Vincentian Prayer

Lord Jesus, you who willed to become

poor give us eyes and heart directed
toward the poor, help us to recognize you
in them, in their thirst, their hunger, their
loneliness, and their misfortune.
Enkindle within our Vincentian Family
unity, simplicity, and the fire of love that
burned in St. Vincent de Paul and St.
Louise de Marillac.
Strengthen us, so that, faithful to
the practice of these virtues, we
may contemplate you and serve
you in the person of the poor and
may one day be united with you
and them in your kingdom.
St. Vincent de Paul &
St. Louise de Marillac… Pray for
us.
CHAPTER 2
KINEMATICS: MOTION
ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
 Position, time, distance, displacement,
speed, average velocity, instantaneous
velocity

Average acceleration, and

instantaneous acceleration

CONTENT Uniformly accelerated linear motion

STANDARD
Free-fall motion

1D Uniform
Acceleration Problems
2.1 WHAT IS MOTION?
In physics, motion is the
change in position of an
object with respect to its
surroundings in a given
interval of time. 

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6
 TWO DISCIPLINE OF MOTION

• DYNAMICS Dynamics is concerned with

the causes of motion,
• KINEMATICS in Newton’s Laws of Motion

Kinematics is the description of motion without considering

its causes. It involves describing motion through properties
such as position, time, velocity and acceleration.

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Figure 2.1 A Multiple images of a hockey
puck traveling across an icy surface.
Motion diagram, a multiple-exposure
photograph or similar sketch that shows the
location of an object at regularly spaced
instants in time. These exposures are captured
at evenly spaced time intervals, and we can
use them to construct the graph of the puck's
position as a function of time.

Motion along the straight line/one dimensional motion 8

B Plot of the position x of the puck C Velocity v of the puck as a function
as a function of time. The dots of time.
correspond to the images of the
puck in part A.

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 VELOCITY AND SPEED
SPEED VELOCITY
Speed is a scalar quantity; it does not have a direction. Velocity v is a vector quantity. The magnitude of v is
called the speed, the distance traveled per unit of time,
while the direction of v gives the direction of the
motion

 Speed gives us an idea of how fast an object is Velocity not only tells us its speed but also tells us the
moving. direction the body is moving in.
We can define speed as a function of distance Velocity is a function of displacement.

In SI units, position is measured in meters and time is measured in seconds, so velocity and speed are both
measured in meters per second, or simply m/s.
Speed is equal to the magnitude of the velocity. For motion in two or three dimesions, velocity is a vector. In
these cases, speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector v.

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VELOCITY AND SPEED
For the hockey puck in Figure
2.1A, the direction may be
positive (motion to the right,
toward larger or more positive
values of x) or negative (motion
to the left, toward smaller or
more negative values of x).

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Vector quantities are usually written with arrows overhead, so the velocity vector is generally
written as v. For one-dimensional motion, the velocity vectors have only one component, and
we can refer to this component as simply v, without an arrow. The sign of v (either positive or
negative) then gives the direction of the velocity. Thus, for motion in one dimension,

speed =

In words, this expression says that speed is equal to the magnitude of the velocity.

speed =

For two- or three-dimensional motion, where the vertical bars again indicate that the speed
is equal to the magnitude of the velocity vector. In either case (Eq. 2.1 or 2.2), speed is
always a positive quantity or zero, but never negative.

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The hockey puck in
Figure 2.1A is sliding at
a constant speed, so its
velocity has a constant
value as shown in the
velocity-time (v-t)
graph.

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 HOW IS AN OBJECT'S VELOCITY RELATED TO
ITS POSITION?

Velocity is the change in position per unit time.

∆𝒙
𝒗 𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
∆𝒕

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Example of motion along a line is the case of a
rocket-powered car traveling on a flat road. Let's
assume the car is at rest when our clock reads zero.
At t = 0, the driver turns on the rocket engine and
the car begins to move in a straight-line path, along
a horizontal axis we denote as x.

Figure 2.3A is a motion diagram showing

the position of the car at evenly spaced
instants in time. The x axis is along the
road, and the position of the car at a
particular instant is the distance from the
origin to the center of the car.

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The corresponding position-time graph for the
car is shown in Figure 2.3B, where the dots
mark the cars position at evenly spaced time
intervals. In this case, the spacing between dots
increases as the car travels. So, the car moves a
greater distance during each successive (and
equal) time interval and hence the speed of the
car increases with time.

The car moves toward increasing values of

x, so the velocity is again positive and v
increases smoothly with time

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AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS
VELOCITY

Average velocity is defined as the change in

position (displacement) over the time of travel
while instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an
object at a single point in time and space as
calculated by the slope of the tangent line.

