Montreal
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"Montrealer" redirects here. For other uses, see Montreal
(disambiguation) and Montrealer (disambiguation).

Montreal
Montréal  (French)

City

Ville de Montréal
 From top, left to right: Downtown Montreal skyline, Old
Montreal, Notre-Dame Basilica, Old Port of Montreal, Saint Joseph's
Oratory, Olympic Stadium

Flag

Coat of arms
 Logo

Nickname(s): 

"MTL", "The 514", "The City of Festivals", "The City of Saints", "The
City of a Hundred Steeples", "Sin City", "La Métropole"[1][2][3][4]

Motto(s): 

Concordia Salus ("well-being through harmony")

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Interactive map of Montreal

Coordinates:  45°30′32″N 73°33′15″W[5]Coordinates:  45°30′32″N 7

3°33′15″W[5]

Country Canada
Province Quebec
Region Montreal
UA Urban agglomeration of Montreal

Founded May 17, 1642

Incorporated 1832
Constituted January 1, 2002

Boroughs show

List

Government
[6]

 • Type Montreal City Council

 • Mayor Valérie Plante
 • Federal riding show

List
 • Prov. riding show

List
 • MPs show

List of MPs

Area
[7][8]

 • City 431.50 km2 (166.60 sq mi)
 • Land 365.13 km2 (140.98 sq mi)
 • Urban 1,293.99 km2 (499.61 sq mi)
[9]

 • Metro 4,604.26 km2 (1,777.71 sq mi)
[10]

Highest elevation 233 m (764 ft)

Lowest elevation 6 m (20 ft)

Population
 (2021)[8]
 • City 1,762,949 (2nd)
 • Density 4,833.5/km2 (12,519/sq mi)
 • Metro 4,291,732 (2nd)
[11]

 • Metro density 919/km2 (2,380/sq mi)
 • Pop 2016–2022  2.9%

 • Metro Dwellings 1,929,263

Demonym(s) Montrealer
Montréalais(e)[12]

Time zone UTC−05:00 (EST)

 • Summer (DST) UTC−04:00 (EDT)

Postal code(s) show

H
Area code(s) 514 and 438 and 263
Police SPVM
 GDP (Montreal CMA) $200.9 billion (2016)[13]
GDP per capita CA$49,024 (2016)
(Montreal CMA)

Website montreal.ca 

Montreal (/ˌmʌntriˈɔːl/ ( listen) MUN-tree-AWL; officially Montréal, French: [mɔ̃ʁeal] ( listen))

is the second-most populous city in Canada and most populous city in the Canadian
province of Quebec. Founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary",[14] it is named
after Mount Royal,[15] the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The city is centred on
the Island of Montreal, which obtained its name from the same origin as the city,[16][17] and
a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is
situated 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital Ottawa, and 258 km (160 mi)
southwest of the provincial capital, Quebec City.
As of 2021, the city had a population of 1,762,949,[18] and a metropolitan population of
4,291,732,[19] making it the second-largest city, and second-largest metropolitan area in
Canada. French is the city's official language[20][21] and in 2016 was the only home
language of 53.7% of the population, while 18.2% spoke only English and 18.7% spoke
neither French nor English at home.[22] 9.4% spoke a mix of French, English and a
foreign language at home. In the larger Montreal Census Metropolitan Area, 71.2% of
the population spoke at least French at home, compared to 19.0% who spoke English.
[11]
 Still in 2016, 87.4% of the population of the city of Montreal considered themselves
fluent in French while 91.4% could speak it in the metropolitan area.[23][24] Montreal is one
of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 57.4% of the population able to
speak both English and French.[22] Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-
speaking city in the developed world, after Paris.[25][26][27][note 1]
Historically the commercial capital of Canada, Montreal was surpassed in population
and in economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s.[30] It remains an important centre of
commerce, aerospace, transport, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design,
education, art, culture, tourism, food, fashion, video game development, film, and world
affairs. Montreal has the second-highest number of consulates in North America,
[31]
 serves as the location of the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation
Organization, and was named a UNESCO City of Design in 2006.[32][33] In 2017, Montreal
was ranked the 12th-most liveable city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit in
its annual Global Liveability Ranking,[34] although it slipped to rank 40 in the 2021 index,
primarily due to stress on the healthcare system from the COVID-19 pandemic.[35] It is
regularly ranked as a top ten city in the world to be a university student in the QS World
University Rankings.[36]
Montreal has hosted multiple international conferences and events, including the 1967
International and Universal Exposition and the 1976 Summer Olympics.[37][38] It is the only
Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics. In 2018, Montreal was ranked as
a global city.[39] The city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One since 1978,[40] as
well as the Montreal International Jazz Festival,[41] the largest jazz festival in the world,
[42]
 the Just for Laughs festival, the largest comedy festival in the world,[43] and Les
Francos de Montréal, which is the largest event devoted exclusively to French-language
music anywhere in the world.[44] It is also home to ice hockey team Montreal Canadiens,
the franchise with the most Stanley Cup wins.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Pre-European contact
o 2.2Early European settlement (1600–1760)
o 2.3American occupation (1775–1776)
o 2.4Modern history as city (1832–present)
 3Geography
o 3.1Climate
 4Architecture
 5Neighbourhoods
o 5.1Old Montreal
o 5.2Mount Royal
 6Demographics
o 6.1Immigration
 7Economy
 8Culture
 9Sports
 10Media
 11Government
 12Policing
 13Crime
 14Education
o 14.1Higher education (English)
o 14.2Higher education (French)
 15Transportation
o 15.1Société de transport de Montréal
o 15.2Air
o 15.3Rail
o 15.4Bike Share Program
 16Notable people
 17International relations
o 17.1Sister cities
o 17.2Friendship cities
 18See also
 19Notes
 20References
 21Further reading
 22External links

Etymology[edit]
In the Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià:ke tsi ionhwéntsare. This name
refers to the Lachine Rapids to the island's southwest or Ka-wé-no-te. It means "a place
where nations and rivers unite and divide".[citation needed]
In the Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang[45] which served as "the first
stopping place" in the Ojibwe migration story as related in the seven fires prophecy.
European settlers from La Flèche in the Loire valley first named their new town, founded
in 1642, Ville Marie ("City of Mary"),[14] named for the Virgin Mary.[46] Its current name
comes from Mount Royal,[15] the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. According to
one theory, the name derives from mont Réal, (Mont Royal in modern French, although
in 16th-century French the forms réal and royal were used interchangeably); Cartier's
1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, refers to le mont Royal.[47] One of Cartier's
officers was Claude de Pontbriand, lord of the Château de Montréal,[48] in the Occitan-
speaking part of France. The toponym Montréal and its reversed form Réalmont, the
direct Occitan translation of French mont royal (or royal mont), are common in southern
France. One possibility, noted by the government of Canada on its website concerning
Canadian place names, speculates that the name as it is currently written originated
when an early map of 1556 used the Italian name of the mountain, Monte Real;
[49]
 the Commission de toponymie du Québec has dismissed this idea as a
misconception.[47]

History[edit]
Main article: History of Montreal
See also: Timeline of Montreal history
Pre-European contact[edit]

Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga. Arriving in 1535, Cartier was the first European to visit the area.

