E1 = 12V

E 2 = 20 V

R1 = 4Ω

R 2 = 2Ω

R 3 = 2Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − E 2 + R 2 ⋅ I2 = 0
E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

I2 I3
I1
# ⋅ # = −!$ + $ ⋅ $ + !#
" ⋅ " = −!$ + $ ⋅ $

$ + # + " =

− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2
I2 =
R2
− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1
I3 =
R3
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

! " # $$
%
% &
I1
− E1 + R 1 ⋅ I1 + E 2
I2 =
R2
− E1 + R 1 ⋅ I1
I3 =
R3
− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2 − E1 + R1 ⋅ I1
I1 + + =0
R2 R3

− !$ + ⋅ + !#
# = $ $

− !$ + ⋅
" = $ $

"

⋅ ⋅ + (− !$ + ⋅ + !# ) ⋅ + (− !$ + ⋅ )⋅
$ # " $ $ " $ $ #
=
# ⋅ "

I1 ' &
I1 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ R 3 + (− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2 ) ⋅ R 3 + (− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 ) ⋅ R 2 = 0

$ ⋅ # ⋅ " − !$ ⋅ " + $ ⋅ " ⋅ $ + !# ⋅ " − !$ ⋅ # + $ ⋅ # ⋅ $ =

I1 ⋅ (R 2 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 2 ) = E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + E1 ⋅ R 2

E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + E1 ⋅ R 2
I1 =
R 2 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 2

12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − 20 + 2 ⋅ I2 = 0 − 8 − 4 ⋅ I1 + 2 ⋅ I2 = 0 2 ⋅ I2 = 8 + 4 ⋅ I1
12 − 4 ⋅ I1 + 2 ⋅ I3 = 0 12 − 4 ⋅ I1 + 2 ⋅ I3 = 0 2 ⋅ I3 = −12 + 4 ⋅ I1
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

8 + 4 ⋅ I1
I2 = = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
2 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
− 12 + 4 ⋅ I1
I3 = = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1
2
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1 + (4 + 2 ⋅ I1 ) + (− 6 + 2 ⋅ I1 ) = 0 I1 + 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 − 6 + 2 ⋅ I1 = 0

! " # $$
&
I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ I1
5 ⋅ I1 − 2 = 0 5 ⋅ I1 = 2 2
I1 = = 0,4 A
5

I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ 0,4 = 4,8 A I1 = 0,4 A

I3 = −6 + 2 ⋅ 0,4 = 5,2A I2 = 4,8 A
I1 = 0,4 A I3 = −5,2A

! " # $$
'
 E1 = 12V

E 2 = 20 V

E 3 = 16V

R 1 = 4Ω

R 2 = 2Ω

R 3 = 2Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − E 2 + R 2 ⋅ I2 = 0
E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − E 3 + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

I2 I3
I1
R 2 ⋅ I2 = −E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2
R 3 ⋅ I3 = −E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 3
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2
I2 =
R2
− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 3
I3 =
R3
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

% &
I1

! " # $$
(
 − E1 + R 1 ⋅ I1 + E 2
I2 =
R2
− E1 + R 1 ⋅ I1 + E 3
I3 =
R3
− E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 2 − E1 + R1 ⋅ I1 + E 3
I1 + + =0
R2 R3

− !$ + ⋅ + !#
# = $ $

− !$ + ⋅ + !"
" = $ $

"

⋅ ⋅ + (− !$ + ⋅ + !# ) ⋅ + (− !$ + ⋅ + !" ) ⋅
$ # " $ $ " $ $ #
=
# ⋅ "

I1 ' &

$ ⋅ # ⋅ " + (− !$ + $ ⋅ $ + !# ) ⋅ " + (− !$ + $ ⋅ $ + !" ) ⋅ # =

$ ⋅ # ⋅ " − !$ ⋅ " + $ ⋅ " ⋅ $ + !# ⋅ " − !$ ⋅ # + $ ⋅ # ⋅ $ + !" ⋅ # =

$ ⋅( # ⋅ " + $ ⋅ " + $ ⋅ # ) = !$ ⋅ " − !# ⋅ " + !$ ⋅ # − !" ⋅ #

E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + E1 ⋅ R 2 − E 3 ⋅ R 2
I1 =
R 2 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 3 + R1 ⋅ R 2

12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − 20 + 2 ⋅ I2 = 0 − 8 − 4 ⋅ I1 + 2 ⋅ I2 = 0 2 ⋅ I2 = 8 + 4 ⋅ I1
12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − 16 + 2 ⋅ I3 = 0 − 4 − 4 ⋅ I1 + 2 ⋅ I3 = 0 2 ⋅ I3 = 4 + 4 ⋅ I1
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

8 + 4 ⋅ I1
I2 = = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
2 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
4 + 4 ⋅ I1
I3 = = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1
2
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1 + (4 + 2 ⋅ I1 ) + (2 + 2 ⋅ I1 ) = 0 I1 + 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 + 2 + 2 ⋅ I1 = 0

