics], Economy and Stability,
the overall safety of the building will depend on the architectural plan, the structural configuration, the
quality of the design/analysis, the reinforcement details of the building frame and of course good
workmanship on site.
In line with the scope of this project, only main structural components with critical loadings were
designed. All things considered, the project has been a success and the initial objectives met. Reinforced
concrete is a better choice of construction material for its versatility, strength and Durability.
6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
As the project evolved, minor changes were made to the architectural drawings in order to have an
arrangement of beams and columns that’s easy to analyze manually. For due diligence and proper
implementation of this project, the architectural drawings will be updated accordingly when coming up
with the As Built Drawings. The following are some notable recommendations;
➢ A detailed site investigation is required to get a more accurate bearing capacity.
➢ Design the same building using design software and compare the output results.
➢ For the number of storeys considered, steel is potentially a close economic contender,
therefore the building may be redesigned using structural steel and the BOQs compared
to see a more accurate difference in cost.
➢ The architectural design should include ramps.
➢ Complete design with a shear wall along the elevator shaft.
➢ Design and analysis of a different multi storey building type like, Agricultural,
Commercial, Educational, Government, Industrial, Military, Parking structures and
storage, Religious, Transport, Infrastructure and Power stations/plants etc.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.1
CALCULATION SHEETS

The Copperbelt University Calculation Sheet Sheet No.:
School of Engineering
Project: Design of a two storey classroom block
Department of Civil Engineering
and Construction Made by: MC Checked by: Part of:
P. O. Box 21692 Kitwe ZAMBIA
Date: Date:
A.1.2 R.C SLAB DESIGN

REF. CALCULATION OUTPUT
Panel A1-2 B1-2 (structural sheet; grid)
ly/lx = 7.5/7.5 = 1 = hence the slab is the two way slab. ly/lx = 1
Assume the overall height of the slab, h = 180mm
BS 8110 – 01 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels h = 180mm
Cl 3.5.3.7 Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous
Table 3.14 - Negative moment at continuous edge;
βsx,n = 0.047, βsy,n = 0.045
- Positive moment at mid – span;
βsx,p = 0.036, βsy,p = 0.034
Shear force coefficient for uniformly loaded rectangular panels
- Continuous edge;
βvx = 0.6, βvy = 0.4
- Discontinuous edge;
βvx = 0.4, βvy = 0.26
LOADING:
BS 6399 – 01 Dead load, Gk
Cl 5.1.4 Self-weight of slab = 0.18m × 24kN/m3 = 4.32kN/m2
Cl 5.2 Finishes = 0.54 kN/m2 Gk =4.86 kN/m2
Total dead load, Gk = (0.54+4.32) kN/m2 = 4.86 kN/m2
Imposed load, Qk Qk =4.0 kN/m2
Table 1 Total imposed load, Qk =4.0 kN/m2 n = 13.2kN/m2
Design load, n = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.4(4.86) + 1.6(4) = 13.2kN/m2

BS 8110 – 01 Negative moment at continuous edge in short span: msx,n =34.9kNm
Cl 3.5..3.4 msx,n = βsx,nnl2x = 0.047 × 13.2 × 7.52 = 34.9kNm
Negative moment at continuous edge in long span: msx,p =33.4kNm
msx,n = βsx,nnl2x = 0.045 × 13.2 × 7.52 = 33.4kNm
msy,p= 26.7kNm
Positive moment at mid – span in the short span:
msx,p = βsx,nnl2x = 0.036 × 13.2 × 7.52 = 26.7kNm msy,p =25kNm
Positive moment at mid – span in long span:
msy,p = βsx,nnl2x = 0.034 × 13.2 × 7.52 = 25kNm
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
At continuous supports
At continuous supports, the slab only resists hogging moment in the
short – span. Therefore, single layer of reinforcement (main steel) will
be needed in the top face of the slab.
Design moment, msx,n =34.9kNm
Table 3.4 Nominal cover, c = 25mm for fire resistance of 2 hours,
Concrete grade C30, fcu = 30N/mm2
Steel reinforcement grade 50, fy = 460N/mm2 d = 150mm
Assuming 10mm diameter of main steel and nominal cover, c =
25mm, the effective depth, d = h - ∅/2 – c = 180 – 10/2 -25 = 150mm
K = msx,n/fcubd2 = 34.9kNm ×106/30×103×1502 (per unit width, b