Archaeological evidence in the region indicate that First Nations native people occupied

the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago.[50] By the year AD 1000, they had
started to cultivate maize. Within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages.
[51]
 The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, an ethnically and culturally distinct group from
the Iroquois nations of the Haudenosaunee (then based in present-day New York),
established the village of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount Royal two centuries before the
French arrived. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at other
locations in the valley since at least the 14th century.[52] The French explorer Jacques
Cartier visited Hochelaga on October 2, 1535, and estimated the population of the
native people at Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people".[52] Evidence of earlier
occupation of the island, such as those uncovered in 1642 during the construction of
Fort Ville-Marie, have effectively been removed.
Early European settlement (1600–1760)[edit]
In 1603, French explorer Samuel de Champlain reported that the St Lawrence
Iroquoians and their settlements had disappeared altogether from the St Lawrence
valley. This is believed to be due to outmigration, epidemics of European diseases, or
intertribal wars.[52][53] In 1611, Champlain established a fur trading post on the Island of
Montreal on a site initially named La Place Royale. At the confluence of Petite
Riviere and St. Lawrence River, it is where present-day Pointe-à-Callière stands.[54] On
his 1616 map, Champlain named the island Lille de Villemenon in honour of the sieur de
Villemenon, a French dignitary who was seeking the viceroyship of New France.[55] In
1639, Jérôme Le Royer de La Dauversière obtained the Seigneurial title to the Island of
Montreal in the name of the Notre Dame Society of Montreal to establish a Roman
Catholic mission to evangelize natives.
Dauversiere hired Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, then age 30, to lead a group of
colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for
Quebec and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was
founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first
governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command
of Jeanne Mance.[56] By 1643, Ville-Marie had come under Iroquois raids. In 1652,
Maisonneuve returned to France to raise 100 volunteers to bolster the colonial
population. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-
located downriver to Quebec City. Before these 100 arrived in the fall of 1653, the
population of Montreal was barely 50 people.

French authorities surrender the city of Montreal to the British after the Articles of Capitulation was signed in
1760.

By 1685, Ville-Marie was home to some 600 colonists, most of them living in modest
wooden houses. Ville-Marie became a centre for the fur trade and a base for
further exploration.[56] In 1689, the English-allied Iroquois attacked Lachine on the Island
of Montreal, committing the worst massacre in the history of New France.[57] By the early
18th century, the Sulpician Order was established there. To encourage French
settlement, it wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville-Marie.
It had a mission village, known as Kahnewake, south of the St Lawrence River. The
fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting
grounds north of the Ottawa River. This became Kanesatake.[58] In 1745, several
Mohawk families moved upriver to create another settlement, known as Akwesasne. All
three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a
French colony until 1760, when Montreal fell to a British offensive during the Seven
Years' War. The colony then surrendered to Great Britain.[59]
Ville-Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until
1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island
of Montreal" long before then.[60]
American occupation (1775–1776)[edit]
As part of the American Revolution, the invasion of Quebec resulted after Benedict
Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga in present-day upstate New York in May 1775 as a
launching point to Arnold's invasion of Quebec in September. While Arnold approached
the Plains of Abraham, Montreal fell to American forces led by Richard Montgomery on
November 13, 1775, after it was abandoned by Guy Carleton. After Arnold withdrew
from Quebec City to Pointe-aux-Trembles on November 19, Montgomery's forces left
Montreal on December 1 and arrived there on December 3 to plot to attack Quebec
City, with Montgomery leaving David Wooster in charge of the city. Montgomery was
killed in the failed attack and Arnold, who had taken command, sent Brigadier
General Moses Hazen to inform Wooster of the defeat.
Wooster left Hazen in command on March 20, 1776, as he left to replace Arnold in
leading further attacks on Quebec City. On April 19, Arnold arrived in Montreal to take
over command from Hazen, who remained as his second-in-command. Hazen sent
Colonel Timothy Bedel to form a garrison of 390 men 40 miles upriver in a garrison
at Les Cèdres, Quebec, to defend Montreal against the British army. In the Battle of the
Cedars, Bedel's lieutenant Isaac Butterfield surrendered to George Forster.
Forster advanced to Fort Senneville on May 23. By May 24, Arnold was entrenched
in Montreal's borough of Lachine. Forster initially approached Lachine, then withdrew
to Quinze-Chênes. Arnold's forces then abandoned Lachine to chase Forster. The
Americans burned Senneville on May 26. After Arnold crossed the Ottawa River in
pursuit of Forster, Forster's cannons repelled Arnold's forces. Forster negotiated a
prisoner exchange with Henry Sherburne and Isaac Butterfield, resulting in a May 27
boating of their deputy Lieutenant Park being returned to the Americans. Arnold and
Forster negotiated further and more American prisoners were returned to Arnold
at Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, ("Fort Anne") on May 30 (delayed two days by
wind).
Arnold eventually withdrew his forces back to the New York fort of Ticonderoga by the
summer. On June 15, Arnold's messenger approaching Sorel spotted Carleton returning
with a fleet of ships and notified him. Arnold's forces abandoned Montreal (attempting to
burn it down in the process) prior to the June 17 arrival of Carleton's fleet.
The Americans did not return British prisoners in exchange, as previously agreed, due
to accusations of abuse, with Congress repudiating the agreement at the protest of
George Washington. Arnold blamed Colonel Timothy Bedel for the defeat, removing him
and Lieutenant Butterfield from command and sending them to Sorel for court-martial.
The retreat of the American army delayed their court martial until August 1, 1776, when
they were convicted and cashiered at Ticonderoga. Bedel was given a new commission
by Congress in October 1777 after Arnold was assigned to defend Rhode Island in July
1777.
Modern history as city (1832–present)[edit]

View of Lachine Canal in 1826, a year after it opened. It bypassed the rapids west of the city, linking Montreal
with other continental markets.

Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832.[61] The opening of the Lachine Canal

permitted ships to bypass the unnavigable Lachine Rapids,[62] while the construction of
the Victoria Bridge established Montreal as a major railway hub. The leaders of
Montreal's business community had started to build their homes in the Golden Square
Mile from about 1850. By 1860, it was the largest municipality in British North
America and the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.[63][64]
In the 19th century, maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult
with the rapid increase in population. A majority of the drinking water was still coming
from the city's harbour, which was busy and heavily trafficked, leading to the
deterioration of the water within. In the mid 1840s, the City of Montreal installed a water
system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and into cisterns. The cisterns
would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of
its type in Montreal, as there had been one in private ownership since 1801. In the
middle of the 19th century, water distribution was carried out by "fontainiers". The
fountainiers[clarification needed] would open and close water valves outside of buildings, as
directed, all over the city. As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to
connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. However, the
population was not finished rising — it rose from 58,000 in 1852 to 267,000 by 1901.[65][66]
[67]

Political protests from Tories led to the burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal in 1849.

Montreal was the capital of the Province of Canada from 1844 to 1849, but lost its
status when a Tory mob burnt down the Parliament building to protest the passage of
the Rebellion Losses Bill.[68] Thereafter, the capital rotated between Quebec City
and Toronto until in 1857, Queen Victoria herself established Ottawa as the capital due
to strategic reasons. The reasons were twofold. First, because it was located more in
the interior of the Province of Canada, it was less susceptible to attack from the United
States. Second, and perhaps more importantly, because it lay on the border between
French and English Canada, Ottawa was seen as a compromise between Montreal,
Toronto, Kingston and Quebec City, which were all vying to become the young nation's
official capital. Ottawa retained the status as capital of Canada when the Province of
Canada joined with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to form the Dominion of Canada in
1867.
An internment camp was set up at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to
November 1918.[69]
After World War I, the prohibition movement in the United States led to Montreal
becoming a destination for Americans looking for alcohol.[70] Unemployment remained
high in the city and was exacerbated by the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great
Depression.[71]

An anti-conscription rally in Montreal, 1917. During both World Wars, the city saw protest against the
implementation of conscription.

