Mechanical Technical

Reasoning
Linear Motion
LINEAR MOTION
This is the simplest kind of motion. This mainly includes a body moving along a
straight line.

Basic Equations:

s=d/t , scalar

v=di/t , vector

a=v/t
s=speed, d=distance, t=time, di=displacement, a= acceleration
Linear Motion
● Velocity - change displacement over time (m/s, ft/s, km/hr)

● Acceleration - change in velocity over time (m/s2, ft/s2)

Linear Motion
● Momentum - product of mass and velocity (kg∙m/s, lb∙ft/s)

● Force - product of mass and acceleration (Newton or kg∙m/s2, lb∙ft/s2)

Linear Motion : Inclined Plane

The figure shows a ball rolling down

an inclined surface with an angle of 30
degrees. Relative to the surface, it moves at
4m/s. Relative to the y-axis, it moves down
at 2m/s. Relative to the x-axis, it moves to
the left at 3.4641m/s
Linear Motion : Conveyor Belt
MECHANISM

A conveyor belt works by using two motorized pulleys that loop over a long
stretch of thick, durable material. When motors in the pulleys operate at the
same speed and spin in the same direction, the belt moves between the two.
Linear Motion : Conveyor Belt

The first figure shows a stationary cart over a conveyor

belt. The belt moves by 3m and the cart’s center lays on the
exact portion of the belt it is initially standing on (the tip of the
highlighted portion of the belt)

The second figure shows a cart moving 1m/s to the left

and the belt moving at 3m/s to the right. The cart ended 1m
away to the left from the right tip of the highlighted part

The third figure shows a cart moving 1m/s to the right

and the belt moving at 3m/s to the right. The cart ended 1m
away to the right from the right tip of the highlighted part
Linear Motion : Collision
Collision is an event where momentum or kinetic energy is transferred from
object to another.

2 General Types of Collisions

1. Elastic Collision- both
momentum and kinetic energy
are conserved.
2. Inelastic Collision-momentum is
conserved while kinetic energy is
not conserved.
Linear Motion: Sample Problems
Linear Motion: Sample Problems
GIVEN:
- The crate is not sliding
- The truck accelerates to the east

REQUIRED:
Direction of the force exerted by the truck to the crate
Linear Motion: Sample Problems
SOLUTION:
1. Create the free body diagram of the crate

Friction Force applied

force by the truck
Weight of
the crate
ANSWER:
The direction of the force applied by the truck to the crate is the same as the
direction of the movement of the truck.
TO THE EAST
Rotational Motion
Rotational Motion
● Angular displacement (degrees, radians)

A white circle is found along the circumference

of the gray circle. Its initial position is point A. After
counterclockwise rotation with the axis of rotation
found at the center O, the white circle moved to
point B. The angular displacement is the angle
formed by the lines AO and BO, which is 45 degrees
O
or 0.25𝝿 radians.

45° × ( 𝝿 / 180° ) = 0.25𝝿 rad

Rotational Motion
● Angular displacement

The rod’s axis of rotation is found at at O. The

figure shows the final position of the rod after it
rotates counterclockwise.

Notice that the two ends of the rod have the

same angular displacement of 43 degrees but their
O arcs formed are of different lengths.
Rotational Motion
● Angular velocity (degrees/second, radians/second)

Angular velocity = angular displacement/time

The figures shows a gray circle rotating around

its center O. A point (the white circle) is found at its
circumference with initial position at A, second
position at B, third position at C and final position at D.

O Example:
It takes 5 seconds for the point to move from B
to D. What is the gray circle’s angular velocity?

Angular velocity = 40°/5s = 8°/s or 0.4444...rad/s

Rotational Motion
● Tangential velocity and linear displacement of a rotating body

● Tangential acceleration
Rotational Motion
● Tangential velocity and linear displacement of a rotating body

Linear displacement = radius × angular displacement

Linear velocity = radius × angular velocity

The figure shows the initial and final position of a ball rolling over a flat surface. Arc AB is
highlighted at the initial position. After it roll with 70° angular displacement, the highlighted arc highlights
the surface that it touches. The highlighted arc and the highlighted area on the surface is of equal length.