=1m)
K = 0.1024 < 0.156, No compression reinforcement required K = 0.1024

z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 150 = 142.5mm z = 142.5mm
Cl 3.12.5.3
Table 3.25 As = M/0.95fyz = 34.9×106/ 0.95×460×142.5 = 560mm2/m Main steel at
0.13%bh = 0.13% × 103 × 180 = 234mm2/m < 297mm2/m Okay supports provide
Provide Y12 bars @ 200mm c/c, (As = 566mm2/m) Y12 @ 100mm
Secondary steel c/c
K = msy,p / fcubd’2 = 33.4×106/30×103×1502 = 0.0495< 0.156
No compression reinforcement required
As = msx,p /0.95fyz = 33.4×106/0.95×460×(0.95×133)
= 536mm2/m
0.13%bh = 0.13% × 103 × 180 = 234mm2/m < 536mm2/m Okay
Provide Y12 bars @ 200mm c/c (As = 566mm2/m) in the long – span
direction.
At mid – span
At mid – span, the slab resists sagging moments in both directions,
hence two layers of reinforcement in the bottom face of the slab is
required.
d = 150mm
Therefore, place main steel in the short span and secondary steel in
the long span as show below; d’ = 140mm
Cl 3.12.5.3
Table 3.25
Assuming ∅ = 10mm diameter for main steel and ∅′ = 10mm diameter

for secondary steel and cover, c = 25mm
Effective depth of main steel, d = 150mm as calculated above
Effective depth of secondary steel, d′ = h - ∅ - ∅′/2 – c
180 – 10/2 – 25 = 150mm

Main steel Provide Y12
K = msx,p / fcubd2 = 26.7×106/30×103×1502 = 0.077 < 0.156 bars @ 200mm
No compression reinforcement required c/c at mid-span
z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 150mm = 142.5mm in the short-span
As = msx,p /0.95fyz = 26.7×106 /0.95×460×142.5 = 429mm2/m direction
0.13%bh = 0.13% × 103 × 180 = 234mm2/m < 536
Provide Y12 bars @ 200mm c/c (As = 566mm2/m) in the short – span
direction.
Secondary steel
K = msy,p / fcubd’2 = 25×106/30×103×1332 = 0.0471 < 0.156
No compression reinforcement required Provide Y10
bars @ 300mm
BS 8110 – 01 As = msx,p /0.95fyz = 25×106 /0.95×460×(0.95×210) c/c at mid-span
Cl 3.5.3.7 = 401 mm2/m in the long-span
0.13%bh = 0.13% × 103 × 250 = 234mm2/m < 401 direction
Provide Y12 bars @ 250mm c/c (As = 452mm2/m) in the long – span
direction.
SHEAR RESISTANCE ON SOLID SLAB

Table 3.8
Long span coefficient, βvy = 0.6 (discontinuous edge)
Short span coefficient, βvx = 0.4 (continuous edge)
Long span coefficient, βvy = 0.4 (continuous edge)
Short span coefficient, βvx = 0.26 (discontinuous edge)
Long span coefficient is critical
Vsy = βvynlx = 0.6 × 13.2 × 7.5 = 59.4KN
Therefore, critical design load, V = Vsx = 59.4N/m

Shear stress, v = V/bd = 59.4×103/103×150 = 0.396N/mm2
Design shear stress, vc = 100As/ /bd = 100x560/1000x150;
Table 3.8 BS 8110
= 0.57
Table 3.10 vc for fcu = 30N/mm2
vc = (30/25)1/3 × 0.57N/mm2 = 0.606N/mm2
Since vc > v, no shear reinforcement required.
DEFLECTION
Span 7500
Actual deflection = = = 50
Table 3.9 Effective depth 150
2 2 560
Service stress, fs = 3fy ×(As,req/As,pro) = ×460× = 303N/mm2
3 566
3.12.11.2.7 Modification factor, M.F = 0.55 + (477-fs)/[120(0.9 + M/bd2)] ≤ 2.0