During World War II, Mayor Camillien Houde protested against conscription and urged

Montrealers to disobey the federal government's registry of all men and women.[72] The
federal government, part of the Allied forces, was furious over Houde's stand and held
him in a prison camp until 1944.[73] That year, the government decided to institute
conscription to expand the armed forces and fight the Axis powers. (See Conscription
Crisis of 1944.)[72]
Montreal was the official residence of the Luxembourg royal family in exile during World
War II.[74]
By 1951, Montreal's population had surpassed one million.[75] However, Toronto's growth
had begun challenging Montreal's status as the economic capital of Canada. Indeed,
the volume of stocks traded at the Toronto Stock Exchange had already surpassed that
traded at the Montreal Stock Exchange in the 1940s.[76] The Saint Lawrence
Seaway opened in 1959, allowing vessels to bypass Montreal. In time, this development
led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas.
[77]
 During the 1960s, there was continued growth as Canada's tallest skyscrapers, new
expressways and the subway system known as the Montreal Metro were finished during
this time. Montreal also held the World's Fair of 1967, better known as Expo67.
Lighting of the Olympic Torch inside Montreal's Olympic Stadium. The city hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics.

The 1970s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming
largely from the concerns of the French-speaking majority about the conservation of
their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of the English
Canadian minority in the business arena.[78] The October Crisis and the 1976 election of
the Parti Québécois, which supported sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the
departure of many businesses and people from the city.[79] In 1976, Montreal hosted
the Summer Olympics. While the event brought the city international prestige and
attention, the Olympic Stadium built for the event resulted in massive debt for the city.
[80]
 During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of economic
growth than many other major Canadian cities. Montreal was the site of the 1989 École
Polytechnique massacre, one of Canada's worst mass shootings, where 25-year-
old Marc Lépine shot and killed 14 people, all of them women, and wounding 14 other
people before shooting himself at École Polytechnique.
Montreal was merged with the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal
on January 1, 2002, creating a unified city encompassing the entire island. There was
substantial resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception being that it
was forced on the mostly English suburbs by the Parti Québécois. As expected, this
move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. Several former
municipalities, totalling 13% of the population of the island, voted to leave the unified
city in separate referendums in June 2004. The demerger took place on January 1,
2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. Demerged
municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that
collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services.[81] The 2002 mergers
were not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and
villages beginning with Hochelaga in 1883, with the last prior to 2002 being Pointe-aux-
Trembles in 1982.
The 21st century has brought with it a revival of the city's economic and cultural
landscape. The construction of new residential skyscrapers, two super-hospitals
(the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and McGill University Health Centre),
the creation of the Quartier des Spectacles, reconstruction of the Turcot Interchange,
reconfiguration of the Decarie and Dorval interchanges, construction of the new Réseau
électrique métropolitain, gentrification of Griffintown, subway line extensions and the
purchase of new subway cars, the complete revitalization and expansion of Trudeau
International Airport, the completion of Quebec Autoroute 30, the reconstruction of
the Champlain Bridge and the construction of a new toll bridge to Laval are helping
Montreal continue to grow.[citation needed]
Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Montreal

The island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa rivers.

Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of the
Island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The port
of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that
stretches from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic.[82] Montreal is defined by its location
between the Saint Lawrence river to its south and the Rivière des Prairies to its north.
The city is named after the most prominent geographical feature on the island, a three-
head hill called Mount Royal, topped at 232 m (761 ft) above sea level.[83]
Montreal is at the centre of the Montreal Metropolitan Community, and is bordered by
the city of Laval to the north; Longueuil, Saint-Lambert, Brossard, and other
municipalities to the south; Repentigny to the east and the West Island municipalities to
the west. The anglophone enclaves of Westmount, Montreal West, Hampstead, Côte
Saint-Luc, the Town of Mount Royal and the francophone enclave Montreal East are all
surrounded by Montreal.[84]
Climate[edit]
Montreal is classified as a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate
classification: Dfb).[85][86] Summers are warm to hot and humid with a daily maximum
average of 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F) in July; temperatures in excess of 30 °C (86 °F) are
common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early
and later parts of summer.

Winters in Montreal bring cold, snowy, windy, and at times, icy weather.

Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average
ranging from −10.5 to −9 °C (13.1 to 15.8 °F) in January. However, some winter days
rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February
each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or
second week of December until the last week of March.[87] While the air temperature
does not fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) every year,[88] the wind chill often makes the
temperature feel this low to exposed skin.
Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring
even more so than fall.[89] Late season heat waves as well as "Indian summers" are
possible. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and
more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from late April to late October.
However, snow can fall in early to mid-October as well as early to mid-May on rare
occasions.
The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was −37.8 °C (−36 °F) on
January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on August 1,
1975, both at Dorval International Airport.[90]
Before modern weather record keeping (which dates back to 1871 for McGill),[91] a
minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.m. on January 10,
1859, where it registered at −42 °C (−44 °F).[92]
Annual precipitation is around 1,000 mm (39 in), including an average of about 210 cm
(83 in) of snowfall, which occurs from November through March. Thunderstorms are
common in the period beginning in late spring through summer to early fall; additionally,
tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages
2,050 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though
slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation—mostly from thunderstorms.
[93]

hideClimate data for Montreal (Mont

WMO ID: 71627; coordinates  45°28′N 73°45′W; elevation
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr
Record high humidex 13.5 14.7 28.0 33.8
13.9 15.0 25.8 30.0
Record high °C (°F)
(57.0) (59.0) (78.4) (86.0)
−5.3 −3.2 2.5 11.6
Average high °C (°F)
(22.5) (26.2) (36.5) (52.9)
−9.7 −7.7 −2 6.4
Daily mean °C (°F)
(14.5) (18.1) (28) (43.5)
−14.0 −12.2 −6.5 1.2
Average low °C (°F)
(6.8) (10.0) (20.3) (34.2)
−37.8 −33.9 −29.4 −15.0
Record low °C (°F)
(−36.0) (−29.0) (−20.9) (5.0)
Record low wind chill −49.1 −46.0 −42.9 −26.3
77.2 62.7 69.1 82.2
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(3.04) (2.47) (2.72) (3.24)
 27.3 20.9 29.7 67.7
Average rainfall mm (inches)
(1.07) (0.82) (1.17) (2.67)
49.5 41.2 36.2 12.9
Average snowfall cm (inches)
(19.5) (16.2) (14.3) (5.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.7 13.7 13.6 12.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 4.2 4.0 6.9 11.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 15.3 12.1 9.1 3.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500) 68.1 63.4 58.3 51.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.2 127.8 164.3 178.3
Percent possible sunshine 35.7 43.7 44.6 44.0
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5
Source: Environment and Climate Ch

Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of Montreal

Many colonial era buildings can be found in Old Montreal with several dating as far back as the late 17th
century.

For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of
Canada.[97] This legacy has left a variety of buildings including
factories, elevators, warehouses, mills, and refineries, that today provide an invaluable
insight into the city's history, especially in the downtown area and the Old Port area.
There are 50 National Historic Sites of Canada, more than any other city.[98]
Some of the city's earliest still-standing buildings date back to the late 17th and early
18th centuries. Although most are clustered around the Old Montreal area, such as the
Sulpician Seminary adjacent to Notre Dame Basilica that dates back to 1687, and
Château Ramezay, which was built in 1705, examples of early colonial architecture are
dotted throughout the city. Situated in Lachine, the Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the
oldest complete building in the city, built between 1669 and 1671. In Point St. Charles
visitors can see the Maison Saint-Gabriel, which can trace its history back to 1698.
[99]
 There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in their original form: Notre Dame of
Montreal Basilica, Bonsecours Market, and the 19th-century headquarters of all major
Canadian banks on St. James Street (French: Rue Saint Jacques). Montreal's earliest
buildings are characterized by their uniquely French influence and grey stone
construction.

Habitat 67 is a model community and housing complex developed for Expo 67 World Fair.