Example:
A ball with 1-m radius rolls over a surface at angular velocity of 20 rad/s. What is its tangential velocity?

Linear velocity = 1m × 20 rad/s = 20 m/s

Rotational Motion

● Angular acceleration
Angular acceleration = angular velocity/time

The figures shows a gray circle rotating around

its center O with an angular acceleration of 25°/s2
starting from rest . A point (the white circle) is found
at its circumference with initial position at A, second
position at B, third position at C and final position at D.

Notice that there is an increase of 25° in

displacement every second. From A to B, the angular
velocity is 25°/s, from B to C the angular velocity is
50°/s and from C to D the angular velocity is 75°/s
Rotational Motion
● tangential Acceleration of a rotating body

Linear acceleration = radius × angular acceleration

The figure shows a rolling ball with an angular acceleration of 15°/s2. The highlighted arcs
in the ball is its tangential displacement. Notice that the linear displacement of the ball become
longer and longer
Rotational Motion : Door

The figure shows a door at its initial position

having an angular acceleration of 10°/s2. The
tangential acceleration of any point in the door
decreases as the point moves nearer the axis of
rotation. The angular acceleration, however is
constant as it is only observed at the axis of
rotation

The arrow shown in the figure is the force that

caused the door to accelerate.
Rotational Motion : Rollers

A rotating body that is adjacent to

each other has same tangential velocity and
are rotating at opposite directions

In the figure, all of the circles rotates at

same velocity and acceleration
 Adjacent rotating bodies of different
radius have same tangential velocity and
tangential acceleration but of different
angular velocity and angular acceleration.

In the figure, the green circle rotates

slower than the blue circle since it has larger
radius.
 Concentric rotating bodies sharing the same
axis of rotation have the same angular velocity and
angular acceleration but only of same tangential
velocity and tangential acceleration.

In the figure, the yellow and the green circles

rotates at same angular velocity and angular
acceleration, the yellow circle however has greater
tangential velocity and tangential acceleration since
it has greater radius.

The tangential velocity and tangential

acceleration of the orange and the green circles are
the same but the orange circle rotates faster than
the green circle since it has smaller radius.
Rotational Motion : Rollers with Belts

The belt moves at same tangential velocity and tangential acceleration along its
length. Rollers connected with the belt also have the same angular velocity and angular
acceleration if all of their radii are equal
 Rollers of different radii connected with a belt have the same tangential velocity and
tangential acceleration but of different angular velocity and angular acceleration. They
gray parts in the figures are of same lengths but notice that it caused different angular
displacement between the two rollers
 The figure shows how the 1 cm displacement of the belt changes the angular
displacements of rollers of different sizes
Rotational Motion : Gears

# of teeth of Gear A # of teeth of Gear B

=
# of revolutions of Gear B # of revolutions of Gear A

B Example:
A Gear A revolves at a rate of 120 rev/min. How
many rotations Gear B does in a minute
8 16
=
# of revolutions of Gear B 120

# of revolutions of Gear B = 60
Force
Force
● Force - product of mass and acceleration (Newton or kg∙m/s2, lb∙ft/s2)
Force: FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD)

The drawing of a free-body diagram is an important step in the solving of

mechanics problems since it helps to visualize all the force acting on a single object.

Other external
Friction force
force

Normal
force
weight
Force
● Friction - is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to
move across it.
Force
● Pressure - force over area (Pascal or N/m2)
Force
● Moment/Torque - product of Force and distance from the fixed axis
Force : Cables

Cables are commonly used

alongside the pulleys.
The figure shows a box connected to a
cable in a pulley. The force applied on
the cable to push it down is constant all
throughout the length of the cable. The
same amount of force makes the box
accelerate to the left.
The figure shows a box hanging and is
supported by two cables. The tension in
the cable due to the weight of the box is
distributed evenly. For example, the box
weighs 100N, both of the cables will feel
50N
The figure shows three balls hanging each with
weights of 100N using weightless cables. The
cable at the ceiling supports the weight of the
three balls having a tension of 300N. The cable
below the topmost ball supports the weights of
the middle and the bottommost ball having a
tension of 200N. And finally, the cable below
the middle ball only support the weight of the
bottommost ball having a tension of 100N
Force : Pulley

Pulley is a wheel on an axle

or shaft that is designed to
support movement and change
of direction of a taut cable or
belt, or transfer of power
between the shaft and cable or
belt.
Force : Pulley
The pulley system works on the basis of transfer of reduction of the load weight,
which is experienced by the person applying the effort. The load is tied at one end
of the rope or cable that has resistance, while the other end is characterized by
the presence of effort. If one increases the number of pulleys, the effort force that
has to be applied decreases.
Force : Springs

The basic concepts of spring are compression and tension. The applications of the
string ranged from protecting objects to creating a stored force.