M.F = 0.55 + (477-303)/[120(0.9 + 34.9×106/103×1502)]
M.F = 1.99< 2.0 okay
Span
Permissible deflection = = 26 × 1.99 =51.7 > actual,
Effective depth
hence Okay
3.12.11.2.4 Check spacing between bars

Maximum spacing between bars should not exceed 3d or 750mm.
3d = 3 × 150mm = 450mm
Actual spacing = 100mm, main steel and 125mm, secondary steel at
mid – span and 200mm, main steel at supports and 250 secondary
steel at supports. Hence bar spacing is okay.
Maximum crack width check
Clear spacing ≤ 47000/fs ≤ 300
≤ 47000/301 ≤ 300
≤ 156.1 ≤ 300 okay

Department of Civil
Engineering and Construction Made by: MC Checked by: Part of:
Date: Date:
MAIN BEAM DESIGN

BS 8110 Grid line B in the, B1-B6
3.2.1.2.2 Choice of critical loading arrangements
Critical loading arrangement
Extract from, Design of Structural Elements by Arya chanakya
DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE

Nominal cover for mild condition exposure = 25mm
Nominal cover for 300mm wide beams for 2hr period = 30mm
LOADING
Dead load between span A2 – E2 (refer to structural sheets )
Self – weight of slab = 0.18m × 7.5m × 24kN/m3 = 32.4kN/m Gk1 = 38.8kN/m
Self – weight of down-stand = 0.32m×0.3m×24kN/m3 = 2.3kN/m Qk1 = 30kN/m
Finishes (Terrazzo tiles) = 7.5m×54kg/m2 ×10N/kg = 4.05kN/m
Characteristic dead load on beam, Gk1 = 38.75kN/m
Characteristic live load on beam, Qk1 =7.5m × 4kN/m2 = 30kN/m

CALCULATION OUTPUT
BS8110 FIRST FLOOR MAIN BEAM DESIGN (Continued)
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
N=1.4×38.8+1.6×30= 102.3
F= 102.3×7.5=766.9
Middle of span B1 – B2 AND 52 – B6 (7.5m effective span)
From BM coefficients
M=0.09×766.9×7.5=517.7KNm M = 517.7kNm
Assume the main steel diameter, ∅ = 25𝑚𝑚, diameter of links
∅′ = 10𝑚𝑚 and cover, C = 30mm.
∅ 25
Effective depth, d =ℎ − − ∅′ − 𝐶 = 500 − − 8 − 30 = d = 450mm
2 2
499.5 SAY 450mm

0.7𝑙
The effective flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + for T – beam design
5 b = 1350mm
0.7 × 7500
3.4.1.5 𝑏𝑓 = 300 + = 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(= 1350𝑚𝑚)
5
𝑀 517.7 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.063124 < 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 30 × 1350 × 4502
Hence, no compression reinforcement required
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9) ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑧 = 450 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.06312⁄0.9) = 415.8 < 0.95𝑑 z = 375.05mm
0.95𝑑 = 0.95 × 450 = 427.5𝑚𝑚

ℎ𝑓 ℎ
Check: 𝑑 − 𝑧 < ⁄ = 450 − 415.8 = 34.2 < 𝑓⁄ OK
2 2
𝑀 527.7 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2849𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 415.8
Check: minimum reinforcement
0.13 ×1350 ×500
= 0.3%bh = = 877.5𝑚𝑚2 < 2849mm2
100
Provide 6 Y20 (𝐴𝑠=2950𝑚𝑚2)

Table 3.25

Middle of span B2 – B3, B3-B4, B4-B5
M = 402.6kNm
M = 0.07×766.9×7.5=402.6KNm
Assume the main steel consist of two layers diameter, ∅ = 25𝑚𝑚,
diameter of links ∅′ = 10𝑚𝑚 and cover, C = 30mm. d = 450mm
3.4.1.5 Effective depth, d = ℎ − ∅ − ∅′ − 𝐶 = 500 − 25/2 − 8 − 30 =
435mm
0.7𝑙 b = 1350mm
The effective flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + for T – beam design
5
3.4.4.4 0.7 × 8400
𝑏𝑓 = 400 + = 1350𝑚𝑚 < 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
5
𝑀 402.6 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.0491 < 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 30 × 1350 × 4502
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9) ≤ 0.95𝑑 z = 424mm
𝑧 = 450 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.0491⁄0.9) = 424 < 0.95𝑑
0.95𝑑 = 0.95 × 450 = 427.5𝑚𝑚