Saint Joseph's Oratory, completed in 1967, Ernest Cormier's Art Deco Université de

Montréal main building, the landmark Place Ville Marie office tower, the controversial
Olympic Stadium and surrounding structures, are but a few notable examples of the
city's 20th-century architecture. Pavilions designed for the 1967 International and
Universal Exposition, popularly known as Expo 67, featured a wide range of
architectural designs. Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have
become landmarks, including Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome U.S. Pavilion, now
the Montreal Biosphere, and Moshe Safdie's striking Habitat 67 apartment complex.
The Montreal Metro has public artwork by some of the biggest names in Quebec
culture.
In 2006 Montreal was named a UNESCO City of Design, one of only three design
capitals of the world (the others being Berlin and Buenos Aires).[32] This distinguished
title recognizes Montreal's design community. Since 2005 the city has been home for
the International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda);[100] the International
Design Alliance (IDA).[101]
The Underground City (officially RESO) is an important tourist attraction. It is the set of
interconnected shopping complexes (both above and below ground). This impressive
network connects pedestrian thoroughfares to universities, as well as hotels,
restaurants, bistros, subway stations and more, in and around downtown with 32 km
(20 mi) of tunnels over 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi) of the most densely populated part of
Montreal.

Neighbourhoods[edit]
Main article: List of neighbourhoods in Montreal
See also: Boroughs of Montreal
Map of boroughs & neighbourhoods on the island of Montreal.

The city is composed of 19 large boroughs, subdivided into neighbourhoods.[102] The

boroughs are: Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace, The Plateau Mount
Royal, Outremont and Ville Marie in the centre; Mercier–Hochelaga-
Maisonneuve, Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension in
the east; Anjou, Montréal-Nord, Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles and Saint-
Leonard in the northeast; Ahuntsic-Cartierville, L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-
Geneviève, Pierrefonds-Roxboro and Saint-Laurent in the northwest;
and Lachine, LaSalle, The South West and Verdun in the south.
Many of these boroughs were independent cities that were forced to be merged with
Montreal in January 2002 following the 2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal.

A view of Downtown Montreal from Mont Royal. Many neighbourhoods, including downtown, are located in the
borough of Ville-Marie.

The borough with the most neighbourhoods is Ville Marie, which includes downtown,
the historical district of Old Montreal, Chinatown, the Gay Village, the Latin Quarter, the
gentrified Quartier international and Cité Multimédia as well as the Quartier des
Spectacles which is under development. Other neighbourhoods of interest in the
borough include the affluent Golden Square Mile neighbourhood at the foot of Mount
Royal and the Shaughnessy Village/Concordia U area home to thousands of students
at Concordia University. The borough also comprises most of Mount Royal Park, Saint
Helen's Island, and Notre-Dame Island.
The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area. The largest
neighbourhood is the Plateau (not to be confused with the whole borough), which is
undergoing considerable gentrification,[103] and a 2001 study deemed it as Canada's most
creative neighbourhood because artists comprise 8% of its labour force.[104] The
neighbourhood of Mile End in the northwestern part of the borough has been a very
multicultural area of the city, and features two of Montreal's well-known bagel
establishments, St-Viateur Bagel and Fairmount Bagel. The McGill Ghetto is in the
extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that
it is home to thousands of McGill University students and faculty members.
The South West borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th
and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough included Goose Village and is home to the
traditionally working-class Irish neighbourhoods of Griffintown and Point Saint
Charles as well as the low-income neighbourhoods of Saint Henri and Little Burgundy.
Other notable neighbourhoods include the multicultural areas of Notre-Dame-de-
Grâce and Côte-des-Neiges in the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace borough,
and Little Italy in the borough of Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Hochelaga-
Maisonneuve, home of the Olympic Stadium in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-
Maisonneuve.
List of Montreal neighbourhoods
Area Density Average
N Population
Neighbourhoods (Square inhabitants/ Square rent
. (2016)[105]
kilometre) kilometre ($/month)[106]
1 Ahuntsic-Cartierville 24,2 134,245 5,547.3 1,167
2 Anjou 13,7 42,796 3,123.8 1,151
Côte-des-Neiges–
3 21,4 166,520 7,781.3 1,300
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
4 Lachine 17,7 44,489 2,513.5 1,078
5 LaSalle 16,3 76,853 4,714.9 1,283
Le Plateau-Mont-
6 8,1 104,000 12,839.5 1,437
Royal
7 Le Sud-Ouest 15,7 78,151 4,977.8 1,526
L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-
8 23,6 18,413 780.2 1,639
Geneviève
Mercier–Hochelaga-
9 25,4 136,024 5,355.3 1,164
Maisonneuve
10 Montréal-Nord 11,1 84,234 7,588.6 1,002
11 Outremont 3,9 23,954 6,142.1 1,690
12 Pierrefonds-Roxboro 27,1 69,297 2,557.1 1,303
Rivière-des-Prairies–
13 42,3 106,743 2,523.5 1,195
Pointe-aux-Trembles
Rosemont–La Petite-
14 15,9 139,590 8,779.2 1,287
Patrie
15 Saint-Laurent 42,8 98,828 2,309.1 1,325
16 Saint-Léonard 13,5 78,305 5,800.0 1,262
17 Verdun 9,7 69,229 7,137.0 1,384
18 Ville-Marie 16,5 89,170 5,404.2 1,613
Villeray–Saint-
19 16,5 143,853 8,718.4 1,197
Michel–Parc-Extension
TOTAL 365,2 1,704,694 4,667.8
Old Montreal[edit]
Main article: Old Montreal

Place Jacques-Cartier is a major public square and attraction in Old Montreal.

Old Montreal is a historic area southeast of downtown containing many attractions such
as the Old Port of Montreal, Place Jacques-Cartier, Montreal City Hall, the Bonsecours
Market, Place d'Armes, Pointe-à-Callière Museum, the Notre-Dame de Montréal
Basilica, and the Montreal Science Centre.
Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored. Old
Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via the underground city and is served
by several STM bus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network
of bicycle paths.
The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. The Old Port was
the site of the Port of Montreal, but its shipping operations have been moved to a larger
site downstream, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area
maintained by Parks Canada. The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container
port and the largest inland port on Earth.[107]
Mount Royal[edit]
Main article: Mount Royal
The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largest greenspaces.
The park, most of which is wooded, was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also
designed New York's Central Park, and was inaugurated in 1876.[108]

View of Mont-Royal's eastern slope from the George-Étienne Cartier monument. The park is one of Montreal's
largest open space reserves.

The park contains two belvederes, the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk
Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a chalet overlooking Downtown Montreal. Other
features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small man-made lake, a short ski slope,
a sculpture garden, Smith House, an interpretive centre, and a well-known monument to
Sir George-Étienne Cartier. The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities.
The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in
1854) and Mount Royal (1852). Mount Royal Cemetery is a 165 acres (67 ha) terraced
cemetery on the north slope of Mount Royal in the borough of Outremont. Notre Dame
des Neiges Cemetery is much larger, predominantly French-Canadian and officially
Catholic.[109] More than 900,000 people are buried there.[110]
Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than 162,000 graves and is the final resting place
for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers
who were awarded the British Empire's highest military honour, the Victoria Cross. In
1901 the Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.
[111]

The first cross on the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de
Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfilment of a vow he made to the Virgin
Mary when praying to her to stop a disastrous flood.[108] Today, the mountain is crowned
by a 31.4 m-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by the John the Baptist
Society and now owned by the city.[108] It was converted to fibre optic light in 1992.[108] The
new system can turn the lights red, blue, or purple, the last of which is used as a sign of
mourning between the death of the Pope and the election of the next.[112]

Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Montreal

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%

1871 141,276 —    

1891 271,352 +92.1%

1911 533,341 +96.5%

1931 959,198 +79.8%

1951 1,247,647 +30.1%

1971 1,765,553 +41.5%

1991 1,553,356 −12.0%

2011 1,649,519 +6.2%

2016 1,704,694 +3.3%

 Based on current city limits
Source: [113][114][115]