! " # $$
)
I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1 I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ I1
I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1 I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ I1
5 ⋅ I1 + 6 = 0 5 ⋅ I1 = −6 6
I1 = − = −1,2A
5

I2 = 4 + 2 ⋅ (− 1,2) = 1,6 A I1 = −1,2A

I3 = 2 + 2 ⋅ (− 1,2) = −0,4 A I2 = 1,6A
I1 = −1,2A I3 = −0,4 A

! " # $$
*
 $ '
#

E1 = 12V

I3 = 5 A

R 1 = 4Ω

R 2 = 2Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − VAB = 0
R 2 ⋅ I2 − VAB = 0
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

I1 I2
I1

E1 − VAB = R1 ⋅ I1
R 2 ⋅ I2 = VAB
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

E1 − VAB
I1 =
R1
VAB
I2 =
R2
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

! " # $$
+
% &
I1

E1 − VAB
I1 =
R1
VAB
I2 =
R2
E1 − VAB VAB
− + I3 = 0
R1 R2

E1 − VAB
I1 =
R1
VAB
I2 =
R2
(E1 − VAB ) ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

VAB ' &

(E1 − VAB ) ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) = E1 ⋅ R 2 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2

E 1 ⋅ R 2 + I3 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ R 2
VAB =
R1 + R 2

VAB − 12
I1 =
12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − VAB = 0 − 4 ⋅ I1 = VAB − 12 −4
VAB
2 ⋅ I2 − VAB = 0 2 ⋅ I2 = VAB I2 =
2
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0 I1 − I2 + 5 = 0
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0

! " # $$
,
 12 − VAB 12 − VAB
I1 = I1 =
4 4 I1 = 3 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
VAB VAB
I2 = I2 = I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB
2 2
3 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB − 0,5 ⋅ VAB + 5 = 0
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0 12 − VAB VAB
− +5 =0
4 2

I1 = 3 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 3 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 3 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB

I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB
− 0,75 ⋅ VAB + 8 = 0 − 0,75 ⋅ VAB = −8 −8
VAB = = 10,67 V
− 0,75

$ = " − '#+ ⋅ $ ')* I1 = 0,33 A

# = '+ ⋅ $ ')* I2 = 5,33
−, VAB = 10,67 V
( = = $ ')*(
− '*+

! " # $$
-
 $ '
#

E1 = 12V

I3 = 5 A

R 1 = 4Ω

R 2 = 2Ω

R 3 = 1Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
R 2 ⋅ I2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

I1 I2
I1

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 = R1 ⋅ I1
R 2 ⋅ I2 = VAB − R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 =
R1
VAB − R 3 ⋅ I3
I2 =
R2
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0

! " # $$
%.
% &
I1

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 =
R1
VAB − R 3 ⋅ I3
I2 =
R2
E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 VAB − R 3 ⋅ I3
− + I3 = 0
R1 R2

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 =
R1
VAB − R 3 ⋅ I3
I2 =
R2
(E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 ) ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R1 + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

VAB ' &

(E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 ) ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R1 + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ I3 − VAB ⋅ R1 + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ I3 − VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) = E1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ I3 + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2

E1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ I3 + ⋅R1 ⋅ R 3 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2
VAB =
R1 + R 2

VAB − 17
I1 =
12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − VAB + 1⋅ 5 = 0 − 4 ⋅ I1 = VAB − 17 −4
V −5
2 ⋅ I2 − VAB + 1⋅ 5 = 0 2 ⋅ I2 = VAB − 5 I2 = AB
2
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0 I1 − I2 + 5 = 0
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0

! " # $$
%%
 17 − VAB 17 − VAB
I1 = I1 =
4 4 I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
VAB − 5 VAB − 5
I2 = I2 = I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB − 2,5
2 2
4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB − 0,5 ⋅ VAB + 2,5 + 5 = 0
I1 − I2 + 5 = 0 17 − VAB VAB − 5
− +5 =0
4 2

I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB

I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB − 2,5 I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB − 2,5 I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB − 2,5
11,75 − 0,75 ⋅ VAB = 0 0,75 ⋅ VAB = 11,75 11,75
VAB =
0,75

I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ 15,67 I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ 15,67 = 0,33 A
I2 = 0,5 ⋅ VAB − 2,5 I2 = 0,5 ⋅ 15,67 − 2,5 I2 = 5,33 A
VAB = 15,67 V VAB = 15,67 V VAB = 15,67 V

! " # $$
%&
 E1 = 12V

E 2 = 8V

I3 = 5 A

R 1 = 4Ω

R 2 = 2Ω

R 3 = 1Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
E 2 − R 2 ⋅ I2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