ℎ𝑓 ℎ
Check: 𝑑 − 𝑧 < ⁄ = 450 − 424 = 26 < 𝑓⁄ OK
2 2
Table 3.25
𝑀 402.6 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2173𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 424
0.13 ×1350 ×500
= 0.3%bh = = 877.5𝑚𝑚2< 2173𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 5 Y25 (𝐴𝑠=2450𝑚𝑚2)

At support B2 AND B5 [critical supports] M = -632.7kNm
M = -0.11×766.9×7.5= -632.7KNm Hogging moment
3.4.4.4 Assume the main steel consist of two layers diameter, ∅ = 25𝑚𝑚,
diameter of links ∅′ = 8𝑚𝑚 and cover, C = 30mm. d = 437mm
Effective depth, d = ℎ − ∅ − ∅′ − 𝐶 = 500 − 25 − 8 − 30 =
437mm
Since the beam is hogging the effective flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 = b = 300mm
300𝑚𝑚
𝑀 632.7 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.368 < 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 30 × 300 × 4372
Mu=0.156×30× 300 × 437𝑥437 = 268.1 < 632.7
Hence, Design as doubly reinforced
d’=30+8+25/2 = 51
′
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾 ⁄0.9) ≤ 0.95𝑑
z = 309.98mm
𝑧 = 437 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.156⁄0.9) = 339.5𝑚𝑚 < 0.95𝑑
Z = 0.95x437= 415.2
X =(437-339.5)/0.45 = 216.7
d'/x = 51/216.7 = 0.235 < 0.37
Compresion reinforcement
𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢 (632.7 − 268.4) × 106

𝐴𝑠 = =
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′) 0.95 × 460 × (437 − 51)
= 2161𝑚𝑚2
0.13 ×300 ×500
= 0.3%bh = = 195𝑚𝑚2 < 2161𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 5 Y25 (𝐴𝑠 = 2450𝑚𝑚2 )

Tension reinforcement
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = + As
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧
268.4× 106
= + 2161 = 3566𝑚𝑚2
0.95 ×460 ×437
Provide 8Y25 (3930𝑚𝑚2)
DEFLECTION
Mid – span of 2A-B (7.5m effective span)
Basic ratio = 20.8
𝑏𝑤 300
= 0.2222 ≤ 0.3 OK
𝑏 1350
𝑀 517.7 × 106
= = 1.89
𝑏𝑑 2 1350 × 4502
2 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 2 2161
Design service stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓 ×𝐴 = × 460 × 2450 =
3 𝑦 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 3
270.4𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(477−270.4)
Modification factor = 0.55 + = 1.17 ≤ 2
120(0.9+1.89)
MF = 1.17
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Allowable 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 20.8 × 1.17 = 24.3
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 7500
Actual 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = = 16.7 < 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 OK
450
CRACK CONTROL CHECK

47000
Clear spacing ≤ ≤ 300
𝑓𝑠
Bottom bars, fs = 270.4N/mm2

47000
Allowable clear spacing = = 173.8 ≤ 300
270.4
OK

Department of Civil
Date: Date:
A.1.5 R.C STAIRCASE DESIGN

BS 8110 – 01 DURATION AND FIRE RESISTANCE
Cl 3.3 Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure for grade C30 concrete
Table 3.3 & = 25mm. nominal cover for minimum of 180mm thickness of 2 hours Minimum cover =
Table 3.4 fire resistance = 25mm. 25mm
Data
Riser = 170mm
Tread = 300mm
Waist thickness = 200mm
Number of steps designed for
dog-legged staircase = 10
Effective span = 2.7+0.75+0.55 = 4m