According to Statistics Canada, at the 2016 Canadian census the city had 1,704,694

inhabitants.[116] A total of 4,098,927 lived in the Montreal Census Metropolitan
Area (CMA) at the same 2016 census, up from 3,934,078 at the 2011 census (within
2011 CMA boundaries), which is a population growth of 4.19% from 2011 to 2016.[117] In
2015, the Greater Montreal population was estimated at 4,060,700.[118][119] According to
StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with
1,722,000 being visible minorities.[120] In the 2016 census, children under 14 years of age
(691,345) constituted 16.9%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (671,690)
numbered 16.4% of the total population of the CMA.[117]
Immigration[edit]
People of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups. The largest
reported European ethnicities in the 2006 census
were French 23%, Italians 10%, Irish 5%, English 4%, Scottish 3%, and Spanish 2%.
[121]
 Some 26% of the population of Montreal and 16.5% that of Greater Montreal, are
members of a visible minority (non-white) group,[122] up from 5.2% in 1981.[123]
Visible minorities comprised 34.2% of the population in the 2016 census. The five most
numerous visible minorities are Black Canadians (10.3%), Arab Canadians,
mainly Algerian Canadians (7.3%), Latin Americans (4.1%), South Asian
Canadian (3.3%), and Chinese Canadians (3.3%).[124] Visible minorities are defined by
the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginals, who are non-
white in colour".[125]
In terms of mother language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in
the Greater Montreal Area, 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English
at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.[126] The remaining 22.5% of
Montreal-area residents are allophones, speaking languages
including Italian (3.5%), Arabic (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Creole (1.3%), Chinese (1.2%), 
Greek (1.2%), Portuguese (0.8%), Berber
language (0.8%), Romanian (0.7%), Vietnamese (0.7%), and Russian (0.7%).[126] In
terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian
cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English
possessed by most of its residents.[127]

Canada Census Mother Tongue – Montreal, Quebec[128]

Cen French and

Total French English Other
sus English
 Po
Yea Resp Cou Tre Pop  Cou Tre Pop  Co Tren Cou Tren Pop 
p 
r onses nt nd % nt nd % unt d nt d %
%

12.
201 1,680 833,  1. 49.5 208,  0. 20,  18. 1.2 559,  4.1 34.3
38
6 ,910 280 75% 7% 140 93% 705 79% 7% 035 9% 4%
%

12.
201 1,627 818,  1. 50.3 206,  3. 17,  44. 1.0 536,  1.9 32.3
67
1 ,945 970 86% % 210 1% 430 58% 7% 560 3% 0%
%

200 1,593 834,  4. 52.3 200,  2. 12. 12,  28. 0.7 547,  13. 34.3
6 ,725 520 45% 6% 000 92% 5% 055 27% 5% 150 01% 3%

12.
200 1,608 873,  2. 54.3 206,  4. 16,  14. 1.0 484,  13. 30.1
81
1 ,024 564 07% 2% 025 21% 807 02% 4% 165 72% %
%

199 1,569 855, 54.5 215, 13. 14, 0.9 425, 27.1
n/a n/a n/a n/a
6 ,437 780 3% 100 7% 740 4% 725 2%

Religion in Montreal (2011)[129]

Religion Percent (%)
Christian   65.8%
No religion   18.14%
Muslim   9.6%
Jewish   8.6%
Buddhist   2.0%
Hindu   1.4%
Sikh   0.3%
Other   0.3%

The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly Roman Catholic; however, weekly

attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.[130] Historically Montreal has been
a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches,
including the Notre-Dame Basilica, the Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint
Joseph's Oratory.
Some 65.8% of the total population is Christian,[129] largely Roman Catholic (52.8%),
primarily because of descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and
Irish origins. Protestants which include Anglican Church in Canada, United Church of
Canada, Lutheran, owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations
number 5.90%, with a further 3.7% consisting mostly of Orthodox Christians, fuelled by
a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox
parishes.
Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members,[131] the second-
largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 9.6%. The Jewish community in Montreal
has a population of 90,780.[132] In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish
people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. As recently as
1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.[133] Political and
economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.[134]

Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Montreal
Montreal has the second-largest economy of Canadian cities based on GDP[135] and the
largest in Quebec. In 2014, Metropolitan Montreal was responsible
for CA$118.7 billion of Quebec's CA$340.7 billion GDP.[136] The city is today an important
centre of commerce, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs and is the
headquarters of the Montreal Exchange. In recent decades, the city was widely seen as
weaker than that of Toronto and other major Canadian cities, but it has recently
experienced a revival.[137]

The Port of Montreal is one of the largest inland ports in the world, handling over 26 million tonnes of cargo
annually.

Industries include aerospace, electronic goods, pharmaceuticals, printed

goods, software engineering, telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing,
tobacco, petrochemicals, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and
includes civil, mechanical and process engineering, finance, higher education, and
research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth-largest centre in North
America in terms of aerospace jobs.[138] The Port of Montreal is one of the largest inland
ports in the world handling 26 million tonnes of cargo annually.[139] As one of the most
important ports in Canada, it remains a transshipment point for grain, sugar, petroleum
products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is the railway hub
of Canada and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the
headquarters of the Canadian National Railway,[140] and was home to the headquarters of
the Canadian Pacific Railway until 1995.[141]
The headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency is in Longueuil, southeast of
Montreal.[142] Montreal also hosts the headquarters of the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO, a United Nations body);[143] the World Anti-Doping
Agency (an Olympic body);[144] the Airports Council International (the association of the
world's airports – ACI World);[145] the International Air Transport Association (IATA),
[146]
 IATA Operational Safety Audit and the International Gay and Lesbian Chamber of
Commerce (IGLCC),[147] as well as some other international organizations in various
fields.
Montreal is a centre of film and television production. The headquarters of Alliance
Films and five studios of the Academy Award-winning documentary producer National
Film Board of Canada are in the city, as well as the head offices of Telefilm Canada, the
national feature-length film and television funding agency and Télévision de Radio-
Canada. Given its eclectic architecture and broad availability of film services and crew
members, Montreal is a popular filming location for feature-length films, and sometimes
stands in for European locations.[148][149] The city is also home to many recognized cultural,
film and music festivals (Just For Laughs, Just For Laughs Gags, Montreal International
Jazz Festival, and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home
to one of the world's largest cultural enterprises, the Cirque du Soleil.[150]

Tour de la Bourse has been home to the Montreal Exchange from 1965 to 2018, subsequently also including
offices of various companies, entities and professional firms.

Montreal is also a global hub for artificial intelligence research with many companies