I1 I2
I1

R1 ⋅ I1 = E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
R 2 ⋅ I2 = E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 =
R1
E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I2 =
R2
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

% &
I1

! " # $$
%'
 E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I1 =
R1
E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
I2 =
R2
E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
+ + I3 = 0
R1 R2

VAB ' &

E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3
+ + I3 = 0
R1 R2

(E1 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 ) ⋅ R 2 + (E 2 − VAB + R 3 ⋅ I3 ) ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ⋅ I3 + E 2 ⋅ R1 − VAB ⋅ R1 + R 3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ I3 + I3 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 2 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 2 − VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) + E 2 ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ (R1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R1 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 ) = 0

VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 2 ) = E1 ⋅ R 2 + E 2 ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ (R1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R1 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 )

E1 ⋅ R 2 + E 2 ⋅ R1 + I3 ⋅ (R1 ⋅ R 2 + R 3 ⋅ R1 + R 3 ⋅ R 2 )
VAB =
R1 + R 2

VAB − 17
I1 =
12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − VAB + 1⋅ 5 = 0 − 4 ⋅ I1 = VAB − 17 −4
V − 13
8 − 2 ⋅ I2 − VAB + 1⋅ 5 = 0 − 2 ⋅ I2 = VAB − 13 I2 = AB
−2
I1 + I2 + 5 = 0 I1 + I2 + 5 = 0
I1 + I2 + 5 = 0

17 − VAB 17 − VAB
I1 = I1 =
4 4 I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
13 − VAB 13 − VAB
I2 = I2 = I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB
2 2
4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB + 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB + 5 = 0
I1 + I2 + 5 = 0 17 − VAB 13 − VAB
+ +5 =0
4 2

! " # $$
%(
I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB
15,75 − 0,75 ⋅ VAB = 0 0,75 ⋅ VAB = 15,75 15,75
VAB =
0,75

I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 4,25 − 0,25 ⋅ 21 I1 = −1A

I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ VAB I2 = 6,5 − 0,5 ⋅ 21 I2 = −4 A
VAB = 21V VAB = 21V VAB = 21V

! " # $$
%)
 $ '
"

E1 = 12V

E 2 = 8V

I2 = 5 A

R 1 = 4Ω

R 3 = 1Ω

E1 − R1 ⋅ I1 − VAB − E 2 = 0
R 3 ⋅ I3 − VAB − E 2 = 0
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0

I1 I3
I1

R1 ⋅ I1 = E1 − VAB − E 2
R 3 ⋅ I3 = VAB + E 2
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0

E1 − VAB − E 2
I1 =
R1
VAB + E 2
I3 =
R3
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0

! " # $$
%*
% &
I1

E1 − VAB − E 2
I1 =
R1
VAB + E 2
I3 =
R3
E1 − VAB − E 2 V + E2
+ I2 − AB =0
R1 R3

VAB ' &

E1 − VAB − E 2 V + E2
+ I2 − AB =0
R1 R3
(E1 − VAB − E 2 ) ⋅ R 3 + I2 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 3 − (VAB + E 2 ) ⋅ R1 = 0
E1 ⋅ R 3 − VAB ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + I2 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 3 − VAB ⋅ R1 − E 2 ⋅ R1 = 0

E1 ⋅ R 3 − VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 3 ) − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + I2 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R1 = 0

VAB ⋅ (R1 + R 3 ) = E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + I2 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R1

E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 3 + I2 ⋅ R 1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ R 1
VAB =
R1 + R 3

E1 ⋅ R 3 − E 2 ⋅ (R1 + R 3 ) + I2 ⋅ R1 ⋅ R 3
VAB =
R1 + R 3

12 − 4 ⋅ I1 − VAB − 8 = 0 − 4 ⋅ I1 − VAB + 4 = 0 − 4 ⋅ I1 = VAB − 4

1⋅ I3 − VAB − 8 = 0 I3 − VAB − 8 = 0 I3 = VAB + 8
I1 + 5 − I3 = 0 I1 + 5 − I3 = 0 I1 + 5 − I3 = 0

VAB − 4
I1 =
−4 I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
I3 = VAB + 8 I3 = VAB + 8 I3 = VAB + 8
I1 + 5 − I3 = 0 I1 + 5 − I3 = 0 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB + 5 − (VAB + 8 ) = 0

! " # $$
%+
I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB
I3 = VAB + 8 I3 = VAB + 8 I3 = VAB + 8
1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB + 5 − VAB − 8 = 0 − 1,25 ⋅ VAB − 2 = 0 − 1,25 ⋅ VAB = 2

I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ VAB I1 = 1 − 0,25 ⋅ (− 1,6 ) I1 = 1,4 A

I3 = VAB + 8 I3 = (− 1,6 ) + 8 I2 = 6,4 A
2 VAB = −1,6 V VAB = −1,6 V → VBA = +1,6 V
VAB =
− 1,25

! " # $$
%,