Length of slope = √4 × 4 + 1.65 × 1.65 = 4.33m
4330
Minimum stair thickness, hmin = 20 ×1.4 ×1.15 = 135mm. Hence let the
waist be 200mm, designing for 1m width strip for staircase.
H = 200mm
LOADING:
Dead load, Gk
Self – weight of waist = 0.2m × 4.33m × 24kN/m3 = 20.78kN/m
Self – weight of steps = 0.17m × 0.3m × 10 × 24kN/m3/2 =
12.24kN/m
Finishes (terrazzo tiles) = 54kg/m2 × 4.33m × 10N/kg = 2.34kN/m
Cl 3.10.2.2 Gk = 35.4kN/m
Total dead load, Gk = 35.4kN/m
Qk = 17.32kN/m
Total imposed load, Qk = 3.0kN/m2 × 4.33m = 17.32kN/m

Design load, F = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.4(35.4) + 1.6(17.32)
BS 648 = 77.27kN/m F = 77.27kN/m
F𝑙 77.27 ×4.33 M = 41.8kNm
Design moment, M = = = 41.8kNm
8 8
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
BS 6399 – 01
Assuming 10mm diameter for main steel and secondary steel, cover,
Table 1 d = 170mm
c = 25mm.
BS 8110 – 01 d’ = 160mm
Effective depth (main steel), d = 200 – 10/2 – 25 = 170mm
As,req =592mm2
Effective depth (secondary steel), d’ = 200 – 10 -10/2 -25 = 160mm
As,prov=646mm2/m
Main steel
Provide Y12 bars
Use steel grade 50 ( fy = 460N/mm2)
@ 175mm c/c
2 6 3 2
K = M/fcubd = 41.8× 10 /(30×10 ×170 ) = 0.048 < 0.156
No compression reinforcement required.
z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 170 =161.5mm
As = M/0.95fyz = 41.8× 106 /(0.95×460×161.5) = 592mm2/m
Check: 0.13%bh = 0.13% × 103 × 200 = 260mm2/m < 592mm2 0kay
Table 3.25
Provide Y12 bars @ 175mm c/c (As = 646mm2/m) main steel at both
As’,req =
flights.
480mm2/m
Transverse distribution steel
As’,prov =
Use steel grade 43 (fy = 275N/mm2)
523mm2/m
Minimum reinforcement area, As’ = 0.24%Ac
Provide R12 bars
Where Ac = total area of concrete, Ac = bh
@ 150mm c/c
As’ = 0.24%bh = 0.24% × 103 × 200 = 480mm2/m
Provide Y12 bars @ 150mm c/c (As’ = 523mm2/m) transverse
distribution steel at both flights.
SHEAR RESISTANCE ON SOLID STAIRCASE
v = 0.227N/mm2
Simply supported, shear force, V = F/2 = 77.27kN/2 = 38.6kN
Shear stress, v = V/bd = 38.6 × 103/(103×170) = 0.227N/mm2
Design concrete shear stress, vc = 0.79{100As/(bvd)}1/3(400/d)1/4/γm
Table 3.8

Assuming that 50% of main steel are curtailed at the supports, As = vc = 0.527N/mm2
566/2 = 283mm2/m.
Therefore, vc = 0.79{100×323/(103×170)}1/3(400/170)1/4/1.25
vc = 0.527N/mm2
Since vc > v, no shear reinforcement is required
DEFLECTION
Span 4300
Actual deflection = = = 25.4
Effective depth 170
2 2 592 fs=280N/mm2
Service stress, fs = 3fy ×(As,req/As,pro) = ×460× = 280N/mm2
3 646
Table 3.10
Modification factor, M.F = 0.55 + (477-fs)/[120(0.9 + M/bd2)] ≤ 2.0
M.F = 0.55 + (477-280)/[120(0.9 + 41.8×106/103×1702)]
Table 3.9 M.F = 1.28
M.F = 1.28 < 2.0 okay
Span
Permissible deflection = = 20 × 1.28 =25.6 > actual,
Effective depth
3.12.11.2.7
hence Okay
Check spacing between bars
Maximum spacing between bars should not exceed 3d or 750mm.
3d = 3 × 170mm = 510mm
Actual spacing main steel = 175mm, secondary steel = 150mm,
3.12.11.2.4
Hence bar spacing is okay.
Maximum crack width check
Clear spacing ≤ 47000/fs ≤ 300
≤ 47000/280 ≤ 300
≤ 175 ≤ 300 okay