involved in this sector, such as Facebook AI Research (FAIR), Microsoft
Research, Google Brain, DeepMind, Samsung Research and Thales Group (cortAIx).[151]
[152]
 The city is also home to Mila (research institute), an artificial intelligence research
institute with over 500 researchers specializing in the field of deep learning, the largest
of its kind in the world.[153]
The video game industry has been booming in Montreal since November 2, 1995,
coinciding with the opening of Ubisoft Montreal.[154] Recently, the city has attracted world
leading game developers and publishers studios such as EA, Eidos
Interactive, BioWare, Artificial Mind and Movement, Strategy
First, THQ, Gameloft mainly because of the quality of local specialized labour, and tax
credits offered to the corporations. Recently, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, a
division of Warner Bros., announced that it would open a video game studio.
[155]
 Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros. first studio opened,
not purchased, and will develop games for such Warner Bros. franchises
as Batman and other games from their DC Comics portfolio. The studio will create 300
jobs.
Montreal plays an important role in the finance industry. The sector employs
approximately 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area.[156] As of March 2018,
Montreal is ranked in the 12th position in the Global Financial Centres Index,
a ranking of the competitiveness of financial centres around the world.[157] The city is
home to the Montreal Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Canada and the only
financial derivatives exchange in the country.[158] The corporate headquarters of the Bank
of Montreal and Royal Bank of Canada, two of the biggest banks in Canada, were in
Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal
corporate offices remain in Montreal. The city is home to head offices of two smaller
banks, National Bank of Canada and Laurentian Bank of Canada. The Caisse de dépôt
et placement du Québec, an institutional investor managing assets totalling $248 billion
CAD, has its main business office in Montreal.[159] Many foreign subsidiaries operating in
the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, including HSBC, Aon, Société
Générale, BNP Paribas and AXA.[158][160]
Several companies are headquartered in Greater Montreal Area including Rio Tinto
Alcan,[161] Bombardier Inc.,[162] Canadian National Railway,[163] CGI Group,[164] Air Canada,
[165]
 Air Transat,[166] CAE,[167] Saputo,[168] Cirque du Soleil, Stingray Group, Quebecor,
[169]
 Ultramar, Kruger Inc., Jean Coutu Group,[170] Uniprix,[171] Proxim,[172] Domtar, Le
Château,[173] Power Corporation, Cellcom Communications,[174] Bell Canada.[175] Standard
Life,[176] Hydro-Québec, AbitibiBowater, Pratt and Whitney Canada, Molson,
[177]
 Tembec, Canada Steamship Lines, Fednav, Alimentation Couche-Tard, SNC-
Lavalin,[178] MEGA Brands,[179] Aeroplan,[180] Agropur,[181] Metro Inc.,[182] Laurentian Bank of
Canada,[183] National Bank of Canada,[184] Transat A.T.,[185] Via Rail,
[186]
 GardaWorld, Novacam Technologies, SOLABS,[187] Dollarama,[188] Rona[189] and
the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.
The Montreal Oil Refining Centre is the largest refining centre in Canada, with
companies like Petro-Canada, Ultramar, Gulf Oil, Petromont, Ashland Canada,
Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemical, Interquisa (Cepsa)
Petrochemical, Nova Chemicals, and more. Shell decided to close the refining centre in
2010, throwing hundreds out of work and causing an increased dependence on foreign
refineries for eastern Canada.

Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Montreal
Montreal was referred to as "Canada's Cultural Capital" by Monocle magazine.[33] The
city is Canada's centre for French-language television productions, radio, theatre, film,
multimedia, and print publishing. Montreal's many cultural communities have given it a
distinct local culture.
Montreal Fireworks Festival is the world's largest annual fireworks festival. The city hosts a number of festivals
annually.

Being at the confluence of the French and the English traditions, Montreal has
developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. The city has produced much talent
in the fields of visual arts, theatre, dance, and music, with a tradition of producing both
jazz and rock music. Another distinctive characteristic of cultural life is the vibrancy of its
downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, including
its more than 100 annual festivals, the largest being the Montreal International Jazz
Festival which is the largest jazz festival in the world. Other popular events include the
Just for Laughs (largest comedy festival in the world), Montreal World Film Festival, Les
FrancoFolies de Montréal, Nuits d'Afrique, Pop Montreal, Divers/Cité, Fierté
Montréal and the Montreal Fireworks Festival, and many smaller festivals.
A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, the Place des
Arts is a complex of different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the
eastern portion of downtown. Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's
foremost orchestras, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra. The Orchestre Métropolitain du
Grand Montréal and the chamber orchestra I Musici de Montréal are two other well-
regarded Montreal orchestras. Also performing at Place des Arts are the Opéra de
Montréal and the city's chief ballet company Les Grands Ballets Canadiens.
Internationally recognized avant-garde dance troupes such as Compagnie Marie
Chouinard, La La La Human Steps, O Vertigo, and the Fondation Jean-Pierre
Perreault have toured the world and worked with international popular artists on videos
and concerts. The unique choreography of these troupes has paved the way for the
success of the world-renowned Cirque du Soleil.

View of the Notre-Dame Basilica from Place d'Armes. The number of churches in Montreal led it to be called
"the city of a hundred steeples".
Nicknamed la ville aux cent clochers (the city of a hundred steeples), Montreal is
renowned for its churches. There are an estimated 600 churches on the island, with 450
of them dating back to the 1800s or earlier.[190] Mark Twain noted, "This is the first time I
was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church
window."[191] The city has four Roman Catholic basilicas: Mary, Queen of the World
Cathedral, the aforementioned Notre-Dame Basilica, St Patrick's Basilica, and Saint
Joseph's Oratory. The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest
copper dome in the world, after Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.[192]
Beginning in the 1940s, Quebec literature began to shift from pastoral tales
romanticising the French-Canadian country-side to writing set in the multicultural city of
Montreal. Notable pioneering works describing the character of the city include Gabrielle
Roy's 1945 novel Bonheur D'Occasion, translated as The Tin Flute, and Gwethalyn
Graham's 1944 novel Earth and High Heaven. Subsequent writers of fiction who have
set their work in Montreal have included Mordecai Richler, Claude Jasmin, Francine
Noel, and Heather O'Neill, among many others.

Sports[edit]
Main article: Sports in Montreal
The most popular sport is ice hockey. The professional hockey team, the Montreal
Canadiens, is one of the Original Six teams of the National Hockey League (NHL), and
has won an NHL-record 24 Stanley Cup championships. The Canadiens' most recent
Stanley Cup victory came in 1993. They have major rivalries with the Toronto Maple
Leafs and Boston Bruins, both of which are also Original Six teams, and with the Ottawa
Senators, the closest team geographically. The Canadiens have played at the Bell
Centre since 1996. Prior to that they played at the Montreal Forum.

Opened in 1996, the Bell Centre is a sports and entertainment complex, and also serves as the home arena for
the Montreal Canadiens.

The Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) play at Molson

Stadium on the campus of McGill University for their regular-season games. Late
season and playoff games are played at the much larger, enclosed Olympic Stadium,
which also hosted the 2008 Grey Cup. The Alouettes have won the Grey Cup seven
times, most recently in 2010. The Alouettes has had two periods on hiatus. During the
second one, the Montreal Machine played in the World League of American Football in
1991 and 1992. The McGill Redmen, Concordia Stingers, and Université de Montréal
Carabins play in the U Sports football league.
Montreal has a storied baseball history. The city was the home of the minor-
league Montreal Royals of the International League until 1960. In 1946 Jackie
Robinson broke the Baseball colour line with the Royals in an emotionally difficult year;
Robinson was forever grateful for the local fans' fervent support.[193] Major League
Baseball came to town in the form of the Montreal Expos in 1969. They played their
games at Jarry Park Stadium until moving into Olympic Stadium in 1977. After 36 years
in Montreal, the team relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2005 and re-branded
themselves as the Washington Nationals.[194]

Montreal is the site of the Canadian Grand Prix, an annual Formula One auto race.

CF Montréal (formerly known as the Montreal Impact) are the city's professional soccer
team. They play at a soccer-specific stadium called Saputo Stadium. They joined North
America's biggest soccer league, Major League Soccer, in 2012. The Montreal games
of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup[195] and 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup[196] were
held at Olympic Stadium, and the venue hosted Montreal games in the 2015 FIFA
Women's World Cup.[197]
Montreal is the site of a high-profile auto racing event each year: the Canadian Grand
Prix of Formula One (F1) racing. This race takes place on the Circuit Gilles
Villeneuve on Île Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One
calendar, to the chagrin of some fans,[198] but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the
Formula One calendar in 2010. It was dropped from the calendar again since 2020, due
to COVID-19 pandemic. The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted a round of the Champ
Car World Series from 2002 to 2007, and was home to the NAPA Auto Parts 200,
a NASCAR Nationwide Series race, and the Montréal 200, a Grand Am Rolex Sports
Car Series race.
Uniprix Stadium, built in 1993 on the site of Jarry Park, is used for the Rogers
Cup men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is a Masters
1000 event on the ATP Tour, and the women's tournament is a Premier tournament on
the WTA Tour. The men's and women's tournaments alternate between Montreal and
Toronto every year.[199]
The Olympic Stadium was built for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. It is used by MLS's CF Montréal for
select games.

