Linear Algebra.

Module 1
Answers

Exercise 1.1

x = 7, 000, y = 14, 000, z = 3, 000

Exercise 1.2
a. Any s, and t such that, 2s = t will make the system consistent.
b. The system would be inconsistent if 2s , t
c. 2s = t

Assessment
I.
a. x = 4, y=2
b.x = 1, y = 2, z = −2
II.
a. −5 = − 2t or t = 10.
b.t , 10
c. Infinite

1
 Linear Algebra. Module 2
Answers

Exercise 2.1

−1 − 21 0 25
" # " # " #
1 3
+ ==
2 0 −8 7 −6 7

Exercise 1.2 " # " # " # " # " #

1 0 1 2 2 0 3 6 −1 −6
2 −3 = − =
0 1 3 4 0 2 9 12 −9 −10

Assessment
I.
a.a12 = −3, a22 = −5, a23 = 4
b.b11 = 4, b31 = 5
c.c13 = 2, c31 = 6, c33 = −1
II.
11 2
a = 0, b = 2, c= , d=−
5 5
III.
a.

 0 10 −9
 
2C − 3D =  8 −1 −2
 
−5 −4 3
 

b.
" #
T T 1 2 3
(A ) =
2 1 4
c.
" #
T −2 −4 −6
5A − 7B =
10 −2 6
V. " #
14 8
AB =
16 9

1 2 3 
 
BA = 4 5 10
 
7 8 17
 

1
 Linear Algebra. Module 3
Answers

Exercise 3.1
" # " # " #
1 0 2 3 2 3
· =
0 1 0 1 0 1

Exercise 3.2
" #" # " #
−2 3 x1 5
=
1 −5 x2 4

Assessment
I.

a·b = (−3)(−3) + (2)(2) + (x)(x) = 17

⇒ 13 + x2 = 17
⇒ x2 = 4
⇒ x = ±2
II.
a.
1 −1 2 1  1 − 3 + 8   6 
     
3 2 4   3 + 6 + 16 25
 3 
  =  = 
   
4 −2 3   4 − 6 + 12 10

  4    
2 1 5 2 + 3 + 20 25
b.
1 −1 2 −1 −1 + 3 + 10 12
     
3 2 4   −3 − 6 + 20 11
4 −2 3 −3 = −4 + 6 + 15 = 17
      
  5    
2 1 5 −2 − 3 + 25 20
III.

 2  −3 4
     
Ac = 2 −1 +  2  + 4 3
     
5 −1 2
     

IV.
a.
2 3 −3 1 1
 
3 0 2 0 3

2 3 0 −4 0
 
 
0 0 1 1 1
b.  
 x1   
2 3 −3 1 1    7 

x 
3 0 2 0 3  2  −2
 x  =  

2 3 0 −4 0  3   3 

 x   
0 1 1 1  4 

0 5
x5

1
c.
2 3 −3 1 1 | 7 
 
3 0 2 0 3 | −2

2 3 0 −4 0 | 3 
 
 
0 0 1 1 1 | 5

2
 Linear Algebra. Module 4
Answers

Exercise 4.1
" # " # "
#" #
1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2
(2) = 2
0 1 3 4 0 1 3 4
" #" # " #
2 0 1 2 1 2
⇒ = 2
0 2 3 4 3 4
" # " #
2 4 2 4
⇒ =
6 8 6 8

Exercise 4.2
" # " #
−4 −8 −4 −8
=
−6 2 −6 2
" #T " #
−4 −6 −4 −8
⇒ =
−8 2 −6 2
" #!T " #
2 3 2 4
⇒ (−2) = (−2)
4 −1 3 −1

Assessment
I.
" # " # 1 0  " #" #! 1 0 
1 3  −1 3 2 
  1 3 −1 3 2  
3 −1 = 3 −1
2 −1  1 −3 4  2 −1 1 −3 4 

1 2 1 2
 
" #" # " # 1 0 
−1 3 10 1 2 −6 14  
⇒ = 3 −1
2 −1 −4 11 −3 9 0 
1 2

" # " #
10 − 12 1 + 33 4 − 18 + 14 0 + 6 + 28
=
20 + 4 2 − 11 −3 + 27 + 0 0 − 9 + 0
" # " #
−2 34 −2 34
=
24 −9 24 −9
II.
 1 1
− 2 + 2 − 1

Ax = − 21 + 0 + 1
 
−2 − 1 + 5
 

−1
 
=  12 
 
2
 
 1
− 2 
= 2  14 
 
1
 

1
Hence, we take r = 2.

III.
" # " #
1 2 −2 1
A= , B= 3
3 4 2 − 12
IV.
a.

(ABT )C = A(BT C)
   
 2  h i −1
−1  3 −2 −4  5 
=     
3 1
   

 2 
 
= −1 (−3 − 10 − 4)
 
3
 

 2 
 
= −1 (−17)
 