Department of Civil
Date: Date:
A.1.6 COLUMN DESIGN

BS 8110 Sub – frame analysis: refer to main beam sub – frame analysis
3.3 DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE Assume cover to
Table 3.3 Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 25mm links for internal
Table 3.4 Nominal cover for 400×400 column for 2hrs period = 25mm and external
columns = 30mm
INTERNAL COLUMN 2B (foundation to second floor)
The column is to be designed as a short braced column.
Assumed to be taking an approximately symmetrical arrangement
of beams
Roof slab is assumed to be 180mm thick
Therefore; Design for roof+1layer of slab Area of
influence=56.3𝑚2
Area of influence = 7.5×7.5 = 56.3𝑚2
LOADING
• Finishes 0.54×56.3 = 30.4kN
• Weight of slab 0.18×24×56.3 = 155.5kN
• Beam 0.3×0.5×24(7.5+7.5) = 54kN
• Column self-weight 0.4×0.4×3.3×24 = 12.67kN
• Load due to wall 3.3×0.25×9.81×[7.5+7.5] = 121.4kN
Total Dead load = 430.1kN

Total Live load = 4×56.3 = 225.2
Design load, n = [1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.4(430.1) + 1.6(225.2)] ×2 = Unfactored
1924.9kN n= 655.3
Depth of beam[500]>400 End cond. 1 Factored

Assuming the pad footing is not designed to resist any moment, n= 1924.9kN
Condition at the bottom = 3
Therefore, 𝛽𝑥 = 0.9
3.8.1.6 𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝛽𝑥 𝑙0𝑥 0.9×3300
= = = 7.43 < 15
ℎ ℎ 400
The column is to be designed as a short braced column.

STEEL REINFORCEMENT
β = 0.9
N= 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 +0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐
19249000=0.35× 30 ×[4002-𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]+ 0.67× 460𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 823𝑚𝑚2
Provide 4Y20 [𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1260𝑚𝑚2 ]
LINKS
Links provide R8
1
Diameter of links = × 20𝑚𝑚 = 5, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 8𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠,
4 @ 250mm centre
spacing of links is the lesser of: 12 × 20 = 240mm[say 250mm] or
the smallest cross – section dimension of the column = 400mm.
Therefore, provide R8 @ 250mm centres.
∅ 20
𝑑=ℎ− − ∅′ − 𝐶 = 400 − − 8 − 30 = 352𝑚𝑚
2 2

Department of Civil Engineering
and Construction Made by: MC Checked by: Part of:
Date: Date:
A.1.7 PAD FOUNDATION DESIGN

BS 8110 DURABILITY Nominal cover =
3.3.1.4 Use nominal 40mm cover against blinding and 75mm cover against ends 40mm blinding,
Loading 75mm ends
Dead load, Gk
Total Dead load = 430.1kN
Total Live load = 4×56.3 = 225.2
Design load factored, n = [1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 1.4(430.1) + 1.6(225.2)] ×2
= 1924.9kN
Design load Unfactored, n = [1.0Gk + 1.0Qk = (430.1) + (225.2)] ×2 =
1310.6kN
Assume a footing weight of 130kN
The safe bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m2
𝑁 1310.6+130
Pad area required = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 7.2𝑚2
200
Hence provide 3m square base (plan area = 9m2)

Assume an overall depth of footing, h = 600mm
Self – weight of footing = 9m2 × 0.6m × 24kN/m3 = 129.6kN ˂
assumed (= 130kN) OK!

REINFORCEMENT
Total ultimate load, W = 1924.9kN
𝑊 1924.9
Earth pressure, 𝑝𝑠 = = = 213.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 9
Maximum design moment occurs at the face of the column,

𝑝𝑠 𝑙2 213.9×1.352
𝑀= = = 194.7𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚 width of slab
2 2
Ultimate moment of resistance, Mu

Assume, 20mm diameter (∅) bars will be needed as bending
reinforcement in both direction.
Average effective depth,,𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶 − ∅ = 600 − 40 − 20 = 540𝑚𝑚 h = 600mm
2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 = 0.156 × 30 × 1000 × 540 = 1364.69𝑘𝑁𝑚
>𝑀
No compression reinforcement is required.
𝑀 194.7 ×106
𝐾= = = 0.0223 < 0.156
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 30×103 ×5402
ps = 194.7kN/
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9) ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑧 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − 0.0348⁄0.9) > 0.95𝑑 d = 540mm
𝑧 = 0.95 × 540 = 513𝑚𝑚