Montreal was the host of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium cost
$1.5 billion;[200] with interest that figure ballooned to nearly $3 billion, and was paid off in
December 2006.[201] Montreal also hosted the first ever World Outgames in the summer
of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants engaged in 35 sporting activities.
Montreal was the host city for the 17th unicycling world championship and convention
(UNICON) in August 2014.

Active professional sports teams in Montreal

Establishe
Club League Sport Venue Championships
d

Montreal
NHL Ice hockey Bell Centre 1909 24
Canadiens

Percival Molson
Montreal Canadian
CFL Memorial Stadium 1946 7
Alouettes football
Olympic Stadium

CF Montréal MLS Soccer Saputo Stadium 2012 0

Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Montreal
Montreal is Canada's second-largest media market, and the centre of francophone
Canada's media industry.
There are four over-the-air English-language television stations: CBMT-DT (CBC
Television), CFCF-DT (CTV), CKMI-DT (Global) and CJNT-DT (Citytv). There are also
five over-the-air French-language television stations: CBFT-DT (Ici Radio-
Canada), CFTM-DT (TVA), CFJP-DT (V), CIVM-DT (Télé-Québec), and CFTU-
DT (Canal Savoir).
Montreal has three daily newspapers, the English-language Montreal Gazette and the
French-language Le Journal de Montréal, and Le Devoir; another French-language
daily, La Presse, became an online daily in 2018. There are two free French
dailies, Métro and 24 Heures. Montreal has numerous weekly tabloids and community
newspapers serving various neighbourhoods, ethnic groups and schools.
Government[edit]
Main articles: Montreal City Council and Mayor of Montreal
The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in
the city council.

Completed in 1878, Montreal City Hall is the seat of local government.

The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making
authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The
council consists of 65 members from all boroughs.[202] The council has jurisdiction over
many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy
programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure
program. The council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions
made by the borough councils.
Reporting directly to the council, the executive committee exercises decision-making
powers similar to those of the cabinet in a parliamentary system and is responsible for
preparing various documents including budgets and by-laws, submitted to the council
for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in
particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial
resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the city
council.
Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are
responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate
recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for
departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both
French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All
meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are
seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create
special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine
members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected
municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec
on the public security committee.
The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community
(Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal, CMM), which is in charge of planning,
coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage
collection and waste management, etc., across the metropolitan area. The president of
the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers 4,360 km2 (1,680 sq mi), with
3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.[203]
Montreal is the seat of the judicial district of Montreal, which includes the city and the
other communities on the island.[204]

Policing[edit]
Main article: Service de police de la Ville de Montréal
Law enforcement on the island itself is provided by the Service de Police de la Ville de
Montréal, or the SPVM for short.

Crime[edit]
The overall crime rate in Montreal has declined, with a few notable exceptions, with
murders at the lowest rate since 1972 (23 murders in 2016).[205] Sex crimes have
increased 14.5 per cent between 2015 and 2016 and fraud cases have increased by 13
per cent over the same period.[205] The major criminal organizations active in Montreal
are the Rizzuto crime family, Hells Angels and West End Gang.

Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Montreal
The education system in Quebec is different from other systems in North America.
Between high school (which ends at grade 11) and university students must go through
an additional school called CEGEP. CEGEPs offer pre-university (2-years) and
technical (3-years) programs. In Montreal, seventeen CEGEPs offer courses in French
and five in English.
French-language elementary and secondary public schools in Montreal are operated by
the Centre de services scolaire de Montréal (CSDM),[206] Centre de services scolaire
Marguerite-Bourgeoys[207] and the Centre de services scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île.[208]
English-language elementary and secondary public schools on Montreal Island are
operated by the English Montreal School Board and the Lester B. Pearson School
Board.[209][210]
With four universities, seven other degree-awarding institutions, and 12 CEGEPs in an
8 km (5.0 mi) radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students
of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston
at 4.37 students per 100 residents).[211]
Higher education (English)[edit]
Established in 1821, McGill University is the oldest operating university in Montreal.

 McGill University is one of Canada's leading post-

secondary institutions, and widely regarded as a
world-class institution. In 2015, McGill was ranked
as the top University in Canada for the eleventh
consecutive year by Macleans,[212] and as the best
University in Canada; 24th best University in the
world, by the QS World University Rankings.[213]
 Concordia University was created from the merger
of Sir George Williams University and Loyola
College in 1974.[214] The university has been ranked
as one of the most comprehensive universities in
Canada by Macleans.[215]
Higher education (French)[edit]

Université de Montréal from the Montreal Metro station. The institution is the largest university in the city.

 Université de Montréal (UdeM) is the second largest

research university in Canada and ranked as one of
the top universities in Canada. Two separate
institutions are affiliated to the university: the École
Polytechnique de Montréal (School of Engineering)
and HEC Montréal (School of Business). HEC
Montreal was founded in 1907 and is considered
one of the best business schools in Canada.[216]
 Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) is the
Montreal campus of Université du
Québec. UQAM generally specializes in liberal-arts,
 although many programs related to the sciences are
available.
o The Université du Québec network also
has three separately run schools in
Montréal, notably the École de
technologie supérieure (ETS), the École
nationale d'administration
publique (ÉNAP) and the Institut national
de la recherche scientifique (INRS).
 L'Institut de formation théologique de Montréal  des
Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice (IFTM) specializes in
theology and philosophy.
 Conservatoire de musique du Québec à
Montréal offers both a Bachelor and
a Master program in classical music.
Additionally, two French-language universities, Université de Sherbrooke and Université
Laval have campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on Montreal's south shore.
Also, l'Institut de pastorale des Dominicains is Montreal's university centre of
Ottawa's Collège Universitaire Dominicain/Dominican University College. The Faculté
de théologie évangélique is Nova Scotia's Acadia University Montreal based serving
French Protestant community in Canada by offering both a Bachelor and a Master
program in theology

Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Montreal

Montreal serves as a hub for Quebec's autoroute system of controlled-access highways.

Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion.
Commuting traffic from the cities and towns in the West Island (such as Dollard-des-
Ormeaux and Pointe-Claire) is compounded by commuters entering the city that use
twenty-four road crossings from numerous off-island suburbs on the North and South
Shores. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links
to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are presently four road bridges
(including two of the country's busiest) along with one bridge-tunnel, two railway
bridges, and a Metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies to the city's north,
separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by nine road bridges (seven to the city of
Laval and two that span directly to the north shore) and a Metro line.
The island of Montreal is a hub for the Quebec Autoroute system, and is served by
Quebec Autoroutes A-10 (known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of
Montreal), A-15 (aka the Decarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian
Autoroute to the north of it), A-13 (aka Chomedey Autoroute), A-20, A-25, A-40 (part of
the Trans-Canada Highway system, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The
Met" in its elevated mid-town section), A-520 and R-136 (aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute).
Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested at rush hour.[217] However, in recent
years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term
solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension of Quebec
Autoroute 30 on Montreal's south shore, which will serve as a bypass for trucks and
intercity traffic.[218]
Société de transport de Montréal[edit]

A train departs from Acadie station. The Montreal Metro has 68 stations and four lines.

Main articles: Société de transport de Montréal and Montreal Metro

Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains
that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system are operated by the
Société de transport de Montréal (STM, Montreal Transit Society). The STM bus
network consists of 203 daytime and 23 night time routes. STM bus routes serve
1,347,900 passengers on an average weekday in 2010.[219] It also provides adapted
transport and wheelchair-accessible buses.[220] The STM won the award of Outstanding
Public Transit System in North America by the APTA in 2010. It was the first time a
Canadian company won this prize.
The Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines.[221] It is Canada's
busiest subway system in total daily passenger usage, serving 1,050,800 passengers
on an average weekday (as of Q1 2010).[219] Each station was designed by different
architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains run on
rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.[222] The project was initiated by
Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau, who later brought the Summer Olympic Games to
Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station on the South Shore
in Longueuil, and in 2007 was extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three
new stations.[223] The metro has recently been modernizing its trains, purchasing
new Azur models with inter-connected wagons.[224]
Air[edit]
An Air Canada flight flies past the company's corporate headquarters, located at Montréal–Trudeau
International Airport.

Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for
cargo. Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (also known as Dorval Airport) in the
City of Dorval serves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air
Canada[225] and Air Transat.[226] To the north of the city is Montreal Mirabel International
Airport in Mirabel, which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now
serves cargo flights along with MEDEVACs and general aviation and some passenger
services.[227][228][229][230][231] In 2018, Trudeau was the third busiest airport in Canada by
passenger traffic and aircraft movements, handling 19.42 million passengers,[232][233] and
240,159 aircraft movements.[234] With 63% of its passengers being on non-domestic
flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.[235]
It is one of Air Canada's major hubs and operates on average approximately 2,400
flights per week between Montreal and 155 destinations, spread on five continents.
Airlines servicing Trudeau offer year-round non-stop flights to five continents, namely
Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.[236][237][238] It is one of only two
airports in Canada with direct flights to five continents or more.
Rail[edit]
Montreal-based Via Rail Canada provides rail service to other cities in Canada,
particularly to Quebec City and Toronto along the Quebec City – Windsor
Corridor. Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its Adirondack daily
to New York. All intercity trains and most commuter trains operate out of Central
Station.

Central Station is a major inter-city and commuter rail hub for the city.

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, was founded here
in 1881.[239] Its corporate headquarters occupied Windsor Station at 910 Peel Street until
1995.[141] With the Port of Montreal kept open year-round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern
Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the railway's eastern and intermodal
freight terminus.[240] CPR connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, the Delaware
and Hudson Railway to New York, the Quebec Gatineau Railway to Quebec City
and Buckingham, the Central Maine and Quebec Railway to Halifax, and Canadian
National Railway (CN). The CPR's flagship train, The Canadian, ran daily from Windsor
Station to Vancouver, but in 1978 all passenger services were transferred to Via. Since
1990, The Canadian has terminated in Toronto instead of in Montreal.
Montreal-based CN was formed in 1919 by the Canadian government following a series
of country-wide rail bankruptcies. It was formed from the Grand Trunk, Midland
and Canadian Northern Railways, and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight
carriage in Canada.[241] Like the CPR, CN divested itself of passenger services in favour
of Via.[242] CN's flagship train, the Super Continental, ran daily from Central Station to
Vancouver and subsequently became a Via train in 1978. It was eliminated in 1990 in
favour of rerouting The Canadian.
The commuter rail system is managed and operated by Exo, and reaches the outlying
areas of Greater Montreal with six lines. It carried an average of 79,000 daily
passengers in 2014, making it the seventh busiest in North America following New York,
Chicago, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, and Mexico City.[243]
On April 22, 2016, the forthcoming automated rapid transit system, the Réseau express
métropolitain (REM), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred April 12, 2018, and
construction of the 67-kilometre-long (42 mi) network – consisting of three branches, 26
stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway – commenced the
following month. To be opened in three phases as of 2022, the REM will be completed
by mid-2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after
the Dubai Metro, the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit, and the Vancouver SkyTrain. Most
of it will be financed by pension fund manager Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec
(CDPQ Infra).[244]
On December 15, 2020, CDPQ Infra announced another network, the REM de l'Est.
None of its trackage will link to the initial network, although its inner terminus close to
the city's centre is to double as a passenger interchange. Covering the eastern half of
the island, it is to be 32 kilometres (20 mi) in length with 23 stations. Plans to elevate its
trunk segment through the eastern end of the city centre and an adjacent inner-city
district, however, have become controversial, while the north-bound one of its pair of
branches is to be tunnelled through suburban districts.[245] And by January 18, 2021,
North Shore mayors of municipalities north of the Rivière des Mille Îles announced their
desires to erect yet another REM network paralleling the river to link their North Shore
communities between Oka and L'Assomption, a distance of roughly 70 kilometres
(43 mi).[246]
Bike Share Program[edit]
Main articles
Main articles: BIXI Montréal and PBSC Urban Solutions
The city of Montreal is world-renowned for in the top 20 most cyclist-friendly cities
around the globe.[247] It follows that they have one of the world's most successful bike
share systems in BIXI. First launched in 2009[248] with Montreal-based PBSC Urban
Solutions ICONIC bikes, the bicycle-sharing scheme has since grown its fleet to include
750 docking and charging stations across the different neighbourhoods with 9000 bikes
available for users.[249] In what the STM states is a mission to combine different forms of
mobility, transit card holders can now take advantage of their membership to also rent
bicycles at select stations.

Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Montreal

International relations[edit]
Sister cities[edit]
 Algiers, Algeria – 1999[250]
 Brussels, Belgium[251]
 Bucharest, Romania[252]
 Busan, South Korea – 2000[253][254]
 Boston, United States – 1995
 Guadalajara, Mexico – 2004
 Hanoi, Vietnam – 1997[255]
 Hiroshima, Japan – 1998[256]
 Lyon, France – 1979[257]
 Manila, Philippines – 2005[258]
 Melbourne, Australia – 2007
 Port-au-Prince, Haiti – 1995[255]
 Quito, Ecuador – 1997
 San Salvador, El Salvador – 2001[255]
 Shanghai, China – 1985[259]
 Tunis, Tunisia – 1999
 Yerevan, Armenia – 1998[260]
Friendship cities[edit]
 Paris, France – 2006[261]

See also[edit]
 List of mayors of Montreal
 List of Montreal music venues
 List of shopping malls in Montreal
  List of tallest buildings in Montreal

Notes[edit]
1. ^ Kinshasa and Abidjan are sometimes said to rank ahead of
Montreal as francophone cities, since they have larger
populations and are in countries with French as the sole
official language. However, French is uncommon as a mother
tongue there. According to Ethnologue, there were 17,500
mother-tongue speakers of French in the Ivory Coast as of
1988.[28] Approximately 10% of the population of Congo-
Kinshasa knows French to some extent.[29]

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Further reading[edit]
 Collard, Edgar A. (1976). Montréal: the Days That Are No More, in
series, Totem Book[s]. This ed. slightly edited [anew]. Toronto,
Ont.: Doubleday Canada, [1978], cop. 1976. x, 140, [4] p., ill. in
b&w with maps and numerous sketches. ISBN 0-00-216686-0
 Gagnon, Robert (1996). Anglophones at the C.E.C.M.: a
Reflection of the Linguistic Duality of Montréal. Trans. by Peter
Keating. Montréal: Commission des écoles catholiques de
Montréal. 124 p., ill. with b&w photos. ISBN 2-920855-98-0
 Harris; Lyon, Patricia David (2004). Montréal. Fodor's. ISBN 978-
1-4000-1315-9.
 Heritage Montréal (1992). Steps in Time = Patrimoine en marche.
Montréal: Québécor. 4 vol. of 20, 20 p. each. Text printed "tête-
bêche" in English and in French. On title covers: "Montréal, fête,
350 ans".
  Marsan, Jean-Claude (1990).  Montreal in evolution. McGill-
Queen's University Press.  ISBN  978-0-7735-0798-2.
 Tomàs, Mariona. "Exploring the metropolitan trap: the case of
Montreal." International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research (2012) 36#3 pp: 554–567. doi:10.1111/j.1468-
2427.2011.01066.x.
 "2006 Census of Canada". Statistics Canada. 2008.
Retrieved May 28,  2008.
 "Montreal". 2006 Census of Canada: Community Profiles.
Statistics Canada. 2008. Retrieved  May 28, 2008.
 Natural Resources Canada (2005). Canadian Geographical
Names: Island of Montreal. Retrieved August 29, 2005.
 Michael Sletcher, "Montréal", in James Ciment, ed., Colonial
America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and
Economic History, (5 vols., N.Y., 2005).

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