TENSION COMPRESSION
Force: Springs
BASIC CONFIGURATIONS OF SPRINGS

SERIES SPRINGS

When springs are in series, the result is essentially a longer and

flimsier spring. When a force is applied to the combined spring,
the same force is applied to each individual spring.
PARALLEL SPRINGS When springs are in parallel, the result is essentially 2 springs
working together. When a force is applied, the force applied to
each individual is different.
Force : Lever
Force : Lever
A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed
hinge or fulcrum.

A lever amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force.

Force
Levers can also be used to exert a large force over a small distance at one end by
exerting only a small force over a greater distance at the other.
Force : Pulley
In summary:

Levers can be used to gain a mechanical advantage, allowing a small input force
to exert a much higher output force. In other cases levers can be used to take a
small amount of movement. The most common use of levers is to create a
mechanical advantage in order to assist in an action, as seen with pliers, door
handles, pry bars, and wheel barrows.
Force : Screw
A screw converts rotational motion to linear
motion, and a torque to a linear force.

In screw mechanisms. Either the screw shaft

can rotate can rotate through a threaded hole
in a stationary object or a threaded collar can
rotate around a stationary screw shaft.
Force : Wedge
A wedge is a triangular
shaped tool, and is a portable
inclined plane. It can be used
to separate two objects or
portions of an object, lift up an
object, or hold an object in
place.
Force: Sample Problems
Force: Sample Problems

Answer: B
Force: Sample Problems
Force: Sample Problems

Torricelli’s Equation, v=√(2gh) wherein g is the gravitational constant and h is the

height of the fluid, describes the discharge velocity of the fluid from a container. With
this, it can be said that the lower the location of the holes, the higher the discharge
velocity of fluid.
Force: Sample Problems
Force: Sample Problems

Answer: C
Fluids
Fluids : Volume

The figure shows a container containing water and a circular object with 1 unit length width. Upon
placing the circular object inside the container, the height of water in the container will increase.

Since both of the container and circular object has with of 1 unit length, the final volume the
container is holding can be calculated by adding the area of the water and circular object.
Fluids : Volume

The figure shows a cylindrical container with radius 2 unit length containing water and a cube with 1
unit length cubed. Unlike the first example, the container has no 1 unit length in width. The change in
height of water in the container calculated by adding the volumes of the water and the cube then
use the formula for cylinder with the height as the unknown.
Fluids : Density

Density = mass / volume

The figure shows three fluids of different densities. Upon pouring all those fluid in one container, layers
of fluid will form with the densest fluid will be found at the bottom and the least dense at the top. No
matter what order the fluids will be poured in the container.

In the given figure, the green fluid is the densest, the blue fluid is the least dense and the yellow fluid
has density greater than the blue fluid and less than the green fluid.
 Fluids : Density

Percent volume submerged = density of object / density of fluid

The denser the solid object, the greater the submerged volume of the object in the fluid.

The first figure shows an object with 25% of its volume submerged in the fluid, its density is a quarter of the blue fluid.
The second figure shows an object with 50% of its volume submerged in the fluid, its density is half of the red fluid.
The third figure shows an object with 75% of its volume submerged in the fluid, its density is three-fourths of the yellow fluid.
Fluids : Pipes

The figure shows three cylindrical pipes section with flowing water with the same volume flow rate. The
velocity of the water is determined by the area to which the water if showing. The larger the area, the
slower the water will flow.

The first figure shows a pipe with water flowing at same velocity throughout the section of the pipe since
the area of the pipe is constant all throughout the section.