𝑀 194.7 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 825𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 ×460 ×513
Check: minimum steel area = 0.13%bh = 650mm2 ˂ 825mm2

Provide Y20 @ 200 centres (1010mm2) distributed uniformly across the
full width of the footing parallel to the x-x and y-y axes.
ULTIMATE SHEAR
Face shear
Maximum shear stress, vmax occurs at face of column

3.4.4.4 𝑊 1924.9 × 103
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 2.23𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑 (4 × 400) × 540
2.23N/mm2 ˂ permissible ( = 0.8√30 = 4.38𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) OK
Punching shear
Critical perimeter, pcrt = column perimeter + 8 × 1.5d Face shear Okay
𝑝𝑐𝑟𝑡 = 4 × 400 + 8 × 1.5 × 540 = 8080𝑚𝑚
Area within perimeter = (400 + 3𝑑)2 = (400 + 3 × 540)2 =
4.08 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
Ultimate punching shear force, 𝑉 = 213.9 × (9 − 4.08) = 1052𝑘𝑁
Table 3.25 Design punching shear stress, 𝑣 = 𝑉 = 1052×103 = 0.241𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑝𝑐𝑟𝑡 𝑑 8080×540
3.11.3.2
100𝐴𝑠 100 × 1010
= = 0.0623
𝑏𝑑 3000 × 540
30 1
Design concrete shear stress, 𝑣𝑐 = (25)3 × 0.34 = 0.361𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3.11.3.4
Since vc > v, punching failure is unlikely and 600mm depth of slab is
acceptable.
Punching shear
Transverse shear
Okay
Ultimate shear force, V = load on shaded area
𝑉 = 213.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 0.81𝑚 × 3𝑚 = 519.8𝑘𝑁
𝑉 841×103
Design shear stress, 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 = 3×103×540 = 0.32 < 𝑣𝑐 Transverse shear
OK OK
CRACKING
Clear distance = 300mm ˂ 750mm Okay
100𝐴𝑠 100 × 1010
= = 0.623 < 0.3%
𝑏𝑑 300 × 540 Crack width
Therefore, crack width is okay Okay
Blinding cover = 40mm
Ends cover = 75mm

APPENDIX A.2
BS FIGURES AND TABLES

APENDIX A.2.0 BS FIGURES
A.2. 1 flow chart of design procedure

Fig. A.2.0 flow chart of design procedure (Fig.3.1 of BS8110-01)

Fig. A.2.1 Minimum dimension of RC member for fire resistance (Fig.3.2 of BS8110-01)

Fig. A.2.2 Simplified stress block for concrete at ultimate limit state (Fig.3.2 of BS8110-01)

APENDIX A.2.1 BS TABLES
Table A.2.0 Values of γm for ultimate limit state (Table 2.2 of BS8110-01)
Table A.2.1 form and area of shear reinforcement in beams (Table 3.7 of BS8110-01)

Table A.2.2 Values of vc design concrete shear stress (Table 3.8 of BS8110-01)
Table A.2.3 Basic span/effective depth for rectangular of flange beams (Table 3.9 of BS8110-01)

Table A.2.4 Modification factor for tension reinforcement (Table 3.10 of BS8110-01)
Table A.2.5 Values of β for unbraced columns (Table 3.20 of BS8110-01)

Table A.2.5 Minimum percentages of reinforcement (Table 3.25 of BS8110-01)
Table A.2.6 Nominal effective length for a compression member (Table 3.22 of BS5950-01)

Table A.2.7 Empirical values for purlins (Table 3.27 of BS5950-01)
Table A.2.8 Presumed allowable bearing values under static loading (Table 1 of BS 8004)

