7 Force and Motion

7.1 Motion

witn
Motion is defined as the change in position of an object You will learn
himself/herself
respect to a reference point. A person sees Speed vs. velocity
moving after making
comparison with some Uniform and non-
This uniform motion
object or point.
becomes the reference
Acceleration
where the
point from
from
change in position
another can
one point to
Movement of a car with respect to a
be measured.
tree as a reference point

Think Critically
When two dhoanis are coming from opposite side, can one of the dhoanis be considered as a reference
point with respect to another?

Motion is expressed in terms of speed and velocity. When

a cyclist travels a certain distance in a particular time, it is 25km
called the A B
speed of the cyclist. The velocity of the cyclist is D 12km
defined as the displacement of the cyclist 5km
during a particular 13km
time (Figure 7.1). Speed is a scalar C
quantity (having
magnitude and unit) whereas velocity is a Figure 7.1: Movement of a cyclist
vector quantity
(having magnitude, unit and direction).
Total distance travelled
by the cyclist =
AB +BC +CD
Total 25+13+5 43km
displacement of the cyclist is AD =AB-BD
25-12 13km
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 Chapter 7 Force and Motioon

So speed
of the cyclist =

43km21.5km/hr
43km
2hr
And velocity ofthe cyclist= 13km 6.5km/hr towards north
2hr

Uniform Motion

A boat in water covers 15km distance in every 1hr. The boat is traveling with
aniform motion as it is covering equal distance in equal intervals oftime Figure 7.2).

The boat is travelling at constant speed along a straight line. The velocity of boat is also
constant.

15km in 1hr 15kmin 1hr 15km in 1hr

7.2: A boat travelling with uniform motion.

Figure

Non-uniform Motion
in the second hour and 15kmn
Aboat in water covers 12km distance in the first hour, 18km
motion as it is covering
in the third hour. The boat is said to be travelling withnon-uniform

unequal distance in equal intervals of timeYFigure 7.3).

In non-uniform motion:
path in equal intervals of
speeds (velocity) along straight
a
A body moves with different
road.
ume. For example, a bike moving on the straight
directions in equal intervals of time. For
A
body moves with same speed in different
inside a circular path.
Admple, a girl running

15km in 1hr
18km in 1hr
12kmin 1hr
non-uniform motion.
with
travelling
Figure 7.3: A boat

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Exploring Science

Acceleration over time. The

Did you know?
its velocity The speedometer
motion changes acceleration.
called
A boat in
non-uniform

its velocity is present in vehicles

rate at which
an object changes changing speeds shows the speed
be caused by
would either of the vehicle at
Change in velocity a vector
quantity. The
moving. It is
a

or changing
directions while
particular instant of tma
Sl unit of
acceleration is m/s?. This speed is called me.
Changein velocity instantaneous speed,
Acceleration= Time taken

Explore
acceleration.
some cases of negative
Find and discuss

acceleration due to the force

Freely falling objects also undergo
called accelerationdue togravity,
exerted by the Earth, which is
It is denoted by g and its value on Earth
is 9.8m/s2

Questions
around a circular path. Will the bike undergo acceleration? Why?
1. A bike is moving with constant speed
faster?
5m/s and 80m in 20s? Whose cycling speed is
2. The cycling speed of two friends are

kid pushed a toy car backward and then forward. The toy
started to gain speed,
3 While playing, a

while it slowed down and finally stopped? Describe the motion

of the car?
after a

While hitting a cricket ball with a bat, what quantities in terms of acceleration will change7
4.

Summary
Motion is defined as the change in position of an object with respect to a reference point
Motion is expressed in terms of speed and velocity.
Motion can be uniform or non-uniform.
The rate at which object changes its velocity is called acceleration.
an

Freely falling objects experience acceleration due to gravity.

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 Chapter 7 Force and Motion

7.2 Laws of Motion

Many scientists have been working on laws and rules to find the
You will learn
cause of change in the motion. In 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton
Newton's Laws of
came up with general rules about the movement of objects. These
Motion
rules (called Newton's Laws of Motion) define the cause of change
in motion and how motion is related to force and mass.