The second figure shows a larger pipe than the first figure but of the same volume flow rate. The flowing
water flows slower compared to the first figure and is constant all throughout the section.

The third figure shows a pipe with varying cross sectional area. Upon entry, the water flows at certain
velocity, but as the cross sectional area gets smaller, the velocity of the water increases. The water exits
at greater velocity compared to its entry velocity.
Fluids : Pipes

The figure shows a pipe that has varying height.

At CONSTANT WATER PRESSURE, the velocity of the fluid will decreases with height. The first figure shows a
pipe section with higher entrance compared to its exit. The fluid will enter at certain velocity and will exit at
greater velocity. The second figure shows otherwise.

At CONSTANT FLUID VELOCITY, the pressure of the fluid decreases with height. The first figure will have less
pressure upon entry and will have greater pressure upon exiting the pipe section. The second figure shows
otherwise
Fluids : Pipes

Pascal’s Principle: F1A1 = F2A2

The figure shows a piston with an input

force applied in the larger area and the output
force in the smaller area. Given a certain input
force applied at the left area, a pressure will be
applied to the fluid. The pressure in the fluid is
constant all throughout its volume and will push
the right area up with greater force.
Electricity .
Electricity : basic circuit components

Switch (open) resistor

lightbulb battery

Alternating current Direct current (AC)

(AC) voltage source voltage source
Electricity : Series Circuit
 Electric charge moves from positive terminal to negative terminal. In the figure given the
orientation of the battery, the electricity will move in a clockwise direction. If the positive and
negative charge of the battery is interchanged, the electricity will move in a counterclockwise
direction.
In the given figure, upon closing the switch, the same amount of current will be received by
the light bulbs and it will flow only in a single path. If one of the light bulb is removed, current will not
flow since the positive and negative terminals are disconnected. The voltage in a series circuit is
distributed to the light bulbs causing it to shine fainter than the circuit with same elements but
arranged in parallel
Electricity : Parallel Circuit
 Upon closing the switch current will flow through different paths. The voltage of each
lightbulb is the same as the voltage of the voltage source, unlike in a series in which voltage is
divided between all the lightbulbs.
Removing a light bulb will not cause the connection between the positive and negative
terminals to be severed completely as show in the rightmost figure. The current that was then
flowing to the path of the removed bulb will be distributed evenly to the remaining light bulbs,
causing them to shine brighter.
 The dimensions of a resistor affects its dimension. Let the first figure be the reference
resistor. The second figure is twice longer than the first one, it has twice the resistance the first
figure has. It similar to two resistors arranged in a series manner.

The third figure has twice the area of the first figure but of same length. It is similar to two
resistors arranged in a parallel manner as shown in the fourth figure and offers less resistance.
Ammeter

Is a measuring instrument used to

measure the current flowing in a circuit
Voltmeter

Is a measuring instrument used to

measure the voltage between two points
in a circuit
Ohmmeter

Is a measuring instrument used to

measure electrical resistance in a circuit
Heat
Heat
● Heat transfer
Heat Transfer
-Heat transfer will always be from high temperature to low temperature.

-mechanisms include: conduction, convection, radiation, vaporization

-conduction- involves transfer of heat through adjacent objects or molecules

-convection-involves movement of heated fluids

-radiation-a process of transfer of heat with no medium required

Conduction
The conduction or transfer of heat through adjacent molecules or materials has 3
main factors to consider: conductivity of material, area, and thickness.
An object with a wider area has more surface particles working to conduct heat.
As such, the rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to the surface area
through which the heat is being conducted.
On the other hand, the rate of heat transfer is inversely proportional to the
thickness or the distance that the heat must be conducted.
Lastly, thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat.
Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in
materials of high thermal conductivity.
● Conductor
Thermal conductivity of common materials
Sample
Convection

It is the transfer of heat due to bulk

movement of fluid molecules.
Convection may happen in fluids at all
scales larger than a few atoms. In broad
terms, convection arises because of
body forces acting within the fluid, such
as gravity.
Sample problems
Sample problems

Heat transfer is from high to low

Answer: C
Sample problems
Sample problems

From the materials, copper has the highest thermal conductivity

thus it has the highest temperature on the surface.

Answer: A