APENDIX A.2.3 BS COLUMN DESIGN CHART

REFERENCES
1. Attalla, R. & Connors, J., 2016. Academic Library Design: A case study of the George C.
Gordon library, Worcester: WPI.
2. Borgstrom, E., 2016. Design of Timber Structures. Structural Aspects of Timber
Construction, 1(2).
3. Chanakya, A., 2009. Design of Structural Elements. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
4. Haseeb, J., 2017. Frame Structures - Types of frame structures. [Online]
Available at: https://www.aboutcivil.org/frame-structures-definition-types.html
[Accessed 3 June 2020].
5. Landmark, 2017. Timber Disadvantages Becomes Advantages. [Online]
Available at: http:/landmarkpro.com.au/news/item/timber-disadvantages-becomes-
advantages.html
[Accessed April December 2020].
6. Lungu, M. C. & Lungu, C. B. M., 2002. Into the Information age: Computerization of the
Copperbelt University Library. Oxford: The International Network for the Availability of
Scientific Publications (INASP).
7. Mosley, B., Bungey, J. & Hulse, R., 2007. Reinforced concrete design: to Eurocode 2.
6th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
8. Mrema, G. C., 2011. RURAL STRUCTURES IN THE TROPICS: Design and
Development. Rome: FAO Publication.
9. Owens, G. W. & Knowles, P. R., 1994. STEEL DESIGNERS' MANUAL. 5th ed. Oxford:
Blackwell Science Ltd.
10. Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. & Thornburn, T. H., 1974. FOUNDATION ENGINEERING.
2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Phoebe, 2017. Art & Literature Architecture. [Online]
Available at: http://www.reference.com/art-literature/multi-story-building-
299557670caa281d
[Accessed 3 March 2020].
12. Pilipines, 2015. SCRIBD. [Online]
Available at: https://www.scribd.com/mobile/document/268635106/Aquib-Steel-vs-
Concrete-150414102633-Conversion-Gate01
[Accessed 5 April 2020].
13. Region of Peel, 2015. AFFORDABLE HOUSING DESIGN. Guidelines and Standard
for Apartment Buildings, p. 36.
14. The constructor: Civil Engineering Home, n.d. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF
FOUNDATION FOR BUILDING. [Online]

Available at: http://www.theconstructor.org/geotechnical/factors-affecting-selection-of-
foundation-for-buildings/10504.
[Accessed 24 July 2020].
15. Trevor, D., 1990. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS DESIGN MANUAL. Oxford: Butterworth
Heinemann.
16. Understanding Building Construction, 2017. Load Bearing Masonry Construction.
[Online]
Available at: http://www.understandconstruction.com/load-bearing-construction.html
[Accessed 3 July 2020].

Design of A Two Storied RCC Building For The Proposed Civil Engineering Department at Cbu Using Bs 8110

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of A Two Storied RCC Building For The Proposed Civil Engineering Department at Cbu Using Bs 8110

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN OF A TWO STORIED RCC BUILDING FOR

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 2

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 3

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 4

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 5

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 6

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 7

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 8

1.2 Main Objective

1.3 Specific objectives

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 9

1.3.1 Site location

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 10

1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 11

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 12

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 13

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 14

Client The Copperbelt University

2.1 CLIENTS BRIEF

• Describing the overall functionality of the finished building

• Outlines the design direction a client has in mind

• Outlines and sets up a timeframe and budget

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 15

1 Classrooms 8 classrooms in total

2 Offices 6 Offices per floor. 12 in total

4 Soils lab 1 soils lab

5 Computer lab 1 computer lab

6 Toilets Accommodate 28 people

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 16

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 17

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 18

It is susceptible to pest attacks, rot, mould, fungi and termite attacks;

4 It has an overly higher maintenance cost compared to other construction

5 Its fire resistance is very poor.

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 19

5 Corrodes easily if not properly protected.

3.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 20

2 Reinforced concrete performs well under tension provided it is properly

4 It is more durable than Timber and Steel structures.

6 It has a very low maintenance cost.

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 21

3.6 REINFORCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY USED IN DESIGN

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 22

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 23

3.7 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 24

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 25

ii. Serviceability Limit state

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 26

3.8 DESIGN STANDARDS

3.9 STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 27

3.10. 1 WIND LOADS ( 𝑊𝑘 )

3.10. 2 DEAD LOADS (𝐺𝑘 , 𝑔𝑘 )

3. 10. 3 LIVE LOADS (𝑄𝑘 , 𝑞𝑘 )

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 28

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 29

Design of a Two Storey Classroom Block 30

Client: The Copperbelt University Engineer: Group One

Primary Intended Use of Structure Classroom Block