Newton's 1st Law of Motion

(The state of an object (moving or at rest)

will not change until some unbalanced
force is applied on it)

A coconut will remain on the tree unless some

external force makes it fall down from the tree.
The force could be either a natural force such as
wind or it could be a person plucking it and letting
it fall. Once the coconut starts falling, it continues
Coconuts at rest on a tree
to fall unless it reaches the ground or some other
force stops it, for example, a person catching the coconut before it falls to the ground. This
phenomenon can be explained by inertia. Inertia helps a moving object to remain in motion
and a non-moving object to remain at rest. Application of an external force overcomes the
inertia, thereby changing the state of rest or motion of an object.
(If net force is zero or balanced velocity (speed and direction) of the object is constant.

Think Critically Did you know?

Amoving object tends to come to a stop after slowing down. In this case, You can be up to 5cm
no external force is applied to stop the object. What could be the reason? taller in a space station
because of zero gravity.
This is because gravity
will not push you down
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion and therefore your spine
will straighten out.
The acceleration of an object produced
by a net (total) applied force is directly
related to the magnitude of the force, the
same direction as the force and inversely
related to the mass of the object.

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Exploring Science
HCCording to Newton's second law of motion forces of different magnftudes are applied to
move vehicles, row boats and pull luggage.
(he second law shows the relation amongst net force that willbe required to move an
object of a given mass.
Force acting on an object =
mass of the object x acceleration
or, F= m xa.
Forlighter objects, less force is required to produce acceleration whereas for heavy objects
more force is needed to
produce the same acceleration.

Activity 7.1 Force, mass and acceleration

Calculate the unknown quantities value and complete the table.

S. No. Mass (in kg) Acceleration (in m/s) Net Force(in N)

10 20 200
40 40D
40 200
20 400
What can you infer from the readings? Discuss.

Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal

and opposite reaction.

In rowing a boat, when a force applied on boat paddle to push the water backwards, an equal
force is exerted by water on the boat paddle (Figure 7.4). Likewise, a book lying on the table
exerts downward force on the table and the table exerts an upward force on the book (Figure 7.5).
The forces are due to interactions between the objects and that the force does not act on a
single object.
Forces always exist in pairs and are clled action and reaction forces.

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 Chapter 7 Force and Motion

ThinkCritically
While plotting the graph between force (load) and the mass, what would be the shape of the grapn so
that force (load) and mass are
directly related

Hooke's Law
In the year 1679, Robert Hooke formulated a law based on his experiments similar to the
one as done in the activity above. According to the Hooke' Law, the extension of a spring is
proportional to the load applied to it (Figure 7.6), provided the limit of proportionality is not
exceeded.

Did you know?

unstretched
Robert Hooke was so
spring
secretive about some
It takes twice of his findings that
as much force he published them in
to stretch a
spring twice codes. For example, he
as far. wrote his law of springs
as: 'ceinosssttuv; later
he revealed that this
was an anagram of a
Figure 7.6: Demonstration of Hooke's Law.
sentence in Latin (Ut
tensio, sic vis).

Forcep Spring Constant x Change in Length

F kxx

Given a spring that stretches 10cm when a load of 30N is hung on it, find the
Spring
.Constant. If the load is increased to 45N, how much will the spring stretch?
Applying Hooke's Law, F kxx
Substituting the given values for Case 1 30N = kx10cm
30N
Rearranging =
10cm3
Applying Hooke's Law again, F=kxX
Substituting the values for Case 2 45N 3N/cm x x
45N
Rearranging "3NIcm1bcm

Explore
Hooke's law is applicable for some materials under certain conditions. Find some examples and
their loading condition under which they will follow Hooke's law.

71
 Questions
increasing the load?
1. What will happen to the elastic material if we keep on

2. Will force remain the same or change if the mass of an object is halved?

stretch to 10Cm?
Aspring has a spring constant equal to 1. Which force will make it

Summary
There are always two torces assoclated with the deformation of an elastic material- the deforming
force and the restoring force.
When the deforming force Is more than the restoring force, the material gets deformed permanently.

Hooke's law gives the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the
length of deformed (compressed or stretched) spring

cientist in Focus
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was an
English Philosopher and a
(master of many). He made significant contributions to the fieldspolymath
of
archltecture, astronomy, blology, chemistry, physics,
and the deslgn and constructlon of surveying, map making
scientific Instruments.

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