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EXAMPLE 2.1 Average Velocity of a Bicycle

Consider the multiple images in Figure 2.5, showing a bicyclist moving along a level
road. Find the average velocity of the bicyclist during the interval from t = 2.0 s to t = 3.0
s.

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EXAMPLE 2.2 Average and Instantaneous Velocity of
a Car
A car is traveling on a long, straight road. It starts at the origin at t =
0 and moves with a velocity of +9.0 m/s for 30 s. After stopping for
10s at a crosswalk to allow a pedestrian to cross the road, it then
moves at +6.0 m/s for another 20 s. (a) What is the final position of
the car? (b) What is the car's average velocity?

A Velocity versus time for the car.

B Position versus time

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 ACCELERATION

Acceleration is a rate in change of velocity. It is a

measure of how fast or slow velocity changes.

∆ 𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣0
𝑎 𝑎𝑣𝑒= =
∆𝑡 𝑡

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 EXAMPLE 1
Suppose Lydia de Vega attained a speed of 6 m/s after 2 s from the start of the
race. Solve the following problems using the given information.

a. What is her average acceleration during this time interval?

b. Suppose she attained a speed of 10 m/s after 8 s from the start of the race. What
is her average acceleration during the 2- to 8- second time interval.
c. Suppose at 8 s from the start of the race, she slows down to a speed of 7 m/s for
2 s. what is her average acceleration for this time interval?

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EXAMPLE 2
A driver is in a hurry, and her car is traveling
along a straight road with velocity = 20 m/s
(about 40 mi/h) when she spots a problem in
the road ahead and applies the brakes. The car
then slows to a stop according to the velocity-
time curve in Figure 2.14.

Find the average acceleration during the

interval from t = 0.0 s to t = 4.0 s.

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 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF
MOTION

The motion of a body can easily be described using

graphs. One example of this graph of position versus time.
If you set the initial position of the object to zero, you have
distance traveled vs. time (d vs. t) graph.

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 POSITION VS. TIME GRAPH
Imagine a jeepney moving at a constant velocity of 30 m/s to the right. Its position increases
by 30 m every second. Thus, the position of the jeepney increases linen in time. The graph
of d vs. t is a straight line as shown in figure 3.7.

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POSITION VS. TIME GRAPH
Recall how the slope of a line is obtained. Slope
is defined as the ratio of the “rise” and the “run”
that is, the ratio of the changes in values plotted
in the y- and x-axes

In a d vs t graph, the change in the y-axis corresponds to the

change in position or distance traveled, or Likewise, the
change in the x-axis corresponds to the time interval .
Therefore,

∆𝑑
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒=
∆𝑡

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Based on the definition of the average speed, the slope of the line in a d vs. t graph is equal to the
magnitude of the velocity (speed). It the graph is a curve rather than a straight line, the slope at any
point is defined as the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that point. Note that a curve has an
infinite number of points. This means that the slope of the tangent line corresponds to the instantaneous
speed (figure 3.8). In this graph, given that the slopes of the tangent lines increase as time t increases,
the instantaneous speed increases as well.

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Another type of graph to describe motion is the velocity versus time (v vs. t) graph. Take the
same jeepney moving at a constant velocity of 30 m/s to the right. In this case, the dependent
variable is the velocity, and the independent variable is the time. With a constant velocity, the
velocity versus time graph is a straight horizontal line as shown in figure 3.9.

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 EXAMPLE 3:
Consider a body moving with constant positive acceleration.

A. Construct an arbitrary acceleration vs. time graph.

B. Supposing that the body started from rest, construct an arbitrary velocity
vs. time graph.

C. Setting the initial position of the body to zero, construct an arbitrary

position vs. time graph.

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 EXAMPLE 3:
A. Because the acceleration is B. A constant positive acceleration
constant and positive, the means that the velocity is increasing at a
acceleration vs. time graph should constant rate. This corresponds to a v vs.
show a straight horizontal line with a t graph, which has a straight diagonal
positive value. line with a positive slope.
C. Because the velocity is increasing at a
constant rate (constant acceleration), the
distance that the body is traveling for
every time interval must be increasing.
The d vs. t graph should show a
parabolic curve.
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 EXAMPLE 4:
Consider the given graph of speed versus time shown here. Then find the values of the
following:

a. The acceleration from 0 s to 2s

b. The acceleration from 2 s to 3 s
c. The distance traveled by the body from the 2nd to the 3rd second
d. The distance traveled by the body from the 5th to the 7th second
e. The acceleration from 5 s to 7 s

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EXAMPLE:

31
 MOTION WITH A CONSTANT NONZERO
ACCELERATION
Newton's First Law of Motion - Law of Inertia
A body at rest shall remain at rest or a body in constant motion shall remain in constant
motion unless an unbalanced force acts on it. It simply tells us that for a body moving with
constant velocity, it has zero acceleration.