3
 

−34
 
=  17 
 
−51
 

b. From IV.a., BT C = −17, multiplying A on the right side we get

 2  −34
   
(BT C)A = −17 −1 =  17 
   
3 51
   

2
 Linear Algebra. Module 5
Answers

Exercise 5.1
If A and B are 2 m × n matrices are partitioned in the same way, then we get A + B by adding
corresponding blocks.
" #
−1 a b
Exercise 5.2 Let A = be the inverse of A, then A−1 must satisfy
c d

1
" #" # " #
1 3 a b 1 0
1 =
0 3
c d 0 1

Solving for a, b, c and d. We get, " #

−1 1 −1
A =
0 3

Assessment
I.
9 −1 1
 
A + B = 0 −2 7
 
0 0 3
 

and
18 −5 11 
 
AB =  0 −8 −7
 
0 0 0
 

II.
− 21 12
" #
−1
A =
2 −1
" #
3 −2
III. Finding A, we get A = . And solving the equation
−1 1
" #" # " #
3 −2 x1 4
= ,
−1 1 x2 6

we get, x = 16, y = 22.

1
 Linear Algebra
Preliminary Examination

TRUE OR FALSE Write TRUE if the statement is always true. Write FALSE otherwise.

1. The system

x+5 = 5
3x + 3y = 10

has infinitely many solutions. TRUE

2. A linear system is said to be consistent if it has a solution. TRUE

3. Ax=b is consistent if and only if b can be expressed as a linear combination of the

columns of the matri A. TRUE

4. There are no 2 × 2 matrices A and B such that FALSE

" #
1 0
AB − BA =
0 1

5. The inverse of an upper (lower) triangular matrix is upper (lower) triangular. TRUE

6. For matrices, A, B and C is equivalent to B and B is equivalent to A, then C is equivalent

to A. TRUE

7. If A and B are matrices of appropriate sizes then (A + B)T = AT + 2(AB)T + BT FALSE

8. If A is symmetric and nonsingular then A−1 is symmetric. TRUE

9. For matrices A and B, if both A and B are not the zero matrix, then AB is also not the
zero matrix. FALSE

10. For matrices A, B and C of the appropriate sizes, if B , C then AB , AC. FALSE

11. An n × n matrix A that is non-singular is also non-invertible. FALSE

12. If A is a 2 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 4 matrix, then AB is a 2 × 4 matrix while BA is

undefined. TRUE

13. An m × n matrix A is a square matrix of ordder n if m > n. FALSE

14. The transpose of a matrix A is obtained from A by interchanging the rows and columns
A.TRUE

15. For matrices A and B, if AB and BA are both of the same size, then AB = BA. FALSE

1
II. Problem Solving Solve each of the following problems. Show your solutions and encircle
your finals answers. Incomplete solutions will not be given full points.

Word of Caution:
The chance of having exactly similar solutions (especially in linear algebra) is close to
none, therefore, students with EXACTLY similar solutions will get a score of 0 (zero) on
the exam.

1. A dietician is preparing a meal consisting of foods A, B, and C. Each ounce of food A

contains 2 units of protein, 3 units of fat, and 4 units of carbohydrate. Each ounce of food
B contains 3 units of protein, 2 units of fat, and 1 unit of carbohydrate. Each ounce of food
C contains 3 units of protein, 3 units of fat, and 2 units of carbohydrate. If the meal must
provide exactly 25 units of protein, 24 units of fat, and 21 units of carbohydrate, how many
ounces of each type of food should be used? (5pts.)
Answer: 3.2 ounces of food A, 4.2 ounces of food B, and 2 ounces of food C.

2. Write the following linear system as a linear combination of the columns of the coef-
ficient matrix: (3pts.)

−x1 + x2 = 3
2x1 − x2 = −2
3x1 + x2 = 1

−1  1   3 
     
 2 
Answer: x1   + x2 −1 = −2
   
3 1 1
     
3. Find three 2 × 2 matrices,
" A,# B, and C such
" that
# AB = AC
" with# B , C and A , 0. (3pts.)
1 −3 1 2 −1 2
Possible Answers: A = ; B= 2 ; C=
0 0 3 1 0 1
4. Show that if x1 and x2 are solutions to the linear system Ab = b, then x1 − x2 is a so-
lution to the associated homogenous system Ax=0. (3pts.)
Solution If Ax1 = b and Ax2 = b, then A(x1 − x2 ) = Ax1 − Ax2 = b − b = 0.

5. Find two 2 × 2 singular

" # matrices
" # whose
" # sum is nonsingular.(3pts.)
1 0 0 0 1 0
Possible Answers: + =
0 0 0 1 0 1

2 0 0
 
6. Let A = 0 −3 0. Compute A4 . (3pts.)
 
0 0 5
 

16 0 0 
 
A4 =  0 81 0 
 
0 0 625
 