Newton's Second Law of Motion - Law of Acceleration

A body of mass m experiencing an unbalanced force 2F shall have an acceleration a
proportional to the force but inversely proportional to the mass. This acceleration shall cause
the body to have a change in velocity in the direction of the unbalanced force. Simply put

32
MOTION WITH A CONSTANT NONZERO
ACCELERATION
In this example, there is only a single force (due to the engine);
in the simplest case, the engine will be designed to produce a
constant force on the spacecraft, so the force term in Newton is
second law is a constant. We can then use Newton's second law
to calculate the acceleration and find that a is also a constant.
Since acceleration is the slope of the velocity-time curve, the v-t
relation must be a straight line. This relationship is shown in
Figure 2.18A; we have

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MOTION WITH A CONSTANT NONZERO
ACCELERATION
In the previous section, we learned that the instantaneous
velocity v is the slope of the x-t curve at a particular point on
the curve, whereas the average velocity over a particular time
interval is found by taking the slope of the line that spans the
interval. One such time interval is shown in Figure 2.18B. The
slope of the line connecting t = 0 with some general time t is

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 TABLE 2.1 EQUATIONS FOR MOTION
WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION
MATHEMATICAL VARIABLES
RELATION
position, acceleration, and time

velocity, acceleration, and time

position, velocity, and

acceleration

Note: In cases in which the position variable in a problem is y, the same equations apply with y inserted in place of x.

35
 EXAMPLE: ACCELERATING INTO SPACE

We assume the spacecraft has mass m 200 kg and is initially at rest. The
engine is turned on at t 0, and from this time forward there is a constant force
F= 2000N on the spacecraft.

(a) What is the velocity of the spacecraft at t= 40s?

(b) How far does the spacecraft travel during this time? (
(c) What is the velocity of the spacecraft when it reaches a distance 1000 m
from where it start?

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 2.3 FREE FALL
An example of free fall is the motion of a
ball that is thrown upward, reaches some
maximum height, and then falls back
down to Earth. After the ball leaves the
thrower's hand, it follows the familiar
trajectory.

37
 2.3 FREE FALL
We begin with the acceleration. Before the ball leaves the thrower’s hand, there
are forces from gravity and from her hand acting on the ball, and these forces
lead to an upward acceleration as she gives the ball an upward velocity. We
take t = 0 to be the instant just after the ball leaves her hand. From that instant
until the ball hits the ground, only forces acting on the ball are the force of
gravity and a force due to air force acting on the ball is the drag. In many
cases, the force from air drag is very small, so we'll ignore it here. We choose a
coordinate system that measures the position as the height to the initial velocity
imparted by the the ball above the ground, with the origin chosen to be at
ground level. Using Newton's second law, we have

= = -g
38
In words, the negative sign here means that the force of gravity is downward, in the directed -
y direction. We can again use our relations for motion with constant acceleration.

The velocity varies linearly with time with a slope of -g and an intercept equal to v the velocity of the
ball at t =0 (just after it leaves the thrower's hand). The position varies quadratically with t, with a
positive intercept y, that is the height of the ball when it leaves the thrower's hand.

39
 EXAMPLE
Consider the motion of the ball in and assume the ball has an initial
speed of 12 m/s (about 25 mi/h). Calculate
(a) the time it takes for such a ball to reach its maximum height,
(b) the maximum height reached by the ball,
(c) the time the ball spends in the air, and
(d)the ball's velocity just prior to hitting the ground. For simplicity,
assume the initial position of the ball is at ground level.

40
 MOTION OF A DROPPED BALL
The ball's speed just before it hit the ground is equal to the ball's initial speed (although the ball's
velocity is positive at the start and negative at the end). This result is no accident; it is true because the
position y is a symmetric function with respect to the time at which the ball reaches its highest point.
The time spent on the way up is equal to the time spent falling back to the ground. We can see why by
comparing the results for and where we found

Hence, ground is precisely twice . This symmetry is an important property of motion with constant acceleration, although it is
not found if the acceleration varies with time. For example, when air drag is important, the acceleration is not constant and the
position-time relation is no longer symmetric with respect to .
41
 EXAMPLE
Consider an apple that drops from a tree, and assume the apple
falls from a height of 7.3. Calculate
(a) how long it takes the apple to reach the ground and
(b) its velocity the instant before it hits the ground.

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END OF LESSON 2